COURSE:
AP42 Horticulture II
Unit
A
Leadership and SAE
ESSENTIAL
STANDARD:
1.00
10%
C2
Understand leadership qualities.
OBJECTIVE:
1.01
5%
C2
Understand leadership qualities and
career building techniques desired by
the horticulture industry.
Sources of Information:
 Cooper, Elmer L. 2002. Agriscience Fundamentals and Applications, 4th Edition.
Delmar Cengage Learning, Clifton Park, NY.
 The Official FFA Student Handbook, 15th Edition, National FFA, Indianapolis, IN.
Note to teacher: Create guided notes and/or power points or visual
presentation for unpacked content.
A. Leadership Qualities.
1. Integrity- honesty.
2. Courage- willing to go forward under difficult conditions.
3. Management- using people, resources and processes to reach a goal.
4. Unselfishness- placing the desires and welfare of others above yourself.
5. Loyalty- reliable support for an individual, group or cause.
6. Enthusiasm- energy to do a job and the inspiration to encourage others.
7. Plan- think through, determine procedures.
8. Knowledge- awareness, understanding.
9. Tact- saying or doing the right thing without offending.
B. Components of Instructional Program.
1. Supervised Agricultural Experience (SAE)- provides opportunities to
explore interests and to gain work experiences.
2. Classroom and laboratory instruction- studying and learning subject matter
in the classroom, shops, greenhouses, nurseries, barns and other settings.
Laboratory activities can be incorporated in any of these settings.
3. FFA- student organization that develops leadership, communication
and citizenship skills.
a. Leadership- skills are developed by participation as chapter
officers, committee members, group leaders, mentors, etc.
b. Communication- skills are developed through speaking career
development events such as prepared public speaking, creed,
parliamentary procedure, extemporaneous speaking, agricultural
sales and poultry, dairy and livestock oral reasons.
c. Citizenship- skills are developed to promote community service
involvement by volunteering at food banks, animal shelters, nursing
homes, etc.
AP42 Horticulture II
Summer 2013
Page 1
C. Public Speaking- Types of speeches.
1. Informative- gives knowledge or information to audiences.
2. Persuasive- convinces people to believe or do something.
3. Integrative- pep talks, welcome speeches, introduction, etc.
4. Prepared- speech is written and learned.
5. Extemporaneous- speech with little or no preparation.
D. Variables to Consider.
1. Purpose of the speech- Why are you giving the speech?
2. Audience- What group is hearing the speech?
3. Occasion- What is the event?
4. Content- What is in the speech?
5. Composition- How is the speech written and organized?
E. Oral delivery variables.
1. Voice- pitch, quality, articulation, pronunciation, force.
2. Stage presence- appearance, poise, attitude, confidence, ease before
audience, personality, posture.
3. Power of expression- fluency, sincerity, emphasis, directness,
communicative ability, conveyance of thought and meaning.
4. Response to questions- accurate, ability to think quickly.
5. General effect- interesting, understandable, convincing, pleasing,
holds attention.
F. Workforce Preparation.
1. Resume.
a. Designed to give the employer information about your background skills,
job experience and education.
b. Should be tailored for each job.
c. Purpose is to get an interview.
d. Most resumes should be one (1) page, but no more than (2) pages.
e. Items to include in your resume:
1) Name and address.
2) Objective.
3) Education.
4) Experience.
5) Activities.
6) Skills.
7) References.
2. Cover Letter.
a. Preview to your resume.
b. Should be brief, ½ page, but not more than one (1) page.
c. Items to include:
1) Position you are applying for.
2) Outline your key selling points.
AP42 Horticulture II
Summer 2013
Page 2
3) Address the needs of your employer.
4) Invite employer to contact you.
3. Job Interview.
a. Cover letter sent in to assist in establishing an interview date.
b. Follow-up phone call is typically recommended to secure interview.
c. Resume is sent with cover letter. Typically suggested that the
individual bring a copy of resume to the interview as well.
d. Individual should dress in professional attire.
e. Prepare for the interview and application process.
f. Practice common questions asked during an interview.
1) What are your three greatest attributes or strengths?
2) What are your three biggest weaknesses or things you would
like to improve upon?
3) Where do you want to be in five years?
4) What leadership qualities can you bring to our company?
5) Why are you the best candidate for job?
g. Gather information typically requested during the application process.
1) General Applicant Information- name, date of birth, address,
email, phone.
2) Education- name of school attended, degree obtained,
graduation date, etc.
3) Previous Work Experience- dates employed, address, name
of supervisor, etc.
4) References- name, address, phone, email.
AP42 Horticulture II
Summer 2013
Page 3
COURSE:
AP42 Horticulture II
Unit
A
Leadership and SAE
ESSENTIAL
Understand leadership qualities.
1.00
10%
C2
STANDARD:
Understand parliamentary procedure.
OBJECTIVE:
1.02
5%
C2
Sources of Information:
 Robert III, Henry M., Honemann, Daniel N., Balch, Thomas J. Robert’s Rules of
Order Newly Revised, 11th Edition, Da Capo Press, Cambridge, MA.
 Cooper, Elmer L. 2002. Agriscience Fundamentals and Application, 4th Edition.
Delmar Cengage Learning, Clifton Park, NY.
 The Official FFA Student Handbook, 15th Edition, National FFA, Indianapolis IN.
Note to teacher: Create guided notes and/or power points or visual
presentation for unpacked content.
Parliamentary Law Basics
A. Robert’s Rules of Order.
1. Book of authority.
2. Assures that all sides of an issue are treated fairly and that everyone has an
opportunity to discuss and vote.
B. Main objectives.
1. Focus on one item at a time.
2. Extend courtesy to everyone.
3. Observe the rule of the majority.
4. Ensure the rights of the minority.
C. Requirements for a meeting.
1. Quorum- number of members required to conduct business.
2. Chairperson- can be the president or vice-president.
3. Secretary.
D. Methods of voting.
1. Voice- aye (pronounced “I”) for yes, or “no”.
2. Rising- standing or show of hands.
3. Secret ballot- written vote.
4. Roll call- secretary asks each member to state vote.
E. Types of votes.
1. Simple majority- one vote more than 50% or ½ of votes cast.
2. Two-thirds majority- 2/3 of members voting must vote for motion, usually
used when motion will limit rights of member.
AP42 Horticulture II
Summer 2013
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F. Gavel.
1. Symbol of authority.
2. Meaning of taps of gavel:
a. 1 tap means be seated, the meeting is adjourned or the result of a vote
has been announced.
b. 2 taps means that the meeting is called to order.
c. 3 taps means that the members should stand.
d. Series of taps means “be quiet and orderly.”
Parliamentary Law Abilities
A. Main.
1. One main motion on the floor at a time.
2. Presents an idea, opinion or action for consideration to the group of members.
3. Requires a second.
4. Can be debated.
5. Can be amended.
6. Can be reconsidered.
B. Amend.
1. Change the intent of the original motion.
2. Allows members to add, strike and/or substitute words to the original motion.
3. Requires a second.
4. Can be debated.
5. Can be amended.
6. Can be reconsidered.
C. Refer to Committee.
1. Secures more detailed information to the motion by assigning a group of
members to:
a. Investigate and report the facts.
b. Investigate and make a formal recommendation.
c. Investigate and act for the group.
2. Motion to refer to a committee must include:
a. Number on the committee.
b. Powers to act.
c. When to report back.
3. Requires a second.
4. Can be debated.
5. Can be amended.
6. Can be reconsidered.
D. Point of Order.
1. Avoids breaking parliamentary procedure rules.
2. Can be called anytime during a business meeting.
3. Does not require a second.
4. Cannot be debated.
5. Cannot be amended.
6. Cannot be reconsidered.
AP42 Horticulture II
Summer 2013
Page 5
E. Division of Assembly.
1. Requires a re-vote on an inconclusive vote (and in some cases hand vote)
until the chairperson has stated the question on another motion.
2. Does not require a second.
3. Cannot be debated.
4. Cannot be amended.
5. Cannot be reconsidered.
F. Previous Question.
1. Member’s call for previous question when motion on the floor has been
discussed and no new ideas are being presented.
2. Requires 2/3 majority vote.
3. Does require a second.
4. Cannot be debated.
5. Cannot be amended.
6. Can be reconsidered.
G. Lay on the Table.
1. Enables the group to delay a motion to allow members to attend to more
urgent business, allow members additional time to consider the motion, etc.
2. Requires majority vote.
3. Does require a second.
4. Cannot be debated.
5. Cannot be amended.
6. Can be reconsidered if negative only.
H. Suspend the Rules.
1. Allows members to do something it needs to do that it cannot do without
suspending the rules.
2. Requires 2/3 majority.
3. Does require a second.
4. Cannot be debated.
5. Cannot be amended.
6. Cannot be reconsidered.
I. Extend or Limit Debate.
1. Allows members to limit or extend debate to a specified time frame.
2. Requires 2/3 majority.
3. Does require a second.
4. Cannot be debated.
5. Can be amended.
6. Can be reconsidered.
AP42 Horticulture II
Summer 2013
Page 6
COURSE:
AP42 Horticulture II
Unit
A
Leadership and SAE
COURSE:
AP42 Horticulture II
Unit
A
Leadership and SAE
ESSENTIAL
STANDARD:
2.00
10%
C2
Understand SAE.
OBJECTIVE:
2.01
5%
C2
Understand SAE components and
application to work-based learning.
Sources of Information:
 The Agricultural Experience Tracker: www.theaet.com
 Moore, Dr. Gary, 2000-2001. Supervised Agricultural Experience Program
Record Book, Agricultural and Extension Education, Box 7607, NCSU,
Raleigh, NC.
Note to teacher: Create guided notes and/or power points or
visual presentation for unpacked content.
A. Types of SAE.
1. Entrepreneurship- planning, implementing, operating and assuming
financial risks in an agricultural business or farming activity.
