English Grammar
By: Shima Sholekar
Chapter 1
Tenses
 Simple Present Tense
 Present Progressive Tense
The simple present tense takes one of two forms depending on the subject.
Subject
I, you
They, We
Plural nouns
He, She, It
Singular nouns
Non count-nouns
base form
eat
go
work
Examples:
She makes toys.
You look nice.
Exercises
1. Jerry (come/comes) to school on time.
2. Jerry and Linda (come/comes) to school on time.
3. Ms. Jones (teach/teaches) geography.
4. The cat (sleep/sleeps) on the sofa every day.
5. Milk (cost/costs) two dollars a quart.
-s form
eats
goes
works
The present progressive tense takes the form be + V ing.
The form of “be” is determined by the subject of the sentence.
He is singing.
She is listening.
They are sleeping.
I am going home.
In English, the present progressive is used to indicate actions happening at the time of
speaking, or right now.
Jake is speaking to his mother right now.
Please keep quiet. The baby is sleeping.
The present progressive can also be used to indicate actions occurring over a period of
time which includes the present.
I’m taking five classes at the university.
Grace is working at a chemical factory.
The present progressive is sometimes used to indicate ongoing, developing, imminent
or future actions.
Ongoing
Don’t bother Mr. Grumpy while he is watching the football game.
Developing
I’m beginning to like this place!
Imminent
A: Honey, where are you?
B: I’m coming. Just let me put on my shoes.
Future (Note the presence of future time words.)
A: Are you going to the concert this weekend?
B: I wish I could, but I’m meeting an important client from Oklahoma.
Exercises
1. My mother ….. break fast now. (to make)
2. Look!, the boys…… home (to come)
3. I …… with my friend at the moment. (to chat)
4. He…………. to you. (not lie) He……………. the truth. (tell)
5. How much money …………… they …………..in the company?(invest)
Chapter 2
 Simple Past Tense
 Past Progressive Tense
The simple past tense is expressed with the past form of the verb and nothing else.
My grandfather died last year.
(Correct)
My grandfather was died last year.
(Incorrect)
My grandfather has died last year.
(Incorrect)
The simple past tense refers to
a. action which occurred at a specific time in the past
b. completed action
c. past status
Examples
Specific past action
Completed action
I ate lunch at noon today. She finally mailed the letter.
Jan finished her report on
He drove to work
yesterday.
time.
Exercises:
Past status
John was still single in
1995.
Jane was a movie star.
1. I……….. a great book last week. (read)
2. Adam …….. the jacket that he……. at the party? (find / leave)
3. Why ……….you……….. for me at the bar yesterday evening? (not wait)
4.
I ……… for over an hour, but you never …….. up! (wait / show)
5. My friends………. to New Delhi via Mumbai a week ago. (fly)
6. Teresa ……the last train,….… (catch)
7. The sunset ………..beautiful last night. (be)
8. …….. they ……….the client’s deadline yesterday? (meet)
Past progressive tense is used to indicate that an action was in progress when another
action occurred in the past.
Past progressive (was/were + Ving) refers to the action in progress, and simple past
tense refers to the "interrupting" action.
While I was eating dinner, the telephone rang.
The telephone rang while I was eating dinner.
When the telephone rang, I was eating dinner.
I was eating dinner when the telephone rang.
Past continuous can also be used to indicate only one action which occurred in the
past:
What was John doing yesterday?
He was working at the factory.
What were they doing yesterday afternoon?
They were playing soccer.
What were you doing last night?
I was studying English.
Exercise:
1. What…….the manager…… at 7:00 pm yesterday? (do)
2. Tina and Shelly …….to the hotel when it ……. to rain. (walk/start)
3. When Donny ……. the room, everyone ……. (enter/talk)
4. I …….. in the sales department when I first …….Sofie. (work/meet)
5. My brother ……the computer while I ……. for my trip. (use/pack)
6. …….. you …… attention when the teacher…….. your name? (pay/call)
7. We ……. TV when the lighting ……… (watch/ strike)
8. She …….. about me behind my back, wasn’t she? (whisper)
Chapter 3
 Present Perfect Tense
Present Perfect Tense can be used in three situations:
1. To indicate something that has happened at an indefinite time in the past.
I have seen that movie already.
She has left for California.
They have not eaten their dinner yet.
2. To indicate something which started in the past and continues until now.
I have lived in New York for nine years.
We have been here since Friday.
