Problem Definition
The inventory records of Kuffel Co. reflected the following information for the year ended December 31, 2010:
Number Unit Total
Date Transaction of Units Cost Cost
1/1 Beginning inventory. . . . . . . . . . 150 $30 $4,500
2/22 Purchase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 33 2,310
-3/7 Sale. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (100) --
4/15 Purchase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 35 3,150
6/11 Purchase. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 36 5,040
9/28 Sale. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (100) ---
10/13 Purchase. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 38 1,900
12/4 Sale. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (100) ---

Problem Definition a.
Assume that Kuffel Co. uses a periodic inventory system. Calculate cost of goods sold and ending inventory under FIFO and
LIFO.
b.
Assume that Kuffel Co. uses a perpetual inventory system. Calculate cost of goods sold and ending inventory under FIFO and LIFO.
c.
Explain why the FIFO results for cost of goods sold and ending inventory are the same in your answers to parts a and b , but the LIFO results are different.

Problem Solution
Solution approach: Calculate goods available for sale in units and dollars, and ending inventory in units. These amounts are the same for both
FIFO and LIFO under either a periodic or perpetual inventory system.

Problem Solution
Calculation of goods available for sale:
Beginning inventory. . . . . . . . . . 150 @ $30 = $ 4,500
Beginning inventory is a distinct layer - separate from each purchase layer added during the period.
The number of units of each layer of inventory is multiplied by the cost per unit to get total costs .

Problem Solution
Calculation of goods available for sale:
Beginning inventory. . . . . . . . . . 150 @ $30 = $ 4,500
Purchases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 @ 33 = 2,310
90 @ 35 = 3,150
140 @ 36 = 5,040
50 @ 38 = 1,900
Each of the purchases during the period is treated as a separate layer of inventory.

Problem Solution
Calculation of goods available for sale:
Beginning inventory. . . . . . . . . . 150 @ $30 = $ 4,500
Purchases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 @ 33 = 2,310
90 @ 35 = 3,150
140 @ 36 = 5,040
50 @ 38 = 1,900
Goods available for sale. . . . . . . 500 $16,900
Beginning inventory plus the total purchases made during the period equals goods available for sale.

Problem Solution
Calculation of goods available for sale:
Beginning inventory. . . . . . . . . . 150 @ $30 = $ 4,500
Purchases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 @ 33 = 2,310
90 @ 35 = 3,150
140 @ 36 = 5,040
50 @ 38 = 1,900
Goods available for sale. . . . . . . 500 $16,900
Sales. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (300)
Ending inventory . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 units
The number of units sold is subtracted from goods available to arrive at ending inventory (in units).

Problem Solution a.
FIFO periodic:
Cost of goods sold . . . . . . .
150 @ $30 = $ 4,500
To calculate the FIFO cost of goods sold amount, you must identify the first-in 300 units and their associated costs. Start with beginning inventory of 150 units…

Problem Solution a.
FIFO periodic:
Cost of goods sold . . . . . . .
150 @ $30 = $ 4,500
70 @ 33 = 2,310 and then add succeeding layers…

Problem Solution a.
FIFO periodic:
Cost of goods sold . . . . . . .
150 @ $30 = $ 4,500
70 @ 33 = 2,310
80 @ 35 = 2,800 until the first-in 300 units and their associated costs have been identifed.

Problem Solution a.
FIFO periodic:
Cost of goods sold . . . . . . .
150 @ $30 = $ 4,500
70 @ 33 = 2,310
80 @ 35 = 2,800
$ 9,610
Cost of goods sold under FIFO periodic represents the cost of the first 300 units that were added to inventory.

Problem Solution a.
FIFO periodic:
Cost of goods sold . . . . . . .
150 @ $30 = $ 4,500
70 @ 33 = 2,310
80 @ 35 = 2,800
$ 9,610
Ending inventory. . . . . . . .
10 @ 35 = $ 350
Ending inventory includes the cost of 10 of the 90 units purchased on 4/15 since the cost of only 80 of these units were added to cost of goods sold.

Problem Solution a.
FIFO periodic:
Cost of goods sold . . . . . . .
150 @ $30 = $ 4,500
70 @ 33 = 2,310
80 @ 35 = 2,800
$ 9,610
Ending inventory. . . . . . . .
10 @ 35 = $ 350
140 @ 36 = 5,040
50 @ 38 = 1,900
Ending inventory also includes the cost of the other layers that were not added to cost of goods sold.