2. Experimental- planning and conducting an agricultural experiment
using the scientific process or scientific method.
3. Analytical- identify an agricultural problem that cannot be solved by
experiments and designing a plan to investigate and analyze the
problem.
4. Placement- placing students in jobs outside the regular classroom hours.
They may be paid or unpaid (volunteer) work.
5. Exploratory- helps students learn about agriculture and become aware
of possible agricultural careers through short times spent observing,
shadowing or assisting. You may have to combine more than one
exploratory experience.
6. Improvement- a series of activities that improves the value or appearance
of the place of employment, school, home or community; the efficiency of
a business or an enterprise; or the living conditions of the family.
B. Factors to Consider When Selecting a
Career.
1. Standard of living- pay, location.
2. Personal contact- working more with people or with things.
3. Educational requirements.
4. Practice experiences or skills required.
5. Location of employment.
6. Your interests, likes and dislikes.
7. Working conditions.
8. Working hours and time for leisure activities.
9. Retirement benefits.
AP42 Horticulture II
Summer 2013
Page 7
10. Your health and
happiness.
AP42 Horticulture II
Summer 2013
Page 8
C. Steps in Choosing a career.
1. “Consider your interests, abilities, and other characteristics” should be the
first step.
2. Narrow the field of jobs.
3. Study the requirement of the job- get good information.
4. Plan for alternative occupations- the first choice may not work out.
5. Prepare a plan for career preparation- early career planning can help you
take the right courses in high school.
6. Be willing to pay the price for success- education, dedication.
7. Get work experience- SAE, CO-OP., part-time job.
*For a school-to-work written plan to be effective, it must be implemented.
AP42 Horticulture II
Summer 2013
Page 9
COURSE:
AP42 Horticulture II
Unit
A
Leadership and SAE
ESSENTIAL
Understand SAE.
2.00
10%
C2
STANDARD:
Understand a financial statement.
OBJECTIVE:
2.02
5%
C2
Sources of Information:
 Moore, Dr. Gary, 2001. Supervised Agricultural Experience Program Record
Book, Agricultural and Extension Education.
Note to teacher: Create guided notes and/or power points or visual
presentation for unpacked content.
Net Worth Statement
(SAE)
A. Total assets = current assets + non-current assets.
1. Current assets- items that can quickly be converted to cash or that will
be sold within 12 months. Examples- cash on hand, checking and
savings accounts, stocks, bonds and cash in value of life insurance
money others owe you, current non-depreciable inventory.
2. Non-current assets- items that have a useful life of more than one year
and are used in the business. Examples- non-current, non-depreciable
inventory, land.
B. Total liabilities = current liabilities (debts) + non-current liabilities (debts).
1. Current liabilities- accounts and notes payable, this year’s part of
non-current liabilities.
2. Non-current liabilities- mortgages and other debts not due this year.
C. Net worth or owner’s equity = total assets minus total liabilities.
D. Debt-to-Equity Ratio- a measure of a company or individuals net worth
compared to the liabilities. Provides an indicator of the debt and equity a
company is using to finance assets. Formula used to calculate Debt-to-Equity
Ratio is Debt-to-Equity Ratio=total liabilities/net worth.
E. Value- monetary worth.
F. Inventory- an itemized list of things owned by a business with the beginning
value and depreciated value.
1. Non-depreciable- items that will be used up or sold within a year.
Example: feed, supplies, etc.
2. Depreciable- items that have a useful life of more than one year and lose
value because of age, wear or becoming out-of-date because of technology
advancements.
3. Land is NOT depreciable property.
AP42 Horticulture II
Summer 2013
Page 10
COURSE:
AP42 Horticulture II
Unit
B
Plant Production
ESSENTIAL
STANDARD:
3.00
10%
C2
Understand nursery management.
OBJECTIVE:
3.01
5%
C2
Understand nursery structures, growing
environments and maintenance.
Sources of Information:
 Reiley, H, Edward and Shry, Jr.,Carroll L. Introductory Horticulture, 8th Edition,
Delmar Cengage Learning, Clifton Park, NY.
 Jaderloon The Greenhouse Engineers. www.jaderloon.com
 Pot In Pot Operationswww.gardencenternursery.wsu.edu/fundamentals/PotInPotOperations.htm
Note to teacher: Create guided notes and/or power points or visual
presentation for unpacked content.
A. Nursery structures and growing environments.
1. Consider climate, soil and topography, available water source, type of plant
material, and production method when selecting a nursery structure or growing
environment.
2. Shade houses (cold frames).
a. Advantages.
1) Constructed of wood, PVC or galvanized steel.
2) No artificial heat source, heated by solar radiation.
3) Used for hardening off plants and hot weather holding.
4) Protects plants from adverse weather conditions.
5) Cover with white plastic during the winter to reduce overwintering
injury to woody ornamentals as well as reduce temperature
fluctuations during the overwintering period.
6) A variety of plant material can be grown in a shade house
structure.
7) Provides good air circulation.
8) Provides filtered light when covered by shade cloth.
9) Inexpensive growing structures.
b. Disadvantages.
1) Some plants cannot be grown year round.
2) No heat source other than the sun.
3) No heat or cooling.
AP42 Horticulture II
Summer 2013
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3. Hotbeds.
a. Advantages.
1) Constructed of wood or galvanized steel, glass and/or plastic.
2) Solar heated, electric cables, steam or heated by natural
materials such as hay, manure.
3) Used for starting plants earlier than in a cold frame.
4) Inexpensive growing structure.
b. Disadvantages.
1) Can be expensive to heat.
2) Hay or manure needs to be replaced when the temperature in
the hotbed drops below 50 degrees.
4. Container.
a. Advantages.
1) Plants are easy to move and transport.
2) Grown to sellable size in the container.
3) Less shock to plants.
4) Retailers can keep plants longer before selling.
5) Uniform soilless media.
6) Insects, diseases, fertility and pH are easier to control.
7) Monitoring of water intake is easily controlled.
b. Disadvantages.
1) Requires more water.
2) More labor intensive.
3) May become pot bound.
4) May require winter protection.
5) May have a higher start-up cost pots, potting media.
6) Plants may have to be moved to a larger container.
7) May be expensive to ship.
5. Field grown (pot-in-pot, PNP) PNP uses a slightly larger pots (socket pots)
buried in rows in the ground and the potted plants (production pots) are placed
inside).
a. Advantages.
1) No staking.
2) No blown over containers.
3) Cooler roots in the summer.
4) Well insulated root system in the winter.
5) Easy to move and transport.
6) Is becoming a more viable option to the traditional field grown.
7) Combines the benefits of field production with the marketing
flexibility of container production.
AP42 Horticulture II
Summer 2013
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b. Disadvantages.
1) Startup cost is expensive largely due to field preparation and
purchasing two containers for every plant as opposed to one. 1525 gallon pots are more commonly used.
2) Labor costs.
6. Field grown (traditional).
a. Advantages.
1) Plants are grown directly in native soil.
2) Bare root plants are easy to handle and plant.
b. Disadvantages.
1) Requires equipment to be harvested.
2) Plants may go into shock when moved or transplanted.
3) Harder to control insects, diseases, fertility and pH.
4) Soil must be well drained.
5) Limited time to harvest.
6) Supply cost, liners, supplies burlap, wire baskets, twine, and
pinning nails.
7) Expensive to ship.
B. Maintenance of Structures.
1. Shade houses (cold frames).
a. Need painting or replacing over time.
b. Plastic covering will need to be replaced on a regular basis.
c. Replacement of gravel and weed block.
d. Debris removal.
2. Hotbeds.
a. Change out heat source (straw, hay, manure).
b. Pest control.
c. Cover replacement.
d. Debris removal.
3. Container.
a. Pest control.
b. Replace weed block.
c. Replace gravel on roads and under containers.
4. Field grown (PNP).
a. Replacement of damaged pots.
b. Pest control.
c. Replace gravel on roads.
AP42 Horticulture II
Summer 2013
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5. Field grown (traditional).
a . Erosion control.
b . Pest control.
c . Replace gravel on roads.
C. Maintenance of plants.
1. Fertilizer- needs to be replaced regularly in order for the plants to continue to
grow and remain strong.
2. Irrigation- sprinkler or drip is determined by crop requirement and
container arrangement.
3. Shading- on newly established plants or plants that will grow in shady areas.
4. Pruning.
a. Shape plant material.
b. Make plants more compact.
c. Train growth to form into a mature plant (central leader or many stems).
d. Remove dead or diseased parts.
e. Espalier- a plant that is trained to grow flat against a wall, railing or trellis.
5. Pest control Methods/Program.
a. IPM- is a process used to solve pest problems while minimizing risks to
people and the environment.
b. Chemical control- uses chemicals to eliminate plant pests.
c. Biological control- uses living organisms such as predators,
parasites and pathogens to control the populations of pests.
d. Mechanical- manages pests by physical means such as the use of
a barrier, screens, row covers, trapping, weeding or removal of the
pest by hand.
6. Pest problems.
a. Insect.
1) Identify insect- aphids, spider mites, whitefly, scale, etc.
2) Determine type of control- chemical, biological or mechanical.
3) Treat based on method recommendations.
b. Weeds.
1) Identify weeds- henbit, chickweed, grasses, etc.
2) Dig or pull weeds.
3) Treat based on method recommendations.
c. Disease.
1) Identify disease- blights, fungi, rusts, etc.
2) Treat based on method recommendations.
AP42 Horticulture II
Summer 2013
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d. Rodents.
1) Identify the rodent- voles, moles, mice, squirrels, etc.
2) Trap or treat based on method recommendations.
e. Mollusks.
1) Identify mollusks- snails, slugs, etc.
2) Treat based on method recommendations.
7. Winter protection.
a. Frost blanket.