3. To indicate something which occurred recently.
I have been sick lately.
She hasn’t slept much recently.
Notes:
When speaking about a specific time, use past tense.
A: I have seen that movie already.
(Non-specific time)
B: Oh really? When did you see it?
A: I saw it last week with Bob.
(Specific time)
Exercises
1. Daniel ……..that video clip at least twenty times. (see)
2. The workers …….. a break in 4 hours. (not have)
3. We …….. them regularly over the last few years. (visit)
4. ……. Ella ……….her driving test yet? (pass)
5. Roger ……. to Mexico several times since 2002.(be)
6. They……… to each other in ages, …….. they? (not speak)
7. Why ………..Mathew ………his job? (quit)
8. ……….the nurses…….on strike again? (go)
Chapter 4
 Past Perfect Tense
Past perfect tense is used to indicate that one action occurred before another action in
the past. In other words, past perfect tense indicates the first of the two actions.*
For example,
When I woke up this morning, my roommate had left already.
Before I arrived at the theater, the movie had already begun.
Sometimes, when the meaning is clear from context, the simple past tense can be
used.
After I had gone shopping, I stopped at the health spa.
After I went shopping, I stopped at the health spa.
Exercises
1. After the company ……Joe, he began to work on his first project. (hire)
2. ….you …. the news before you saw it on TV? (hear)
3. Michael didn’t want to see the movie because he ….. the book yet. (not read)
4. The concert …… already ….when we ….. the stadium. (begin/ enter)
5. Until Anne ……Mark, she …. never …..in love. (meet, be)
6. Bill ….. for years before he finally …… (smoke/ quit)
7. …… Sara ever ……to London by herself before then? (drive)
8. How many fish …….the boys ……..by the time it started raining? (catch)
Chapter 5
 Future Simple
 Be going to
In English the Future Time is expressed in a number of ways. The most common are
with will and be going to. See examples from the following sentences.
I will finish my homework in an hour.
I’m going to finish my homework in an hour.
With be going to, make sure the verb be agrees with its subject. I’m going to eat a
whole watermelon.
She’s going to eat a whole watermelon.
Actually, we’re going to eat a whole watermelon together.
In speech, the words going to are often pronounced “ gonna .”
Don’t forget the be verb.
A: What are you gonna do this weekend?
B: I’m gonna stay home and clean my carpet.
NOT: I gonna stay…
NOT: I’m gonna to stay…
What’s the difference between will and be going to?
Both can be used interchangeably in some cases. (Predictions and guesses)
My prints will be here tomorrow.
My prints are going to be here tomorrow.
Be going to is preferable for strong intentions or for describing the inevitable.
I’m going to give her a piece of my mind.
There’s no way they can score 21 points in 2 minutes. We’re going to win!
Will is the preferable form for making offers or expressing pop decisions.
A: Who will help me finish this chocolate cake?
B: I will.
A: I have two tickets left for the front row.
B: I’ll take them.
Exercises
1. Sam ……..the documents over to you tomorrow. (bring)
2. The managers …… about the budget until next Thursday. (not decide)
3. …..your sister ….. in a large church? (get married)
4. …… he …… you move to your new apartment? (not help)
5. I …….. him this time. He mustn’t do that again. (forgive)
 Be going to
1. Ben………… Mr. Davis to give him a good grade. (persuade)
2. We ……….. a refund on that TV that broke down. (demand)
3. ……….Ms. Thompson ……….. you extra for that work?(pay)
4. I ……….. Los Angeles next year. (leave)
5. Turner ……… a car when he lands at the airport. (hire) He’ll take the train.
Chapter 6
Pronouns





Subjective Pronouns
Objective Pronouns
Possessive pronouns
Possessive Adjectives
Reflexive Pronouns
Pronouns are used in place of nouns. They enable speakers to refer to something or
someone without having to repeat its name.
Example:
Mr. Jones lives in Kentucky. He frequently travels to Memphis to see his wife. She is
a lawyer and only sees him on weekends.
The subject and object pronouns in English are as follows:
Subject
Object
I
You
He
She
It
We
They
Me
You
Him
Her
It
Us
Them
Use subject pronouns when the pronoun refers to the doer of the action or the main
topic (subject) of the sentence.
Henry hit a baseball over the fence.
He didn’t know where it would land.
It went right through Mrs. Smiths' window.
She was furious. She called Henry’s parents and told them what happened.
