Chapter 44
Participles - verbal adjectives
Nunc conspicit poetam versus
recitantem.
Now she catches sight of a poet
reciting verses.
Itaque coquus vocatus ab omnibus
laudatus est.
Therefore the cook, having been
summoned, was praised by all.
Present active – stem of the verb
(2nd pp -re) + -ns, -nt- + 3rd adjective endings
a.
translates while ______ing or _________ing
singular
masculine
nom:
gen:
dat:
acc:
abl:
plural
feminine
neuter
masculine
feminine
neuter
Perfect Passive – 4th principal part + 1st -2nd adjective endings
a. translates _________ed or having been _______ed
singular
masculine
nom:
gen:
dat:
acc:
abl:
plural
feminine
neuter
masculine
feminine
neuter
Perfect Passive Participles II
Modifying the subject of the sentence:
Coquus vocatus ab omnibus laudatus est.
The cook, having been summoned, was praised by
everyone.
After being summoned, the cook was praised by
everyone.
The cook was summoned and praised by
everyone.
Modifying the direct object or indirect
object of the sentence:
Coquum vocatum omnes laudaverunt.
They all praised the cook having been
summoned.
They all praised the cook who had
been summoned.
When the cook had been summoned,
they all praised him.
Coquo vocato omnes gratias egerunt.
They all gave thanks to the cook having been
summoned.
They all gave thanks to the cook who had
been summoned.
When the cook had been summoned, they all
gave thanks to him.
Activity 1 – Identify the case of participles, tell what they modify
and translate.
1.
Amici Titum conspectum salutaverunt.
case:
2.
modify:
Titus rogatus quid in senatu ageretur,
“Nil magni,” respondit.
case:
modify:
3.
Vestimenta exuta Marcus servo tradidit.
case:
4.
modify:
Strigilibus defricti tepidarium ingressi
sunt.
case:
modify:
5.
Pueri vestimenta exuta servis tradunt.
case:
6.
modify:
Dominus irā commotus furi capto
appropinquavit.
case:
modify:
7.
Dominus a fure capto vestimenta surrepta
eripuit.
case:
8.
modify:
Dominus in fronte furis capti litteras FUR
inussit.
case;
modify:
9.
Pueri verba Eucleidis audientes maxime
gaudebant.
case:
10.
modify:
Servo vestimenta custodienti nomen erat
Asellus.
case:
modify:
Ablative Absolutes
English has many contractions and abbreviations
to help speed up our conversations and writing.
Latin has these too. Latin has abbreviated
ablative
clauses called _____________________
absolutes
__________________.
grammatical
An ablative absolute is a sort of _____________
short hand
________________
which condenses a clause
like “After the food had been prepared . . . “ to
just two Latin
words: cibo parato.
An ablative absolute must consist of at least
two
words
________
____________,
one of which must be
noun
pronoun
a ______________
or_________________;
participle
the other usually is a ___________________.
Both of these words must be in the
ablative
case
__________________
_____________.
There is no Latin conjunction used to introduce
an absolute construction.
Bello perfecto, erat pax per mundum.
After the war was ended, there was
peace throughout the world.
Matre spectante, puer ad ludum ambulavit.
While his mother was watching, the boy
walked to school.
Pace facta, populus erat non laetus.
Although peace had been made, the
people were not happy.
Ablative absolutes are frequently longer than a
two
word
simple _________
________________
clause
________________.
The participles often have
object
an _____________________,
are modified
adverbs
prepositional
by________________,
or have ____________
______________connected
with them.
phrases
When these situations occur, the subject and the
ablative
participle will be in the ________________
case
___________.
All other words in the absolute
construction follow the regular rules of grammar
that they would in a normal clause.
Observe how a simple absolute clause can
be expanded.
Bello perfecto, erat pax.
After the war ended, there was peace.
Bello longo perfecto, erat pax.
After the long war was ended, there was
peace.
Bello longo in Galliā perfecto, erat pax.
After the long war in Gaul was ended, there
was peace.
Bello longo cum servis in Galliā subito perfecto,
erat pax.
After the long war with the slaves in Gaul
was suddenly ended, there was peace.
To translate an ablative absolute into good English
first you must be able to recognize an ablative
absolute in the sentence. You generally looking for
participle
noun
a ____________
______________
combination
ablative
______________
in the _____________
and
set off by commas
_____________________.
The absolute
construction usually is seen at the beginning of a
sentence, but it can be placed anywhere in the
sentence.
Secondly, you must know where an absolute
begins
ends
construction __________
and __________.
Generally, an ablative absolute begins with the
ablative
noun
subject
___________
_________
____________
and
ablative
participle
ends with an ____________
_____________
ablative
all words in between are part of the __________
clause
___________.
In drafting a good translation of the absolute,
first translate it using the basic translation of the
participle. Then after you have translated the
main clause, come back to the absolute and choose
an appropriate conjunction for the type of clause
it appears to be:
when, after or while, since or because,
although or if.
With a single isolated sentence, more than one
conjunction may seem to work. Pick the one
that makes the most sense.
Pace facta, Augustus omnem mundum multos
annos regebat.
a. identify the entire absolute: pace facta
b. translate the absolute literally: peace having been
made
c. translate the main clause: Augustus ruled the whole
world for many years.
d. select an appropriate conjunction: after seems most
reasonable
e. retranslate the absolute using the conjunction and
replacing the participle with a verb: After peace had
been made, Augustus ruled the whole world for many
years.
Activity 2 - Translate the following sentences with ablative
absolutes.
1.
Verbis Eucleidis auditis, pueri maxime gaudebant.
absolute clause:
translate the absolute literally:
translate the main clause:
select an appropriate conjunction:
retranslate the absolute:
2.
Pueris in apodyterium ingredientibus, fur se
subito celavit.
3.
Vestimentis exutis, pueri in tepidarirum intraverunt.
4.
Pueris in tepidarium intrantibus, fur vestimenta
surripuit.
5.
Pueris in ludo clamantibus, magister iratus fit.
(fit - fio, fieri)
6.
Vestmentis a fure traditis, pueri domum ierunt.
7.
Ludo relicto, pueri ad thermas ierunt.
8.
Tito salutato, pueri in apodyterium inierunt.
9.
Vestimentis Asello traditis, in palaestram inierunt.
10.
Ludis in palaestrā confectis, in tepidarium
intraverunt.
Linking qui
Quibus verbis auditis . . .
When they heard these words . . .
Cui Asellus respondit . . .