1) Traps and collects heat during the day and releases it at night to
keep your plants warm and growing.
2) In the spring it gives you a jump-start on plants and wards off
pests.
3) In fall, use it to extend your growing season.
4) Float or drape the lightweight fabric over your plants.
b. Water (bud protection).
1) Spray water on buds before a freeze.
2) Often used on fruit trees and strawberries.
c. White plastic.
1) Reduce overwintering injury to woody ornamentals.
2) Protects young plants in early spring.
AP42 Horticulture II
Summer 2013
Page 15
COURSE:
AP42 Horticulture II
Unit
B
Plant Production
ESSENTIAL
STANDARD:
3.00
10%
C2
Understand nursery management.
OBJECTIVE:
3.02
5%
C2
Understand nursery production and
marketing techniques.
Sources of Information:
 Reiley, H, Edward and Shry, Jr.,Carroll L. Introductory Horticulture, 8th Edition,
Delmar Cengage Learning, Clifton Park, NY.
 Pot In Pot Operationswww.gardencenternursery.wsu.edu/fundamentals/PotInPotOperations.html
www.ca.uky.edu/HLA/Dunwell/marketing
 Nursery Marketing and Promotions, Nurseries and Plant Production:

www.landscapeinfoguide.com/.../nursery-marketing-and-promotions.html
Marketing’s Four P’s: First Steps for New Entrepreneurs EC-730.
www.ces.purdue.edu/extmedia
Note to teacher: Create guided notes and/or power points or visual
presentation for unpacked content.
A. Nursery Production.
1. Types of plants for container, PNP and traditional field growing (balled and
burlapped B&B, bare root).
a. Trees- container, PNP, B&B, bareroot.
b. Shrubs- container, PNP, B&B.
c. Perennials- container, PNP.
2. Propagation.
a. Sexual (seed).
1) Stratification- chilling seeds to simulate winter conditions before
germination. Examples: baptisia and daylily.
2) Scarification- breaking of the seed coat. Examples: redbud
and maples.
b. Asexual.
1) Cuttings.
a) Softwood (herbaceous) cutting- leaf, pieces of the stem
or roots from non-woody plants. Cuttings are taken late
spring through early summer.
b) Hardwood cutting- pieces of stem from woody plants.
Cuttings are taken fall through winter.
AP42 Horticulture II
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2) Grafting- joining separate plant parts together to form a union
and grow.
a) Scion- top portion of the graft.
b) Rootstock- root or bottom portion of the graft.
3) Budding- a form of grafting when a bud is used instead of a
scion.
4) Layering- forcing roots to grow on the stem of the plant while it is
still attached to the parent plant.
3. Soil for containers.
a. Media must be porous.
b. Soilless media:
1) Peat.
a) Partially decomposed material mined from swamps.
b) Good moisture holding capacity.
2) Perlite.
a) Natural volcanic material that helps aerate the soil.
b) Good moisture holding capacity.
3) Vermiculite.
a) Mica mineral matter used to start cuttings.
b) Neutral pH.
c) Good moisture holding capacity.
4) Bark.
a) Ground pine or oak bark.
b) Increases the porosity of a soil.
5) Amendments.
a) Lime- calcium and magnesium increased the pH level of
soil making it alkaline or “sweet” correcting the acidity of
the soil.
b) Fertilizer- adds macro and micro nutrients to the soil.
c) Wetting agents- increases water retention of the soil.
4. Soil for planting in the ground.
a. Use native soil in tradition field planting.
b. Tree and shrub roots need to grow in native soil.
c. A soil test should be used to determine if soil amendments are needed.
d. Soil amendment functions.
1) Increase water and nutrient holding capacity.
2) Improve aeration and water infiltration.
e. Soil amendment should be mixed with the natural soil.
AP42 Horticulture II
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f. Organic- “fresh” organic material should be first composted.
1) Sphagnum peat.
a) Dehydrated remains of acid bog plants.
b) Holds moisture and are high in acidity.
2) Grass clippings- add nutrients to the soil.
3) Saw dust- high carbon to nitrogen ratio, can make nitrogen
unavailable to plants.
4) Compost- decayed organic matter, good fertilizer and soil
conditioner.
5) Manure- adds nutrients to the soil, good moisture holding
capacity.
g. Inorganic.
1) Vermiculite- good moisture holding capacity.
2) Perlite- good for aerating the soil.
3) Pea gravel- good for heavy clay soil.
5. Planting.
a. Containers.
1) Place one plant in the center of the container.
2) Evenly space plants in the container if more than one plant is
used.
3) Planting depth is important and varies depending on plant
material.
b. Field.
1) Determine the layout and spacing of trees and shrubs in the field.
2) Determine the equipment needs of field grown plants.
6. Water.
a. Container and PNP.
1) Watering is more important for container grown plants than field
grown plants because roots can go no deeper or spread any
wider than the container.
2) It is best to water container plants in the morning for maximum
absorption, however, some may need to be watered more than
once a day depending on the weather.
3) Container plants should be watered until the water runs through
the holes in the bottom of the pot.
4) A gallon container needs about a pint of water at each watering.
5) Container plants require more water in dry, hot, windy weather.
6) Container plants need more water when actively growing and
flowering.
7) Do not allow any container plants to dry out.
AP42 Horticulture II
Summer 2013
Page 18
b. Field grown.
1) Field grown plants should be watered in the morning for
maximum absorption.
2) A more porous soil needs more water than a clayey soil.
3) Watering for field production depends on the weather.
4) Field grown plants require more water in dry, hot, windy weather.
5) Field grown plants need more water when actively growing and
flowering.
6) Do not allow any field grown plants to dry out.
7. Fertilizing.
a. A fertilizer schedule should be established for each type of plant grown.
b. Scheduled periodic liquid fertilizing should be established depending on
plants, soil, size, etc.
c. Slow release fertilizers such as Osmocote and Magamp are mixed into
the potting media or top dressed on the soil surface.
d. Plants in containers for more than one year require additional fertilizer
and should be watered thoroughly after fertilizing (varies on pot size and
plant material).
e. Plants should be observed and fertilization changed as plant foliage
shows a need for either more or less fertilizer. Tissue analysis can be
done to determine deficiencies.
B. Marketing.
1. Develop a marketing plan.
a. Complete a marketing analysis (research used to predict the future of a
market) to determine your target market.
b. Once a marketing analysis is complete, determine what to sell.
c. Know your competition.
2. Price your product.
a. Use this formula to determine your price.
Materials + overhead + labor = selling price
b. Pricing may vary depending on availability of plant material in your area.
3. Promotion.
a. Advertising.
b. Public relations.
c. Personal contacts.
d. Communications.
4. Placement.
a. Providing a place that is convenient to the customer.
b. Shipping, delivery, internet ordering or nursery pick up.
AP42 Horticulture II
Summer 2013
Page 19
COURSE:
AP42 Horticulture II
Unit
B
Plant Production
ESSENTIAL
Understand greenhouse management.
4.00
25%
C2
STANDARD:
Remember greenhouse plants.
OBJECTIVE:
4.01
10%
C1
Sources of Information:
 Reiley, H, Edward and Shry, Jr., Carroll L. Introductory Horticulture, 8th Edition,
Delmar Cengage Learning, Clifton Park, NY.
 Still, Steven M. Manual of Herbaceous Ornamental Plants 4th Edition, Stipes
Publishing Co., Champaign, IL.
 Better Homes and Garden www.bhg.com
 Perennials and annuals www.houseplants411.com
 Time Life Encyclopedia of Flowering Houseplants
 Tropical houseplants www.bing.com/images
Note to teacher: Create guided notes and/or power points or visual
presentation for unpacked content.
A. Describe greenhouse plants from the NC FFA Nursery/Landscape Career
Development Event List.
1. Greenhouse/Tropical plants not covered in Horticulture I.
2. Annual/bedding plants not covered in Horticulture I.
3. Perennial plants not covered in Horticulture I.
B. Describe greenhouse plant characteristics.
1. Common name.
2. Botanical name.
3. Correct pronunciation.
4. Give a description of the plant.
5. Water requirements for the plant.
6. How and when to fertilize the plant.
7. Light requirement (greenhouse).
a. High light.
b. Medium light.
c. Low light.
8. Size and growth rate.
9. The best method of propagation.
C. Describe annual (bedding) and perennial plant characteristics.
1. Common name.
2. Scientific name.
3. Correct pronunciation.
4. Give a description of the plants.
AP42 Horticulture II
Summer 2013
Page 20
5. Plant characteristics.
a. Height.
b. Spacing.
c. Sun exposure.
1) Full sun.
2) Semi-shade.
3) Shade.
d. Foliage/Flower color.
e. Determine if the plant is an annual, biennial or perennial.
f. Describe the plant’s use in the landscape.
AP42 Horticulture II
Summer 2013
Page 21
Greenhouse/Tropicals
SCIENTIFIC NAME
Aglaonema commutatum
Asparagus setaceus
Chamaedorea elegans
Codiaeum variegatum var. pictum
Crassula ovate
Dizygotheca elegantissima ‘Castor’
Dracaena cincta
Dracaena deremensis ‘Warneckii’
Fittonia verschaffeltii
Gibasis pellucida
Gynura aurantiaca
Hoya carnosa
Kalanchoe blossfeldiana
Peperomia caperata ‘Emerald Ripple’
Peperomia obtusifolia
Schefflera actinophylla
Schlumbergera bridgesii
Schlumbergera truncate
Syngonium podophyllum
COMMON NAME
Aglaonema
Plume Asparagus Fern
Parlor Palm
Croton
Jade Plant
False Aralia
Red Edge Dracaena
Warneckii Dracaena
Nerve Plant
Tahitian Bridal Veil
Velvet Plant
Wax Plant
Kalanchoe
Emerald Ripple Peperomia
Peperomia
Schefflera
Christmas Cactus
Thanksgiving Cactus
Nephthytis or Arrowhead Vine
Annual/bedding Plants
SCIENTIFIC NAME
Antirrhinum majus cv.