Henry had to pay for the window with his hard-earned money.
He wasn’t too happy about that, but he learned a lesson.
Now, he only plays baseball at the ball park.
Use object pronouns when the pronoun refers to the receiver of the action or is the
object of a prepositional phrase.
Ms. Lindon met her husband in the office..
The first time she saw him, she was in love.
He also liked everything about her.
He asked her to marry him the next day.
Many friends joined them in the wedding celebration.
Reminders: Do not use subject pronouns in the object position or vice versa.
WRONG:
Correct:
Give the balloon to he.
Give the balloon to him.
WRONG:
Her is the one I want to see.
Correct:
She is the one I want to see.
Remember to use he/him when referring to males and she/her when referring to
females!
WRONG:
Correct:
Mary lived on a farm. He had a little lamb.
Mary lived on a farm. She had a little lamb.
WRONG:
Correct:
Mr. Smith has gone to Washington. I'll give her the message.
Mr. Smith has gone to Washington. I'll give him the message.
Possessives
Pronouns in the possessive case can be used as adjectives to modify nouns or stand
alone as subjects, objects or complements. For example,
My book is on the table.
(used to modify a noun)
Mine is on the table.
(used as a subject)
I put mine in the refrigerator.
(used as an object)
The red one is mine.
(used as a complement)
See the table below.
Pronouns as adjectives
Pronouns as subjects, objects and complements
my
his
her
its
your
our
their
mine
his
hers
its (not common)
yours
ours
theirs
The possessive is formed by adding ‘s to singular nouns and plural nouns not ending
in s. Such possessives can be used as modifiers, or they can stand alone.
It is John’s bicycle.
Those are the children’s toys.
Jack’s is the white one.
I’m going to Joe’s.
With plural nouns ending in –s, only an apostrophe (‘) is used to form the possessive.
The girls’ bicycles are in the repair shop.
All the students’ books were stolen.
Reflexive Pronouns
Reflexive pronouns are used when a person or thing is referring to the same person or
thing. The reflexive pronouns are myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves,
yourselves, and themselves.
I don’t like working in groups; I prefer to work by myself.
The child is learning to dress herself.
It was hard to pull off the joke without laughing at ourselves.
The dog shook itself after bounding out of the lake.
By doing most of the work themselves, self-publishing authors retain creative control
over their work.
Exercises
1. My name is Sue. (Sue)……am English. And this is my family.
2. My brother Matt collects picture postcards. These postcards are for (he)……
3. My parents like Latin music. The CD is for (they)……..
4. My mum's name is Angie. (Angie)…… is from Germany.
5. We met Paul and Jane last night. This house is (they)………
6. This was not my fault. It was (you) …….
7. John hurt……. when climbing the tree.
8. The wild monkey looked at………. in the mirror.
9. Here is a postcard from (I)………. friend Peggy.
10. (They)………….children go to school in Newcastle.
Chapter 7
Adjectives
Adjectives are used to describe nouns. They give more details or information about
the nouns they are associated with.
A: Tell me about your boyfriend
B: Well, he is tall, dark, and handsome.
A: Sounds like mine.
Adjectives can be used to answer the questions What kind (of) or Which one?
A: Hi. I'm calling about the car you're selling?
B: It's a great car. (It's) in excellent condition.
A: What kind of seats does it have?
B: They're very comfortable seats, (soft, plush, just like a sofa.)
A: Uh. I think I'll sleep on it.
A: Hand me a book.
B: Which one do you want?
A: The red book. The red one.
Adjectives come before the nouns they modify (not after).
Three happy actors lived in the Hi Hotel.
WRONG: Three actors happy lived in the Hi Hotel.
Adjectives can also be used with linking verbs to describe the subject of a sentence.
When used in this manner, the adjective(s) come after the linking verb.
My mother is tall and slender.
WRONG: My mother tall and slender. (No linking verb.)
Seem, become, appear, and verbs of perception can also be used as linking verbs.
Note how they are used with adjectives in the following. Can you identify the linking
verbs and the adjectives?
The journey seemed long. (It appeared strenuous and boring.)
You smell nice today. What kind of cologne are you wearing?
A: What do you want to do this weekend? Bowling? Shopping? A movie?
B: Bowling sounds good.
CAUTION/BE CAREFUL:
Tom looked greedy. (He appeared to be a greedy person.)
The adjective greedy is used to describe Tom.
Tom looked greedily at the pie on the table.
