Warm-up: What do you think is
the title of this map?
“Geo 101”
How to take notes in this class…
Review of Map Basics
1. A book of maps is called:
2. The arrow is pointing at the:
What is this symbol called?
Intermediate
NE
The compass rose shows
you the cardinal directions
(North, East, South, and
West)
What is this called?
What to look for on a map:
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T: Title
O: Orientation (use compass rose)
D: Date
A: Author
L: Legend
S: Scale
Types of Maps
Reference
• Political
• Physical
Thematic
• Examples:
– Choropleth
– Dot
– Graduated symbol
– Isoline
– Cartogram
Reference Map: Political
• Major boundaries- countries and states
COUNTRIES IN ALL CAPITAL
LETTERS
State & Cities Not
Reference Map: Physical
• Physical features – rivers, mountains, elevation
Thematic Map: Choropleth
• Definition: a map that uses differences in shading, coloring, or
the placing of symbols within predefined areas to indicate the
average values of a property or quantity in those areas.
Thematic Map: Dot
• A dot distribution map (also known as dot density map) is as
a map type that uses a dotsymbol to show the presence of a
feature or phenomenon. Dot maps rely on a visual scatter to
show spatial pattern.
Thematic Map: Graduated Symbol
• A map with symbols that change in size according to the value of
the attribute they represent. For example, denser populations
might be represented by larger dots, or larger rivers by thicker
lines
Thematic Map: Isoline
• An isoline map is a map with continuous lines joining points of
the same value. Examples would be equal altitude (contour
lines), temperature (isotherms), barometric pressure
(isobars), etc.
Thematic Map: Cartogram
• a map on which statistical information is shown in diagrammatic
form.
Mental Maps
Relative Location map of an area, Not to scale
Relative location
• Describes location of a
place in relation to other
human and physical
features
– “New Braunfels is northeast
of San Antonio”
– Walmart is across the street
from Warren H.S.
Absolute location
• The exact position of a place
on the surface of the Earth
– Coordinates (latitude and
longitude)
– Address
How do Geographers study the globe?
• They use an imaginary grid to describe the
location of points on Earth. (latitude and
longitude)
How do Geographers study the globe?
• Latitude – drawn in an east-west direction (parallels)
• Longitude – drawn in a north-south direction (meridians)
How do Geographers study the globe?
• Divide the world into hemispheres (half of a
sphere)
What is the imaginary line that splits
the globe into the Northern and
Southern hemispheres?
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A. Equator
B. Tropic of Cancer
C. Prime Meridian
D. International Date Line
The two lines that split the globe into
the Eastern and Western Hemispheres
are the Prime Meridian and the:
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A. Arctic Circle
B. Tropic of Cancer
C. Equator
D. International Date Line
How do geographers describe
where things are?
• Read Rubenstein – Key Issue 1
• Highlight key terms/ main ideas
• Answer the learning outcomes on a separate
sheet of notebook paper using complete
sentences (1.1.1, 1.1.2, 1.1.3)
Warm-up: Tuesday
Copy the following words/concepts = quiz on Friday!
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Geography
Cartography
Scale
Map projection
Mercator (projection)
Polar (projection)
Meridian/longitude
Parallel/latitude
Greenwich Mean Time
• TODALS
• International Date Line
Also know:
• 7 continents
• 5 oceans
Early Mapmaking
• Eratosthenes – Greek scientist/ geographer
• Also calculated the circumference of the
Earth!
Map Projections
Picture a globe made of soft clay. Now squash
it flat. Congratulations! You’ve just made a
map. Sure, you stretched out a few continents,
but how else can you depict a round planet on
a flat surface?
Map Projections
How do you take a round Earth & show it on a
flat piece of paper?
= Map projections (scientific method of
transferring locations on Earth to a flat map)
• All map projections have some sort of
DistOrTioN
– Shape, distance, size, direction
Cylindrical- Mercator
• Most accurate near Equator
• Exaggerates lands near the poles
Greenland is
actually 8 times
smaller than
South America
Africa is actually
much larger than
the U.S.
Is Antarctica
REALLY this big?
Conic- Robinson
• Most
accurate
around the middle
latitudes.
• Distorts regions
that run northsouth for long
distances. i.e.
South America
Polar- Flat - Plane
•Press the hemispheres into
flat circles.
•Excellent for showing
Arctic(left) and Antarctic
regions
•Distortions around the
edges
Goode-Homolosine
• continents that are sized appropriately to one
another, but with many interruptions and
distortions of distance.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vVXPrBRtTY
Longitude and Time Zones
Your task
• You will need:
– White board
– Marker
• 90 second sketch map: sketch a map of the
world, labeling the 7 continents
• Mental Map: create a map of your route from
your 1st period class to Human Geo class.
Include any landmarks.
• Add TODALS to your mental map.
Detailed sketch map
• Using the checklist, sketch a map of the world
• NO TRACING!
continents
large landmasses
on the Earth’s
surface
SOUTH
AMERICA
NORTH
AMERICA
EUROPE
ASIA
ANTARCTICA
AFRICA
AUSTRALIA