Catharanthus roseus
Fuchsia X hybrid
Verbena hybrid
Zinnia elegans
COMMON NAME
Snapdragon
Madagascar Periwinkle
Fuchsia
Garden Verbena
Zinnia
Perennial Plants
SCIENTIFIC NAME
Astilbe cv.
Buddleia davidii
Clematis X jackmanii
Echinaceae purpurea
Gerbera jamesonii
Gladiolus X hortulanus
Hippeastrum cv.
Iberis sempervirens
Iris xiphium
Pachysandra terminalis
Paeonia sp.
Pennisetum alopecuroides
AP42 Horticulture II
COMMON NAME
Astilbe
Butterfly Bush
Clematis Hybrids
Cone Flower
Gerber Daisy
Gladiolus
Amaryllis
Evergreen Candytuft
Dutch Iris
Japanese Pachysandra
Peony
Fountain Grass
Summer 2013
Page 22
COURSE:
AP42 Horticulture II
Unit
B
Plant Production
ESSENTIAL
STANDARD:
4.00
25%
C2
Understand greenhouse management.
OBJECTIVE:
4.02
15%
C2
Understand greenhouse structures,
production and maintenance.
Sources of Information:
 Boodley, James W. 1998. The Commercial Greenhouse, 3rd Edition. Delmar
Cengage Learning, Clifton Park, NY.
 Reiley, H, Edward and Shry, Jr.,Carroll L. Introductory Horticulture, 8th Edition,
Delmar Cengage Learning, Clifton Park, NY.
 Jaderloon The Greenhouse Engineers. www.jaderloon.com
Note to teacher: Create guided notes and/or power points or visual
presentation for unpacked content.
A. Greenhouses.
1. The “Greenhouse Effect”- collects and stores heat from the sun (radiant heat).
2. Provides a protective environment to grow plants.
3. Many detached houses can be used as connected houses.
B. Greenhouse Structures.
1. Detached houses.
a. Quonset.
1) Curved (half-moon) roof bars.
2) Covered with plastic or fiberglass panels.
b. Lean to.
1) Roof slopes in one direction only.
2) Built against other greenhouses or buildings.
3) Generally faces south.
c. Even span.
1) Roof is equal in width and pitch on both sides.
2) Most commonly used as a single greenhouse.
3) Clear span, truss supports, no columns.
d. Uneven span.
1) One side of the roof is longer than the other side for southern
exposure.
2) Usually found on hillsides with one wall.
3) May have a solid north wall.
AP42 Horticulture II
Summer 2013
Page 23
e. Advantages for detached houses.
1) Easy to program and maintain temperature.
2) Easy to ventilate without exposing the plants to blasts of cold
air.
f. Disadvantages for detached houses.
1) Requires more energy to heat and cool.
2) Higher initial cost.
2. Connected houses.
a. Ridge and furrow.
1) Even span structures placed one after the other.
2) No side walls.
b. Barrel vault.
1) Quonset houses set on sidewalls.
2) Height of sidewall range from 7’-10’ depends on crops.
c. Dutch-Venlo.
1) Ridge and furrow construction.
2) Highest percentage of light transmission.
d. Saran-covered.
1) Used to reduce the intensity of bright sunlight in frost free areas.
2) Mainly used for florist crops.
e. Advantages for connected houses.
1) Requires less land area.
2) Less construction materials.
3) Heat loss is less.
f. Disadvantages for connected houses.
1) Snow build-up in connecting gutters.
2) Gutters shade parts of the greenhouse.
C. Greenhouse Equipment and Controls.
1. Heaters- gas or electric.
2. Thermostats- controls the temperature, should be at plant level.
3. Timers- for lights, shade cloth, irrigation etc.
4. Evaporative cooling systems.
a. Most effective method for cooling a greenhouse.
b. Constructed of thick corrugated cardboard.
c. Reduces watering due to higher humidity created by evaporation
from the dripping water in the cool pad.
5. Exhaust fans- pulls hot air from the greenhouse.
6. Vents- located at the opposite end from the exhaust fan. Vents open to
allow fresh air in the greenhouse.
AP42 Horticulture II
Summer 2013
Page 24
7. Circulation fans- circulates air in the greenhouse even when the exhaust fan
is not running. Provides a uniform temperature throughout the greenhouse.
8. Misting system- cools the greenhouse and provides a fine mist for seeds
and cuttings.
9. Overhead irrigation system- waters greenhouses or shadehouses but may not
give the deep watering some plants need.
10. Drip Irrigation- tubes with emitters go to individual pots for water. A very
efficient way to water.
11. Lights- provide additional lighting for plants on cloudy or wintery days. To
block out light for certain crops in the greenhouse use black cloth.
D. Greenhouses coverings.
1. Greenhouse film (polyethylene film).
a. 3-6 mil thick.
b. Standard to UV treated. UV film keeps Ultra Violet rays from
damaging plants.
c. Inexpensive.
d. Long lasting and easy to replace.
2. Acrylic panels.
a. Energy efficient.
b. Impact resistant.
c. Available in a variety of widths and lengths.
3. Polycarbonate panels.
a. Twin wall panels.
b. Corrugated panels.
c. Available in a variety of widths and lengths.
d. Relatively expensive.
4. Solexx panels.
a. Flexible.
b. Twin wall.
c. 3-6 mil thick.
d. Opaque.
e. Relatively expensive.
E. Describe greenhouse plant terminology.
1. Annual- plants that complete their life cycles in one year.
2. Biennial- plants that complete their life cycles in two years.
3. Perennial- plants that live more than two years.
4. Sow- to plant seeds.
a. Direct sowing- starting seeds directly into the soil or pots.
No transplanting necessary.
AP42 Horticulture II
Summer 2013
Page 25
b. Indirect sowing- starting seeds in flats, trays, etc. and transplanting
them into the soil or other pots.
5. Media- soil.
6. Deadheading- removal of spent or dead flower.
7. Pinch- removal of the top portion of a plant to make the plant more
compact.
8. Full sun- at least 6 hours of sun each day.
9. Part shade- morning sun until 12:00 noon, no afternoon sun.
10. Shade- a few hours of morning sun, filtered light or full shade.
F. Bedding Plant Soils/Media.
1. Vermiculite- expanded mica, sterile.
2. Perlite- expanded volcanic rock.
3. Peat moss- decomposing parts of sphagnum moss typically found deep in
bogs.
4. Sand- finely ground stone.
5. Bark- tree bark is usually shredded or ground.
6. Commercially prepared soil mixes usually contain peat moss, perlite and
vermiculite and are sterile, weed, insect and disease free.
G. Containers.
1. Flat- plastic tray usually for planting seeds or holding cell pack.
10"W x 20"L x 2½"D. (may vary in size)
2. Cell pack- several small cell like pots of plastic molded together. Four
common sizes are 804, 606 and 1206, 1801.
3. Peat pots- insulate the roots, can be planted directly into the soil, breaks down
when planted, roots grow through the peat material.
4. Eco pots- expensive, made from plants and vegetable oil.
5. Jiffy 7- compressed peat moss covered in a fine mesh. They expand when
soaked in water and can be planted directly into the soil. Can be used for
sowing seeds or rooting cuttings.
6. Plastic pots.
a. Standard pot is the same width at the top as it is high.
b. Azalea pot is ¾ as high as its top diameter or width.
c. Vary in sizes and shapes.
7. Clay pots
a. Made of porous.
b. Can be glazed.
c. Various sizes and shapes.
8. Hanging baskets
a. Plastic, wire, cloth pouches (living walls).
b. Wire hanging baskets may require some type of liner.
c. Varies in sizes 8”, 10”, 12”, 16”, etc.
AP42 Horticulture II
Summer 2013
Page 26
H. Greenhouse Production- Seeds.
1. Select seeds to sow. Read specific instructions for selected seeds.
2. Sow selected seeds in a sterile seed starter media. Cover if necessary.
3. Water seeds from the bottom or mist.
4. Cover seeds with a humidity dome (if necessary).
5. Place seed flat on the bench in the appropriate light and/or on propagation
mats if needed.
6. Check seeds daily for moisture.
7. Once seed germinate and true leaves (2nd set of leaves) appear, prepare to
transplant.
8. Loosen media to prevent breaking roots and stems of seedlings.
9. Hold plants by their leaves. Do not hold the stem as they bruise easily.
10. Transplant seedlings into saleable containers slightly deeper than it grew in
the flat. (Tomato seedlings-plant to the bottom of the true leaves).
11. Water newly transplanted seedlings.
12. Provide the appropriate light for the plants.
13. Create a pest free environment and/or control pests as needed.
14. Harden off (drop the temperature and reduce water) before moving plants out
to shade houses or protected area.
I. Greenhouse Production- Cuttings.
1. Select plants for cuttings (English ivy, pothos, wandering jew, etc.).
2. Make cuts below the node (area on the stem where leaves grow),
remove leaves (if necessary), dip in water and dip in rooting hormone,
tap lightly.
3. Make a hole in the sterile soil.
4. Stick cutting(s) into the hole.
5. Gently push soil around cutting.
6. Water the cuttings.
7. Place under greenhouse benches for a couple of days to lessen shock.
8. Grow in a sunny location in the greenhouse.
J. Bedding Plant Problems.
1. Cultural disorders.
a. Seed germination problems.
1) Improper temperatures.
2) Over-watering or under-watering.
3) Chemical residues in soil.
4) Seed planting depth.
5) Low quality seeds.
b. Seed germination solutions.
1) Maintaining proper temperature.
2) Maintain proper moisture levels.
3) Chemical free soil.
AP42 Horticulture II
Summer 2013
Page 27
4) Plant at proper depth.