(He saw it and wanted it for himself.)
The adverb greedily is used to describe Tom's action.
Adjectives are the same for all nouns. They do not change for plurals.
Example: Three tired tigers tried to tie a triangular tie.
Not: Not three tireds tigers.
Chapter 8
Adverbs
Adverbs are used to describe actions. They may come before or after a verb, but not
between a verb and its object.
Mrs.Jenner sang softly. (Most common word order.)
Mrs. Jenner softly sang. (Also possible.)
Adverbs may come between a main verb and its auxiliaries.
Mrs. Jenner is softly singing a lullaby.
Some time and frequency adverbs are “movable.” That is, they can be placed at
various points in a sentence.
Yesterday I visited the dentist.
I visited the dentist yesterday.
Jack Prompt is here already.
Jack Prompt is already here.
Caution:
Even though some adverbs can be used in certain sentence positions, others can not.
I yesterday visited the dentist. (Not okay.)
I already visited the dentist. (Okay.)
Already I visited the dentist. (Not okay.)
Adverbs such as quite, very, really, extremely, and absolutely are used to modify
adjectives and other adverbs.
They come directly before the words they describe.
Greg is quite happy with his new boss.
Sue eats very slowly.
You’re absolutely right!
Many adverbs can be formed by adding –ly to adjectives:
Carl is a quick runner.
Carl runs quickly.
Some adverbs are identical to adjectives in form. Others are completely different.
Carl is a fast runner. (Adjective)
Jill is a good student. (Adjective)
Carl runs fast. (Adverb)
Jill studies well. (Adverb)
Be careful with words like hardly and lately, which have no relation to the
adjectives/adverbs hard and late.
Frequency Adverbs
The most common frequency adverbs in English are:
Always
100% of the time
Frequently
about 90% of the time
Usually
about 80% of the time
Often
about 70% of the time
Sometimes
about 50% of the time
Occasionally
about 40% of the time
Seldom
about 20% of the time
Rarely
about 10% of the time
Never
about 00% of the time
Note: The percentages here are rough estimates only.
Frequency adverbs can be placed at various points in the sentence, but are most
commonly used before the main verbs and after be verbs.
I always come to work on time.
They are seldom home when we call.
He’s usually eating breakfast at this time.
She’s never been to Maine.
A: Do you come here often?
B: Yes. I’m here occasionally.
A: What do you usually do here?
B: Sometimes I just sit and ponder the meaning of life.
Note: The adverbs seldom, rarely, never and hardly ever are considered negative.
A: Do you always carry a briefcase?
B: (Yes,) I usually do.
No, I usually don’t.
No, I rarely do.
No, I hardly ever do.
Other frequency adverbs and expressions are as follows:
Every day/week/month
Every other day/week
Once a week/month/year
Twice a year/day, etc.
(Every) once in a while
Every so often
These expressions are used at the beginning and end of sentences, not before main
verbs.
Every once in a while I visit my grandmother in Minnesota.
I visit my grandmother in Minnesota every once in a while.
I every once in a while visit my grandmother in Minnesota. (Incorrect)
Regularly
(according to schedule)
Normally
(commonly nowadays)
Traditionally
(commonly in the past)
These words can come at various points in the sentence.
I regularly floss my teeth.
I floss my teeth regularly.
Traditionally, that was considered child’s play.
I normally get up around 6 o’clock.
Normally, I get up around 6 o’clock.
Exercises
1. Tom is (slow)…….. He works……...
2. Sue is a (careful)………girl. She climbed up the ladder…………
3. The dog is (angry)………... It barks…………………..
4. He acted (excellent)…………. He's an……….actor.
5. They learn English (easy)…………. They think English is an……..language.
6. Max is a (good)………. singer. He sings…………….
Chapter 9
Prepositions of Location
The most common prepositions of location are
in
on
at
by
near
nearby
above
below
over
under
up
down
around
through
inside
outside (of)
between
beside
beyond
in front of
in back of
behind
next to
on top of
within
beneath
underneath
among
along
against
These prepositions are most commonly followed by "the" and a noun. Both the
speaker and the listener likely know which object is being referred to.
Examples,
The keys are on the table. (We both know which table.)
The post office is next to the bakery. (Not: next to bakery)
Occasionally, prepositions can be used with "a/an." This usually indicates that the
speaker knows of the place, but the listener does not.
For example,
I live by a river. (You probably don't know which one.)