5) Use high quality seeds.
c. Fertilization problems.
1) Lack of nutrients.
2) Root injury.
3) Improper pH in soil.
4) Excessive fertilization.
d. Fertilization solutions.
1) Testing soil.
2) Applying correct amount and kinds of nutrients.
3) Correct pH.
e. Uneven growth problems.
1) Poor mixing of soil.
2) Uneven moisture levels.
3) Unlevel flats.
4) Uneven bottom heat.
5) Poor grading of seedlings.
f. Uneven growth solutions.
1) Properly mixing soil.
2) Even watering.
3) Placing flats level.
4) Replace damaged propagation mats or cables.
5) Grading seedlings by size.
g. Tall and spindly growth problems.
1) Too much nitrogen fertilizer.
2) Overwatering.
3) Low light intensity.
4) High temperatures.
h. Tall and spindly growth solutions.
1) Use the correct amount of nitrogen.
2) Reducing frequency of watering.
3) Lowering temperature.
4) Provide more light.
5) Use a growth retardant such as B-Nine.
2. Diseases.
a. Disease problems.
1) Damping off- seedlings fall over causing the stem to rot.
2) Botrytis- lower leaves are brown, rotting and drying out.
AP42 Horticulture II
Summer 2013
Page 28
b. Disease solutions.
1) Use sterilized soil.
2) Use fungicides to control diseases.
3) Improve air circulation.
4) Increase air temperature around plants.
3. Pests.
a. Pest problems.
1) Plants or seedlings missing caused by slugs, snails, or
roaches.
2) Holes in the leaves, damaged leaves or missing plant parts.
a) Aphids- green soft bodied, winged or non-winged, sucking
insect.
b) Mealybugs- white cottony, sucking insect.
c) Spider mites- red body pest with eight legs.
d) Scale- brown, hard shelled, sucking insect.
e) Thrip- small translucent, sucking insect.
f) Whiteflies- powdery insects with four white wings, sucking
insect.
g) Fungus gnats- thrive in moist wet environments, larva
feed on plant roots and new callused tissue.
h) Leaf miner- larva produces mines by burrowing and feeding
between the upper and lower epidermis. This allows air in
and changes the leaf color in the mines to pale green or
silver.
i) Cutworms- can enter the greenhouse as moths and lay
eggs. Cutworms chew stems at the soil level.
j) Slugs- 2”-3” slimy brown body, burrowing pests, damage
roots and leaves of plants.
k) Caterpillars- eat plant parts, chewing insects.
b. Pest solutions.
1) Monitor plants on a regular basis for insect problems.
2) Identify pest.
3) Use beneficial insects- parasitic wasps, ladybeetles, praying
mantis or lacewings or use an insecticide.
a) Aphid- ladybettles, praying mantis, insecticidal soap.
b) Mealybugs- insecticidal soap.
c) Spider mites- predatory mites, miticide.
d) Scale- outdoor use dormant oil; greenhouse use alcohol on
individual insects or insecticidal soap.
e) Thrip- parasitic wasps, insecticidal soap.
f) Whitefly- whitefly trap (sticky board), insecticidal soap.
AP42 Horticulture II
Summer 2013
Page 29
g) Fungus gnat- watch moisture levels in the greenhouse,
biological control such as Bacillus thuringiensis.
h) Leaf miner- pyrethroid (attacks the exoskeleton of the
insect).
i) Cutworm- Bacillius thuringiensis.
j) Slugs- slug traps, handpick.
k) Caterpillar- Bacillius thuringiensis.
4) Set up a pesticide program. Use pesticides if necessary.
Greenhouse maintenance.
1. Structure.
a. Painting (wooden (rot) and metal (rust) structures) as needed.
b. Flooring (gravel, wood, cracked concrete) replace as needed.
c. Doors (steel, wood, metal) repair as needed.
2. Replace covering.
a. Glass replace when cracked or broken.
b. Fiberglass replace when damaged.
c. Greenhouse film (polyethylene film) replace when torn or
damaged.
d. Shade cloth- cover or take off depending on season.
3. Equipment repair.
a. Heater- motor, fan blades, gas/electric lines, etc.
b. Ventilation system- belts, motor, etc.
c. Irrigation- clogged emitters, holes in tubing.
d. Lighting- electrical, bulbs.
4. Pest control.
a. Weeds- set up a maintenance schedule.
b. Insects- set up a maintenance schedule.
c. Diseases- set up a maintenance schedule.
L. Plant maintenance.
1. Water plants regularly, avoid watering in the middle of the day during the
summer.
2. Set up a fertilizer schedule.
3. Check for insects and diseases and treat appropriately.
4. Control weeds.
5. Pinch plants to encourage fullness if necessary.
6. Keep the greenhouse clean.
AP42 Horticulture II
Summer 2013
Page 30
COURSE:
6842 Horticulture II
Unit
C
Landscape, Turf and Floral Design
ESSENTIAL
Understand landscape design.
5.00
25%
C2
STANDARD:
Remember nursery plants.
OBJECTIVE:
5.01
10%
C1
Sources of Information:
 Dirr, Michael A. 2009. Manual of Woody Landscape Plants 6th Edition, Stipes
Publishing, Champaign, IL.
 Time Life Books. The Big Book Flower Gardening: A Guide to Growing Beautiful
Annuals, Perennials, Bulbs and Roses 1997.
Note to teacher: Create guided notes and/or power points or visual
presentation for unpacked content.
A. Describe trees and shrubs from the NC FFA Nursery/Landscape Career
Development Event List.
1. Trees not covered in Horticulture I.
2. Shrubs not covered in Horticulture I.
B. Describe tree and shrub plant characteristics.
1. Common name.
2. Scientific/Botanical name.
3. Correct pronunciation.
4. Characteristics.
a. Height.
b. Spread.
c. Evergreen.
d. Deciduous.
e. Growth Rate.
f. Foliage Description.
g. Flower.
1) Color.
2) Time.
h. Fruit.
1) Type.
2) Time.
5. Culture.
a. Location.
1) Sun.
2) Semi-shade.
3) Shade.
AP42 Horticulture II
Summer 2013
Page 31
b. Landscape use.
c. Other.
d. Zones.
AP42 Horticulture II
Summer 2013
Page 32
Trees
SCIENTIFIC NAME
Acer platanoides
Cornus kousa
Ginkgo biloba
Gleditsia tricanthos var. inermis
Magnolia X soulangiana cv.
Picea abies
Platanus X acerifolia
Quercus falcate
Quercus nigra
Tsuga Canadensis
Zelkova serrate
COMMON NAME
Norway Maple
Chinese Dogwood
Ginkgo
Thornless Honeylocust
Saucer Magnolia
Norway Spruce
London Plane Tree
Southern Red Oak
Water Oak
Canadian Hemlock
Zelkova
Shrubs
SCIENTIFIC NAME
Buxus microphylla var. japonica
Camellia japonica cv.
Camellia sasanqua
Chamaecyparis pisifera ‘Gold Mop’
Elaeagnus pungens
Gardenia jasminoides
Hydrangea macrophylla
Ilex attenuate ‘Savannah’
Ilex crenata ‘Compacta’
Ilex X ‘Nellie R. Stevens’
Ilex cornuta ‘Carissa’
Loropetalum chinensis
Osmanthus X fortunei
Pieris japonica
Prunus laurocerasus ‘Zabeliana’
Pyracantha coccinea
Raphiolepis indica
Taxus cuspidate
Thuja occidentalis
AP42 Horticulture II
COMMON NAME
Japanese Boxwood
Common Camellia
Sasanqua Camellia
Gold Mop
Thorny Elaeagnus
Gardenia
French Hydrangea
Savannah Holly
Compacta Holly
Nellie R. Stevens Holly
Carissa Holly
Chinese Fringe Flower
Fortune Tea Olive
Japanese Andromeda
Zabel Cherry Laurel
Scarlet Firethorn
Indian Hawthorn
Japanese Yew
American Arborvitae
Summer 2013
Page 33
COURSE:
AP42 Horticulture II
Unit
C
Landscape, Turf and Floral Design
ESSENTIAL
STANDARD:
5.00
25%
C2
Understand landscape design.
OBJECTIVE:
5.02
15%
C2
Understand principles of landscape
design techniques and maintenance.
Sources of Information:
 Ingels, Jack E. 1997. Landscaping Principles and Practices, 7th Edition. Delmar
Cengage Learning, Clifton Park, NY.
 Reiley, H, Edward and Shry, Jr., Carroll L. Introductory Horticulture, 8th Edition,
Delmar Cengage Learning, Clifton Park, NY.
 Landscape Design Symbols- www.bing.com/images
 Landscape Design Symbols- www.sustland.umn.edu/design/landscapesym.html
 Drafting Tools- www.ubatc.edu/course-d/intro-draft/tools_lessons.htm
 Homes to Landscape- www.dreamhomesource.com
Note to teacher: Create guided notes and/or power points or
visual presentation for unpacked content.
A. Principles of Design.
1. Balance- materials are distributed evenly on opposite sides of a central
axis.
a. Three types of balance.
1) Symmetric- one side is a reflective mirror image of the
opposite side, most formal type of balance.
2) Asymmetric- each side has as much interest as the other, but is
not a mirror image.
3) Proximal/distal- balances right and left as well as near and far.
b. Macro-range- the viewer sees the landscape from the most distant
point.
c. Micro-range- the views from other locations not as
distant.
2. Focalization- selects and positions visually strong items in the landscape
composition to create focal points. It draws the eye of the viewer to one
major feature in each use area such as a corner planting.
3. Simplicity- seeks to make viewers comfortable within the
landscape. It excludes any unnecessary changes in shape, color,
direction, etc.
4. Rhythm and line- repeating something at a standard interval or pattern
creates rhythm and lines. It establishes the shape and form of the
landscape replicating strong existing lines such as the lines of a house or
pool. Functions of line plantings include foundation plantings, block a view,
frame a view and provide privacy.
5. Proportion- the size relationships between all the features of the
landscape including vertical, horizontal and spatial relationships. It will
maintain proper proportional relationships in a landscape between:
AP42 Horticulture II
Summer 2013
Page 34
a. Buildings and people.
b. Buildings and plants.
c. Plants and people.
d. Plants and plants.
e. Masses and soils.
6. Unity- all the separate parts contribute to the creation of the total design.
It ties together the individual parts of each use area by:
a. Repeated prominent colors.
b. Repeated construction materials.
c. Continued interior design themes to outdoor rooms.
d. Repeated plant species.
e. Raised patios, decks and porches to door level.
B. Types of Plans Used in Landscaping.
1. Sequential- each is increasingly more specific and detailed.
a. Functional diagrams- begins the arrangement of the client’s program
on the site. Bubble diagrams (thumbnail sketch) are loosely drawn
freeform shapes to represent areas or spaces. They help the designer
make decisions concerning layout, sizes and the use of each area.
b. Outdoor room concept moves the indoor out for a continuous flow.
1) Public area- usually the front yard portion of the landscape.
2) Private area- a secluded area, patio or screened porch.
3) Utility area- recycle, garbage, storage.
4) Family/play area- pools, open areas, play structures.
c. Preliminary designs- breaks the bubble diagram down to show first
draft vision of how each landscape area will be shaped. The
landscape is given its form, type of materials to be used and
application of landscape design principles. They are simple without
real details, but the horizontal and vertical relationships between
objects and areas are now included. A number of preliminary designs
may be shown to a client before the final plans are made.
d. Final plans- suggestions and reactions of the client to make a master
drawing that is graphically detailed and completely specific in its intent
for the landscape. They include precisely identified plants and other
materials, paving patterns and other specific detailed information such
as construction drawings for the landscape contractor and
subcontractors. Graphics are designed to impress.
2. Computer assisted or drawing board.
a. Computer aided design or design programs.
b. Hand drawn. Many professionals choose to hand draw their designs.
3. Graphics.
a. Free-hand lettering.
b. Mechanical.
c. Computer.
AP42 Horticulture II
Summer 2013
Page 35
C. Drawing Instruments.
1. Pencil.
a. Mechanical pencils.
1) Lead sizes- 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9 mm in thickness.
2) Uses a lead holder.
3) Does not require sharpening.
b. Drawing pencils.
1) Varying degree of hardness in mechanical and drawing pencils2B, B, HB, F, H, 2H- 9H.
2) H is a harder lead and produces lighter lines and is less likely to
smear.
3) B is a softer lead and produces darker lines and will smear.
4) A good choice for landscape designer is HB- 2H.
2. Eraser- a vinyl eraser will erase pencil marks without damaging the paper.
Magic Rub is a good eraser to use.
3. Compass- adjustable instrument used to draw circles or arcs.
4. T Square- used for drawing vertical or horizontal straight lines that are
parallel to the edge of the drawing board.
5. Scale.
a. Architect.
1) Contains scales of ½, ¼, ⅛, 1/16, ⅜, ¾, 3/16.
2) Most commonly used by landscape designer is ⅛.
b. Engineer.
1) Contains scales of 1/10 (one inch = 10 feet), 1/20, 1/30. 1/40,
1/50, 1/60.
2) Most commonly used by landscape designers is 1/10.
6. Templates- used to draw circles and landscape features such as
fences, hedges, etc.
7. Protractor- used to measure the angle of any two joining lines from 0180 degrees.
8. Triangles.
a. Used to draw angled lines.
b. Most common angles are 45 and 90 degree.
c. Other angles are 30, 45, 60 or 90 degree.
9. Drawing board- gives a smooth surface for drafting paper.
10. Drafting paper.
a. Available as opaque or transparent in a wide variety of sizes.
b. Vellum paper (100% cotton) is commonly used for hand drawings.
c. Gridded paper is also popular to use in landscape design. Grid size
available are ¼” = 1’, ⅛” = 1’, 1/10” = 1’.
D. Landscape Process.
1. Process is a sequence of steps to reach a goal.
2. Project development process.
a. Needs or objectives.
b. Design process.
c. Accepting the design.
d. Contracting.
AP42 Horticulture II
Summer 2013
Page 36
e. Subcontracting.
f. Actual landscaping acceptance.
g. Billing and payment.
3. Project maintenance process.
a. Need or desire.
b. Selecting a landscape maintenance company which assesses the
needs and presents a proposal.
c. If the proposal is accepted, the company schedules and does the
work.
d. After work is complete, b ill the customer.
4. Design process includes site analysis and program analysis.
E. Landscape Occupations.
1. Landscaping- profession that includes designing, installing and
maintaining the outdoor human environment.
2. The three branches of the landscaping industry are:
a. Landscape architects- licensed professionals who conceptualize
and plan the outdoor environment or landscape for both residential
and commercial clients (customers). Landscape designers usually
do actual drawings for residential and commercial landscapes.
b. Landscape contractors- must pass a licensing exam. They are
professionals who carry out the installation or actual construction of
the landscape plan. Landscape contractors hire subcontractors to
do special work such as pools, electrical work, stonework, outdoor
features such as kitchens. Landscapers are not licensed but can do
the same work but cannot use the title “Landscape Contractor”.
c. Landscape maintenance- the care of newly installed and existing
landscapes.
3. Design-build firms- landscape businesses that handle everything from the
initial contact with the client, the design, construction process, long term care
and maintenance. They may hire subcontractors for specific jobs.
4. Other occupations in the landscape industry:
a. Landscape nursery worker- a professional who sells and installs
landscape plants and related materials.
b. Landscape sales- works directly with clients to develop creative
design solutions.
c. Arborist- specialist in the care, treatment, trimming and/or
removal of trees.
d. Irrigation specialist- designs, installs and maintains irrigation
systems.
e. Seasonal color specialist- works directly with clients, possesses a
thorough knowledge of seasonal color in both design and maintenance
along with a strong understanding of plant materials.
f. IPM specialist- inspects and diagnoses insect and disease issues,
develops treatment plans, applies treatments effectively and safely,
performs necessary record keeping duties, maintains supplies and
equipment.
AP42 Horticulture II
Summer 2013
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F. Planting and Maintenance.
1. Planting.
a. Balled and burlapped (B &B) plants.
1) Plant in a flat-bottomed, straight-sided hole twice the width of
the root ball.
2) Backfill soil should fill the hole enough to raise the plant slightly
above the soil line.
3) Loosen the burlap around the top of the plant and tuck it down a
few inches below the soil level.
4) After backfilling the hole, the soil should be mounded in a circle
around newly planted trees and shrubs to catch and hold water.
5) Handle B&B plants by the root ball.
b. Bareroot plants.
1) Mound or dome is left in the bottom of the hole.
2) Roots should be spread over the mound so roots will grow
downward in the soil.
3) Backfill with soil.
4) After backfilling the hole, the soil should be mounded in a circle
around newly planted trees and shrubs to catch and hold water.
c. Container plants may need to have the roots cut or unwound before
planting. This prevents the roots from continuing to grow in a circle
pattern.
d. Newly planted trees should be staked to keep trees growing
straight.
e. Careful observation of newly planted shrubs, trees, annuals, and
perennials, on a regular basis, will determine the time and amount
of maintenance needed.
2. Watering.
a. Should be done at planting and frequently for a few days to prevent
roots from drying out and the plant wilting. Water to a depth of 12”-16”
initially. This helps the plant to develop a deep root system.
b. Then less often as needed.
c. Different plants have different water requirements and watering should
be adjusted to meet the needs of the individual plants.
3. Fertilizing.
a. Trees- drill holes or use a soil tube 12” deep at 24” intervals around
the tree at the canopy drip line (tips of outer branches).
b. Shrubs- hand apply small amounts of low analysis fertilizer but not too
late in the growing season.
c. Fertilizer should be mixed in back fill soil at planting for trees and
shrubs and in soil beds during prep for annuals and perennials.
d. Lawns- need regular fertilizing. A fertilizing schedule should be
established for lawn care.
4. Mulching.
a. Suppresses weeds, retain soil moisture and equalize soil temperature.
b. May need to be refreshed or replaced yearly.
AP42 Horticulture II
Summer 2013
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5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
c. Mulch depths vary depending on type of material used and the
moisture holding capacity of the soil. 2”-4” (after settling) is commonly
recommended, add an inch more for sandy soils.
d. Types of mulch.
1) Shredded or ground bark- hardwood, cypress, pine.
2) Pine needles.
3) Stone.
4) Shredded rubber.
Pest.
a. Pest control is necessary to control damage from insects, diseases,
weeds and rodents.
b. Prevent pest problems by planting pest resistant varieties, keeping
the landscape free of debris and watering efficiently.
c. Monitor landscapes for pest problem.
d. Set up a pest maintenance schedule if necessary.
Mowing and edging.
a. Mow lawns at correct heights based on the type of grass.
b. Edging makes a sharp line of separation between plantings and the
lawn.
Winterizing.
a. Treat wintertime weeds such as chickweed and henbit.
b. Remove leaves and other debris from lawns. It can smother grass,
promote diseases and invite pests.
c. Drain your irrigation systems.
d. Mulch beds if mulch is thin.
Principles of Pruning.
a. Shrubs that produce flowers on wood grown the previous season
should be pruned immediately after flowers fall off.
1) Forsythia.
2) Azaleas.
3) Spirea.
b. Shrubs that bloom on current year’s growth should be pruned in fall or
early spring.
1) Rose.
2) Butterfly bush.
3) Crape Myrtle.