I live by the river. (You know the river I'm talking about.)
Prepositions: In, On, and At
Prepositions: In, On, and At (with specific times and places)
The prepositions in, on, and at can be used to indicate time and place. Notice how
they are used in the following situations:
Preposition
In
On
At
Time
Year, Month,
In 1999, In December
Day, Date
On Saturday, On May 1
Time
At 8:00, At 7:30
Place
Country, State, City
In Japan, In Utah, InTaipei
Street
On Main Street, On 1st Ave.
Address
At 815 East Main Street
In many languages, there is only one preposition for the above situations. In English
there are three. Just remember that in usually indicates the “largest” time or place,
and at usually indicates the “smallest” time or place.
Examples:
A: Where’s your office?
B: In Taipei, Taiwan.
A: Really? What part of Taipei?
B: It’s on Chung Shan North Road.
A: I know that area. Where exactly is it?
B: It’s at 105 Chung Shan North Road, next to the bookstore.
C: When is the wedding?
D: It’s in June.
C: What day?
D: It’s on Saturday, the 25th.
C: What time?
D: It starts at 6:00.
Prepositions with articles and locations
When talking about locations, use at to indicate the general vicinity or area, and in to
indicate inside the building, enclosed area, etc. For example:
at the swimming pool (on
site)
in the swimming pool (in the
pool itself i.e. in the water)
at the post office/bank
(general)
in the post office/bank (inside
the building)
at the zoo (visitors—general
area)
at school
in the zoo (animals in their
cages)
in the classroom
Sample sentences:
I met my wife at the theater. (while watching a movie)
I spilled my drink in the theater (on the floor of the building)
She works at the library on Wednesdays.
She found a rare coin in the library (building).
Dr. Jones works at the hospital every day.
John was in the hospital for a week with a broken leg.
For school, prison, and church, the is used to indicate the building. No article
indicates the general situation. Note the following:
"practice"/situation
building
in school (studying, listening to
teacher, etc.)
in jail/prison (staying there as a
criminal)
in church (praying, listening to a
sermon, etc.)
in the school (building)
in the jail/prison
(temporary)
in the church (building)
Exercises
Part1.
Complete the exercise according to the picture.
1.
the picture, I can see Santa Claus and a girl.
2. Santa is sitting……..a chair.
3. The girl is standing……Santa.
4. Santa and the girl are looking…….each other.
5. The girl has a present………her hands.
6.
the girl, there is a Christmas tree.
7. There are more presents……….the tree.
8. Santa's big bag is lying………...the floor.
Part 2.
1. My brother's birthday is……….the 5th of November.
2. My birthday is………..May.
3. We are going to see my parents………..the weekend.
4. ………1666, a great fire broke out in London.
5. I don't like walking alone in the streets……..night.
6. What are you doing……….the afternoon?
Chapter 10
Modal verbs are special verbs which behave very differently from normal verbs. Here
are some important differences:
1. Modal verbs do not take "-s" in the third person.
Examples:


He can speak Chinese.
She should be here by 9:00.
2. You use "not" to make modal verbs negative, even in Simple Present and Simple
Past.
Examples:


He should not be late.
They might not come to the party.
3. Many modal verbs cannot be used in the past tenses or the future tenses.
Examples:


He will can go with us. Not Correct
She musted study very hard. Not Correct
Modals Chart
Modal
Past Modal
Could
Can
Could
Could have
Will
Would
Would
Would have
May
Might
Should
Must
May have
Might have
Should have
Had to
Must have
Ought to have
Had to
Ought to
Have to
Negative
Can't
Cannot
Could not
Won't
Will not
Wouldn't
Would not
May not
Might not
Should not
Must not
Mustn't
Ought not to
Don't have to
Negative Past
Couldn't
Could not
Couldn't have
Could not have
Wouldn't
Would not
Wouldn't have
Would not have
May not have
Might not have
Should not have
Must not have
Ought not to have
Didn't have to
Has to
Have got to
Has got to
Be going to
Be supposed
to
Be able to
Be to
Need to
Needs to
Had better
Used to
Be about to
Would
rather
Was/were
Was/were able
to
Was/were to
Needed to
Doesn't have to
Did not have to
Is/are/am/not going to
Isn't/aren't/am not
supposed to
Isn't/aren't able to
Wasn't/weren't going to
Wasn't/weren't
supposed to
Wasn't/weren't able to
Is/are/am/not to
Doesn't need to
Wasn't/weren't to
Didn't need to
Needn't
Had better not
Didn't use to
Was/were about Is/are/am not about to
to
Would rather
Would rather not
have
Wasn't/weren't about to
Would rather not have
Exercises
Part 1. Choose the right modal verb
1. You seem to be having trouble there. _________ I help you?
Would
Will
Shall
2. I don't have enough money to buy lunch. __________ you lend me a couple of
dollars?