Types or methods of pruning.
a. Thinning- removes certain branches to open up the plant allowing
light through to keep the natural shape.
b. Heading back- removes the end section of branches at the same
height so that new shoots make a plant thicker.
c. Renewal- removes old branches that are large and unproductive by
cutting them back to ground level.
d. Root- usually done one growing season prior to transplanting. The
general rule is that one inch of stem diameter equals 10” of circle
diameter for pruning roots around the plant.
AP42 Horticulture II
Summer 2013
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10. Pruning tools.
a. Pruning saw.
1) Will cut live or dead limbs.
2) Has coarse teeth.
3) Blade may or may not fold into the handle.
b. Pole pruner.
1) Has a saw and pruning tool on a pole to remove branches that
are up to 12 feet overhead.
2) Non-powered or gas powered.
c. Grass shears.
1) Has two blades designed to cut grass around edges of walks
or flower beds.
2) Non-powered or battery powered.
d. Lopping shears.
1) Long handled, bypass cut (scissor type blade that overlap each
other).
2) Cuts limbs from 1” to 1½” in diameter
e. Hand shears or pruning shears.
1) Bypass shears- scissor type blade that overlap each other.
2) Anvil shears- a single blade that strikes against a flat metal plate.
3) Removes branches ¼”-½”.
f. Hedge shears.
1) Has long blades.
2) Trim hedges or shape shrubs.
3) Non-powered, gas or electric powered.
g. Chain saw.
1) Cuts limbs from 3” up to the blade length.
2) Gas, electric or battery powered.
AP42 Horticulture II
Summer 2013
Page 40
COURSE:
AP42 Horticulture II
Unit
C
Landscape, Turf and Floral Design
ESSENTIAL
STANDARD:
6.00
10%
C2
Understand turf.
OBJECTIVE:
6.01
5%
C1
Remember North Carolina turf grass
types.
Sources of Information:
 Reiley, H, Edward and Shry, Jr., Carroll L. Introductory Horticulture, 8th Edition,
Delmar Cengage Learning, Clifton Park, NY.
 Carolina Lawns, North Carolina State University and A& T State University
Cooperative Extension Service. 2009. www.turfgrass.ncsu.edu
 Turf Centere: www.turffiles.ncsu.edu
Note to teacher: Create guided notes and/or power points or visual
presentation for unpacked content.
A. Turf Grass Regions.
1. The United States has six regions or zones based on:
a. Climate.
b. Temperature.
c. Available moisture.
d. Length of growing season.
2. North Carolina has three of the regions or zones:
a. Mountains and Western Piedmont are region/zone 1.
b. Central and Eastern Piedmont are region/zone 2.
c. Extreme Southeastern Coast is region /zone 3.
B. Turf Characteristics
1. Cool Season grasses:
a. Grow best in the spring and fall 65-75 degrees.
b. Stay green in the winter.
c. Best established in the fall.
2. Warm season grasses:
a. Grow best in the summer 80-95 degrees.
b. Go dormant (turn brown) in the winter.
c. Best established in the spring.
3. Leaf color:
a. Light to dark green.
b. Light green.
c. Medium green.
d. Light to dark green.
e. Medium to dark green
4. Leaf texture:
a. Fine- thin needle textured blades.
AP42 Horticulture II
Summer 2013
Page 41
b. Medium- medium textured blades.
c. Coarse- thick, wide textured blades.
5. Growth habit- how new shoots are produced:
a. Rhizome- underground stem that grows horizontally.
b. Stolon- above ground stem that grows horizontally.
c. Stolon and rhizome- above and underground stems that grow
horizontally.
d. Bunch- blades grow in small cluster or tufts from the soil.
6. Wear- how the grass stands up to foot traffic:
a. Excellent.
b. Very good.
c. Good.
d. Fair.
e. Poor.
f. Very poor.
C. Grasses for lawns:
1. Tall Fescue.
a. Region- 1, 2, 3.
b. Season- cool season.
c. Leaf color- medium green.
d. Leaf texture- medium to coarse.
e. Growth habit- bunch.
f. Wear- very good.
g. Location- sun and part shade.
2. Kentucky Bluegrass:
a. Region- 1, 2.
b. Season- cool season.
c. Leaf color- medium to dark green.
d. Leaf texture- fine to medium.
e. Growth habit- rhizome.
f. Wear- very good.
g. Location- sun.
3. Red Fescue (fine fescue):
a. Region- 1, 2 (some counties)
b. Season- cool season.
c. Leaf color- medium green.
d. Leaf texture- fine.
e. Growth habit- rhizome.
f. Wear- fair.
g. Location- shade.
AP42 Horticulture II
Summer 2013
Page 42
4. Creeping Bentgrass:
a. Region- 3.
b. Season- cool season.
c. Leaf color- bluish green.
d. Leaf texture- fine.
e. Growth habit- stolon.
f. Wear- poor.
g. Location- sun.
*special treatment- creeping bent requires fans on the golf course
greens and frequent watering to keep the seed beds continually
moist and cool.
5. Centipede:
a. Region- 2, 3.
b. Season- warm season.
c. Leaf color- light to dark green.
d. Leaf texture- medium.
e. Growth habit- stolon.
f. Wear- poor.
g. Location- sun.
6. St. Augustine:
a. Region- 2, 3.
b. Season- warm season.
c. Leaf color- medium to dark green.
d. Leaf texture- coarse.
e. Growth habit- stolon.
f. Wear- poor.
g. Location- sun but shade tolerant.
7. Bermuda:
a. Region- 2, 3.
b. Season- warm season.
c. Leaf color- light to dark green.
d. Leaf texture- fine.
e. Growth habit- stolon and rhizome.
f. Wear- excellent.
g. Location- sun.
8. Zoysia:
a. Region- 2, 3.
b. Season- warm season.
c. Leaf color- medium to dark green.
d. Leaf texture- fine.
e. Growth habit- stolon and rhizome.
f. Wear- good.
g. Location- sun or part shade.
AP42 Horticulture II
Summer 2013
Page 43
C. Grasses not used alone for lawns:
1. Annual rye (over seeding fields and some lawns, never used alone):
a. Region- 2.
b. Season- cool season.
c. Leaf color- light green.
d. Leaf texture- medium.
e. Growth habit- bunch.
f. Wear- good.
g. Location- sun.
2. Bahia (not recommended for lawns, most commonly used for highway grass):
a. Region- 2, 3.
b. Season- warm season.
c. Leaf color- medium to dark green.
d. Leaf texture- coarse.
e. Growth habit- rhizome.
f. Wear- good.
g. Location- sun.
3. Perennial rye (seeded with Kentucky Bluegrass never alone):
a. Region- 1.
b. Season- cool season.
c. Leaf color- medium green.
d. Leaf texture- fine.
e. Growth habit- bunch.
f. Wear- very good.
g. Location- sun.
AP42 Horticulture II
Summer 2013
Page 44
COURSE:
AP42 Horticulture
II
Unit
C
Landscape, Turf and Floral Design
ESSENTIAL
STANDARD:
6.00
10%
C2
Understand turf.
OBJECTIVE:
6.02
5%
C2
Understand principles of turf grass
planting.
Sources of Information:
 Reiley, H, Edward and Shry, Jr., Carroll L. Introductory Horticulture, 8th
Edition, Delmar Cengage Learning, Clifton Park, NY.
 Carolina Lawns, North Carolina State University and A& T State University
Cooperative Extension Service. 2009. www.turfgrass.ncsu.edu
 Turf Center: www.turffiles.ncsu.edu
Note to teacher: Create guided notes and/or power points or
visual presentation for unpacked content.
A. Turf Grass Site Preparation.
1. Remove trash and debris.
2. Control weeds with herbicide. Spray post-emergence broadleaf
herbicides four to six weeks before seeding or sodding.
3. Grade avoiding steep slopes, low areas and poorly drained areas (no more
than 15% for mowing safety).
4. Protect existing trees and bed areas with silt fencing, edged borders or
mulch.
5. Incorporate a 2%-3% slope away from the home or structure.
6. Soil preparation.
a. Till soil to a depth of 2-3”.
b. Add 4-5” of top soil.
c. Run a soil test.
d. Incorporate lime and fertilizer based on the soil sample results.
e. Finish grade.
f. Roll area with a lawn roller.
g. Water.
h. Seed or install sod.
B. Methods of establishing lawns.
1. Seeding.
a. Is the most common and least expensive way to start a lawn.
b. Seed is sown by hand or with a mechanical device such as a rotary or
drop type spreader.
c. Apply half the seed in one direction and the other half at a 90 degree
angle to the first pass.
d. Roll the soil lightly to ensure good seed to soil contact.
e. Lightly cover the seed with peat moss or weed free straw.
f. Water to stabilize the seed and peat moss or straw.
AP42 Horticulture II
Summer 2013
Page 45
g. Seeding for cool season grasses.
1) September 1- September 15- piedmont region.
2) September 15- October 15- coastal region.
3) August 15- September 1- mountain region.
4) Emergency seeding mid-February to early March.
h. Seeding for warm season grasses March 1- July 1.
i. Purchase quality seed. Read the label.
2. Sodding.
a. Using established turf (grass and roots) that is cut in thin layers and
removed from growing area in strips.
b. It is then moved to the new lawn, rolled out and fitted together.
c. Start the sodding process from a straight edge to ensure uniformity.
d. Butt strips together and stagger rows in a brick pattern.
e. The new lawn soil should be moist before laying the sod.
f. Water after installing the new sod.
g. Install the new sod within 24 hours to prevent roots from drying out.
h. Unroll sod if it cannot be laid within 48 hours.
i. Sodding provides an instant lawn.
j. Sodding for cool season grasses- anytime during the cooler times of
the growing season.
k. Sodding for warm season grasses April- July 1.
3. Plugging.
a. Uses small plugs or blocks of sod to plant in holes about 6-12
inches apart.
b. Very time consuming method of planting grass.
c. This is a common method used for many warm season grasses
that are poor seed producers.
d. Water.
e. Plugging for warm season grasses April- July 1.