May
Could
Shall
3. That ice is dangerously thin now. You ________ go ice-skating today.
mustn't
might not
would mind not to
4. It's way past my bedtime and I'm really tired. I ________ go to bed.
should
ought
could
5. He ______________ have committed this crime. He wasn't even in the city that
night.
might
shouldn't
couldn't
Part 2.
1. ……you swim when you were 10.(could / can)
2. He is amazing, he …. Speak 5 languages. ( could/ can)
3. You…. Tell anyone what I just told you. It's a secret.(mustn't, don't / doesn't have to)
4. I ………clean the floor today because I cleaned it yesterday.( mustn't, don't / doesn't
have to)
5. There are plenty of tomatoes in the fridge. You ………….buy any. (Mustn't, needn't,
may not, should not)
6. It's a hospital. You ……………smoke. (Mustn't, needn't, may not, don't have to)
Regular Verbs
base
-s form
call
clean
look
talk
end
wait
kiss
wash
live
love
beg
sin
play
stay
cry
study
die
tie
calls
cleans
looks
talks
ends
waits
kisses
washes
lives
loves
begs
sins
plays
stays
cries
studies
dies
ties
past
called
cleaned
looked
talked
ended
waited
kissed
washed
lived
loved
begged
sinned
played
stayed
cried
studied
died
tied
past
participle
called
cleaned
looked
talked
ended
waited
kissed
washed
lived
loved
begged
sinned
played
stayed
cried
studied
died
tied
-ing form
calling
cleaning
looking
talking
ending
waiting
kissing
washing
living
loving
begging
sinning
playing
staying
crying
studying
dying
tying
Notes:
1. Pronunciation differences in past/past participle after /p, s, k, f/ sounds
2. Pronunciation differences in past/past participle after /t, d/ sounds
3. Spelling and pronunciation differences in –s form after /s, sh, ch, z/ sounds
4. Dropping of “silent e” with –ing endings
5. Doubled consonants after “short” vowel sounds
6. Spelling differences when “y” is preceded by a consonant.
Irregular Verbs
ABCDEFGHK
LMNPQRSTUW
notes
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
Infinitive
Simple Past
Past Participle
A
arise
awake
arose
awakened / awoke
arisen
awakened / awoken
B
backslide
be
bear
beat
become
begin
bend
bet
bid
bid
bind
bite
bleed
blow
break
breed
bring
broadcast
build
burn
burst
bust
buy
backslid
was, were
bore
beat
became
began
bent
bet / betted
bid / bade
bid
bound
bit
bled
blew
broke
bred
brought
broadcast / broadcasted
built
burned / burnt
burst
busted / bust
bought
backslidden / backslid
been
born / borne
beaten / beat
become
begun
bent
bet / betted
bidden
bid
bound
bitten
bled
blown
broken
bred
brought
broadcast / broadcasted
built
burned / burnt
burst
busted / bust
bought
C
cast
catch
choose
cling
clothe
come
cost
creep
cut
cast
caught
chose
clung
clothed / clad
came
cost
crept
cut
cast
caught
chosen
clung
clothed / clad
come
cost
crept
cut
D
daydream
deal
daydreamed / daydreamt daydreamed / daydreamt
dealt
dealt
dig
disprove
dive
dive
do
draw
dream
drink
drive
dwell
dug
disproved
dove / dived
dived / dove
did
drew
dreamed / dreamt
drank
drove
dwelt / dwelled
dug
disproved / disproven
dived
dived
done
drawn
dreamed / dreamt
drunk
driven
dwelt / dwelled
E
eat
ate
eaten
F
fall
feed
feel
fight
find
fit (tailor, change size)
fit (be right size)
flee
fling
fly
forbid
forecast
forego
foresee
foretell
forget
forgive
forsake
freeze
fell
fed
felt
fought
found
fitted / fit
fit / fitted
fled
flung
flew
forbade
forecast
forewent
foresaw
foretold
forgot
forgave
forsook
froze
fallen