4. Sprigging.
a. Uses plant runners, cuttings or sprigs (cut stems).
b. Sprigs are rolled or pressed into the top ½ to 1 inch of soil.
c. Water.
d. Sprigging is usually used on larger areas such as golf courses.
e. Sprigging for warm season grasses March 1- July.
C. Care for newly established lawns.
1. Irrigating.
a. Keep the top 1.5” of soil moist by watering two to three times a day
for the first 7 to 21 days.
b. Water early in the morning to reduce the risk of disease and water
loss.
AP42 Horticulture II
Summer 2013
Page 46
c. Water established lawns two to three times a week ½ inch each
watering.
d. Soil should be moist six to eight inches to encourage good root
development.
2. Mowing.
a. Mow when grass is 50% higher than the desired height.
b. Mow to the suggest height for the type of grass you have planted.
c. Mow when the grass is dry with a sharp, clean blade.
d. Mowing height:
Grass
Tall fescue
Kentucky bluegrass
Red fescue
Creeping Bentgrass
Centipede
St. Augustine
Bahia
Bermuda
Zoysia
Mowing height
2.5- 3.5 inches
1.5-2.5 inches
1.5-2.5 inches
.125-.5 inch
1-1.5 inches
2.5-4 inches
2-4 inches
.75-2 inches
.75-2 inches
3. Fertilizing.
a. Apply fertilizer with a rotary or drop type spreader.
b. Apply half the fertilizer in one direction and the other half at a 90
degree angle to the first pass.
c. For seeded lawns fertilize six to eight weeks after seed emerges.
d. For sodded, plugged or sprigged lawns fertilize every three to four
weeks throughout the growing season.
4. Pest control.
a. Weeds.
1) Common in newly seeded lawn.
2) Proper mowing will eliminate most weeds.
3) Follow the directions on a selective herbicide if weeds are an
issue.
b. Insects.
1) Check newly established lawns on a regular basis for insect
issues.
2) Identify and treat as needed.
c. Diseases.
1) Do not overwater newly established lawns as this can cause
diseases.
2) Hot summer weather can also cause disease issues.
3) Identify and treat as needed.
AP42 Horticulture II
Summer 2013
Page 47
D. Grass seed terminology.
1. Viable- the ability to germinate.
2. Inert ingredient- stems and/or other plant products that is not viable.
3. Weed seed- any seed not defined as a component in “other crop”.
4. Noxious weed- invasive, hard to control weed seed.
AP42 Horticulture II
Summer 2013
Page 48
COURSE:
AP42 Horticulture II
Unit
C
Landscape, Turf and Floral Design
ESSENTIAL
Understand floral design.
7.00
10%
C2
STANDARD:
Remember floriculture plants.
OBJECTIVE:
7.01
5%
C1
Sources of Information:
 A and B Floral Supply Co., Charlotte, NC. Andrea Imperi Hill, Designer.
 Individual Floral Plants, www.bing.com/images
Note to teacher: Create guided notes and/or power points or visual
presentation for unpacked content.
Four types of design material.
A. Line flowers (and foliage)- create height, width and a balanced look in the
arrangement. Line flowers are attractive by themselves in a tall vase.
They produce floret blooms on tall spikes. Examples are:
1. Snapdragons.
2. Foxglove.
3. Liatris.
4. Gladiolus.
5. Scotch broom.
B. Mass flowers (and foliage)- give your arrangement weight. Mass flowers are
usually round and full. They are usually the focal point of color and interest in an
arrangement. Mass flowers are a good choice for a simple, quick vase of flowers
and are often sold in bunches. They produce flowers on the end of stems.
Examples are:
1. Carnation.
2. Sunflower.
3. Alstroemeria.
4. Gerbera or Shasta Daisy.
5. Zinnia.
6. Mums.
7. Rose.
8. Daffodil.
9. Tulip.
10. Hydrangea.
11. Lemon Leaf.
C. Form flowers and foliage)- center the arrangement. Form flowers are colorful, large and
unique shaped flowers. They catch the eye of the viewer. Examples are:
1. Anthurium.
2. Bird of Paradise.
AP42 Horticulture II
Summer 2013
Page 49
3. Iris.
4. Calla lilies.
5. Peony.
6. Stargazer.
7. Wax Flower.
8. Orchids.
9. Ferns.
D. Filler flowers (and foliage)- fill your arrangement. Filler flowers usually have
many little flowers and small foliage giving your arrangement a soft, full look.
They connect mass and line flowers. A few branches can give added beauty to
any arrangement. Examples are:
1. Baby’s breath.
2. Queen Anne ’s lace.
3. Ferns.
4. Heather.
5. Statice.
6. Asters.
7. Sprengeri fern.
8. Bear grass.
AP42 Horticulture II
Summer 2013
Page 50
COURSE:
AP42 Horticulture II
Unit
C
Landscape, Turf and Floral Design
ESSENTIAL
STANDARD:
7.00
10%
C2
Understand floral design.
OBJECTIVE:
7.02
5%
C2
Understand principles of floral design
techniques.
Sources of Information:
 Reiley, H, Edward and Shry, Jr., Carroll L. Introductory Horticulture, 8th Edition,
Delmar Cengage Learning, Clifton Park, NY.
 A and B Floral Supply Co., Charlotte, NC. Andrea Imperi Hill, Designer.
Note to teacher: Create guided notes and/or power points or
visual presentation for unpacked content.
A. Floral Design Principles.
1. Balance- the flower size and container flow together and complement
each other.
2. Focal point- creates the accent and interest to catch the eye.
3. Proportion- keeps relative size, color and texture of the flowers to
create a pleasing arrangement. Floral designs should be at least 1½ to
2 times the height or width of the container.
4. Scale- the design must be in proportion to the surrounding area where
it is placed.
5. Accent- catches and draws attention to the design.
6. Repetition- accentuates the flowers and colors by repeating their
use throughout the design.
7. Rhythm- creates a sense of continuity or flowing together.
8. Harmony- when all parts flow together to give a completed look to
the arrangement.
9. Unity- when the flowers complement each other through color, size and
shape.
B. Floral Design Shapes.
1. Round- floral arrangement is round in shape.
2. Oval- floral arrangement is oval in shape.
3. Fan- floral arrangement is fan or semicircle in shape.
4. Triangle- floral arrangement may be an equilateral triangle with all three
sides the same length or asymmetrical triangle with sides of different
lengths.
5. Right angle- flower arrangement makes an L shape.
6. Inverted T- the flowers make and upside down T.
7. Vertical- floral arrangement is straight up in a bud vase. It is tall, vertical
and narrow.
AP42 Horticulture II
Summer 2013
Page 51
8. Horizontal- floral arrangement is long horizontal and short vertical.
9. Diagonal- floral arrangement is half way between vertical and horizontal.
10. Crescent- floral arrangement is shaped like a quarter moon.
11. Hogarth curve- floral arrangement that is shaped like an S curve.
C. Floral Design Tools.
1. Floral Foam- foam used to hold flowers in a container.
a. Fresh flower floral foam- absorbs water. Soak it in water prior to
starting your arrangement.
b. Dry flower floral foam- does not absorb water. Used for dried or
silk flowers. This floral foam is dense.
2. Styrofoam- course in texture and is used mostly for silk flowers.
3. Wire- supports flower stems or creates artificial stems.
a. Boxed wire measures 18” in length.
b. Wire gauge ranges from #6 to #30.
c. The higher the gauge number the thinner the wire.
d. #22 gauge wire is used for wiring heavy flowers.
e. #24-26 gauge wire is a good general purpose wire, used for securing
bows.
f. #28 gauge wire is used for wiring average weight flowers.
g. Paddle wire(wire on a wooden or plastic spool)- is used to wire pine
cones and accessories to wreaths, etc. and is available in different
gauges.
4. Wire cutters- cut wire.
5. Picks- wooden picks with wire increase the stem length and attach bows
or ribbon used in the design.
6. Floral tape.
a. Waterproof tape is used to attach floral foam to the container.
b. Floral tape (stem wrap) is a tacky tape used to wrap wire. It is used to
conceal wire and stems when creating boutonnieres and corsages.
7. Shears- cut woody stemmed flowers/plants.
8. Scissors- cut ribbon or fabric.
9. Ribbon- sold in bolts by number size and texture.
a. Number size.
1) #1.5 = 5/16”.
2) #2 = 7/16”.
3) #3 = 9/16” commonly used for corsages and boutonnieres.
4) #5 = 7/8” commonly used for potted plants.
5) #9 = 1 5/16” commonly used for potted plants.
6) #40 = 2 ½” commonly used for wreath bows.
7) #100 = 4” commonly used for funeral sprays.
AP42 Horticulture II
Summer 2013
Page 52
b. Texture.
1) Satin.
2) Organza.
3) Mesh.
4) Burlap.
5) Raffia.
6) Prints solid.
7) Paper.
8) Wired and unwired.
10. Floral Knife- cut flower stems.
11. Containers- range from bud vases to large containers. Can be made of glass,
plastic, glazed pots and light weight liners.
12. Foil- paper to wrap a potted plant. Sold in rolls or pre-cut sheets.
D. Design Techniques for a fresh floral arrangement.
1. Select a design shape.
2. Select appropriate container.
3. Cut floral foam and soak in water for 20 minutes if needed.
4. Set foam in container and secure if needed.
5. Select fern or other filler and arrange to cover the foam if needed. Extend at
least 1½ times the width of the container.
6. Insert flower to create the desired height.
7. Insert additional flowers to make the design outline and focal point.
8. Add other flowers as need to create the arrangement.
9. Arrange filler flowers such as baby’s breath last to give a completed
appearance.
AP42 Horticulture II
Summer 2013
Page 53