fed
felt
fought
found
fitted / fit
fit / fitted
fled
flung
flown
forbidden
forecast
foregone
foreseen
foretold
forgotten / forgot
forgiven
forsaken
frozen
G
get
give
go
grind
grow
got
gave
went
ground
grew
gotten / got
given
gone
ground
grown
H
hang
have
hear
hung
had
heard
hung
had
heard
hew
hide
hit
hold
hurt
hewed
hid
hit
held
hurt
hewn / hewed
hidden
hit
held
hurt
K
keep
kneel
knit
know
kept
knelt / kneeled
knitted / knit
knew
kept
knelt / kneeled
knitted / knit
known
L
lay
lead
lean
leap
learn
leave
lend
let
lie
lie (not tell truth)
light
lose
laid
led
leaned / leant
leaped / leapt
learned / learnt
left
lent
let
lay
lied
lit / lighted
lost
laid
led
leaned / leant
leaped / leapt
learned / learnt
left
lent
let
lain
lied
lit / lighted
lost
M
make
mean
meet
misunderstand
mow
made
meant
met
misunderstood
mowed
made
meant
met
misunderstood
mowed / mown
P
partake
pay
plead
proofread
prove
put
partook
paid
pleaded / pled
proofread
proved
put
partaken
paid
pleaded / pled
proofread
proven / proved
put
Q
quick-freeze
quit
quick-froze
quit / quitted
quick-frozen
quit / quitted
R
read
read (sounds like "red")
read (sounds like "red")
rid
ride
ring
rise
run
rid
rode
rang
rose
ran
rid
ridden
rung
risen
run
S
saw
say
see
seek
sell
send
set
sew
shake
shave
shear
shed
shine
shoot
show
shrink
shut
sing
sink
sit
slay (kill)
slay (amuse)
sleep
slide
sling
slink
slit
smell
sneak
sow
speak
speed
spell
spend
spill
spin
spit
split
sawed
said
saw
sought
sold
sent
set
sewed
shook
shaved
sheared
shed
shined / shone
shot
showed
shrank / shrunk
shut
sang
sank / sunk
sat
slew / slayed
slayed
slept
slid
slung
slinked / slunk
slit
smelled / smelt
sneaked / snuck
sowed
spoke
sped / speeded
spelled / spelt
spent
spilled / spilt
spun
spit / spat
split
sawed / sawn
said
seen
sought
sold
sent
set
sewn / sewed
shaken
shaved / shaven
sheared / shorn
shed
shined / shone
shot
shown / showed
shrunk
shut
sung
sunk
sat
slain / slayed
slayed
slept
slid
slung
slinked / slunk
slit
smelled / smelt
sneaked / snuck
sown / sowed
spoken
sped / speeded
spelled / spelt
spent
spilled / spilt
spun
spit / spat
split
spoil
spread
spring
stand
steal
stick
sting
stink
strew
stride
strike (delete)
strike (hit)
string
strive
sublet
sunburn
swear
sweat
sweep
swell
swim
swing
spoiled / spoilt
spread
sprang / sprung
stood
stole
stuck
stung
stunk / stank
strewed
strode
struck
struck
strung
strove / strived
sublet
sunburned / sunburnt
swore
sweat / sweated
swept
swelled
swam
swung
spoiled / spoilt
spread
sprung
stood
stolen
stuck
stung
stunk
strewn / strewed
stridden
stricken
struck / stricken
strung
striven / strived
sublet
sunburned / sunburnt
sworn
sweat / sweated
swept
swollen / swelled
swum
swung
T
take
teach
tear
telecast
tell
test-drive
test-fly
think
throw
thrust
tread
took
taught
tore
telecast
told
test-drove
test-flew
thought
threw
thrust
trod
taken
taught
torn
telecast
told
test-driven
test-flown
thought
thrown
thrust
trodden / trod
understand
undertake
undo
understood
undertook
undid
understood
undertaken
undone
wake
waylay
wear
weave
W
woke / waked
waylaid
wore
wove / weaved
woken / waked
waylaid
worn
woven / weaved
U
wed
weep
wet
whet
win
wind
withdraw
withhold
withstand
wring
write
wed / wedded
wept
wet / wetted
whetted
won
wound
withdrew
withheld
withstood
wrung
wrote
wed / wedded
wept
wet / wetted
whetted
won
wound
withdrawn
withheld
withstood
wrung
written