Problem Solution a.
FIFO periodic:
Cost of goods sold . . . . . . .
150 @ $30 = $ 4,500
70 @ 33 = 2,310
80 @ 35 = 2,800
$ 9,610
Ending inventory. . . . . . . .
10 @ 35 = $ 350
140 @ 36 = 5,040
Cost of goods sold plus ending inventory equals goods available of sale.
50 @ 38 = 1,900
$ 7,290
$16,900

Problem Solution a.
LIFO periodic:
Cost of goods sold . . . . . . .
50 @ $38 = $ 1,900
To calculate the LIFO cost of goods sold amount, you must identify the last-in 300 units and their associated costs. Start with the last purchase made during the year…

Problem Solution a.
LIFO periodic:
Cost of goods sold . . . . . . .
50 @ $38 = $ 1,900
140 @ 36 = 5,040
90 @ 35 = 3,150 and then work backwards adding more layers…

Problem Solution a.
LIFO periodic:
Cost of goods sold . . . . . . .
50 @ $38 = $ 1,900
140 @ 36 = 5,040
90 @ 35 = 3,150
20 @ 33 = 660 until the last-in 300 units and their associated costs have been identified.

Problem Solution a.
LIFO periodic:
Cost of goods sold . . . . . . .
50 @ $38 = $ 1,900
140 @ 36 = 5,040
90 @ 35 = 3,150
20 @ 33 = 660
$10,750
Cost of goods sold under LIFO periodic represents the cost of the last 300 units that were added to inventory.

Problem Solution a.
LIFO periodic:
Cost of goods sold . . . . . . .
50 @ $38 = $ 1,900
140 @ 36 = 5,040
90 @ 35 = 3,150
20 @ 33 = 660
$10,750
Ending inventory. . . . . . . .
150 @ 30 = $ 4,500
Ending inventory includes the cost of the beginning inventory...

Problem Solution a.
LIFO periodic:
Cost of goods sold . . . . . . .
50 @ $38 = $ 1,900
140 @ 36 = 5,040
90 @ 35 = 3,150
20 @ 33 = 660
$10,750
Ending inventory. . . . . . . .
150 @ 30 = $ 4,500
50 @ 33 = 1,650 plus the cost of the first 50 units that were purchased on 2/22.

Problem Solution a.
LIFO periodic:
Cost of goods sold . . . . . . .
50 @ $38 = $ 1,900
140 @ 36 = 5,040
90 @ 35 = 3,150
20 @ 33 = 660
$10,750
Ending inventory. . . . . . . .
150 @ 30 = $ 4,500
Cost of goods sold plus ending inventory equals goods available of sale.
50 @ 33 = 1,650
$ 6,150
$16,900

Problem Definition a.
Assume that Kuffel Co. uses a periodic inventory system. Calculate cost of goods sold and ending inventory under FIFO and LIFO.
b.
Assume that Kuffel Co. uses a perpetual inventory system. Calculate cost of goods sold and ending inventory under FIFO and
LIFO.
c.
Explain why the FIFO results for cost of goods sold and ending inventory are the same in your answers to parts a and b , but the LIFO results are different.

Problem Solution b. FIFO perpetual:
Cost of goods sold . . . . . . .
100 @ $30 = $ 3,000
To calculate the FIFO cost of goods sold amount under perpetual , apply the same FIFO rules but identify the first-in 100 units and their associated costs for each of the three sales transaction as they occur throughout the year.
The sale of 100 units on 3/7 is assumed to have come from beginning inventory…

Problem Solution b. FIFO perpetual:
Cost of goods sold . . . . . . .
100 @ $30 = $ 3,000
50 @ 30 = 1,500
50 @ 33 = 1,650 while the sale on 9/28 is assumed to have exhausted the 50 units remaining from beginning inventory plus the first 50 units of the 70 units purchased on
2/22...

Problem Solution b. FIFO perpetual:
Cost of goods sold . . . . . . .
100 @ $30 = $ 3,000
50 @ 30 = 1,500
50 @ 33 = 1,650
20 @ 33 = 660
80 @ 35 = 2,800 and the 12/4 sale is assumed to have exhausted the remaining 20 units from the 2/22 layer plus the first 50 units of the 4/15 layer.

Problem Solution b. FIFO perpetual:
Cost of goods sold . . . . . . .
100 @ $30 = $ 3,000
50 @ 30 = 1,500
50 @ 33 = 1,650
20 @ 33 = 660
80 @ 35 = 2,800
$ 9,610
Cost of goods sold under FIFO perpetual represents the cost of the first 300 units that were added to inventory – the same result as FIFO periodic!

Problem Solution b. FIFO perpetual:
Cost of goods sold . . . . . . .
100 @ $30 = $ 3,000
50 @ 30 = 1,500
50 @ 33 = 1,650
20 @ 33 = 660
80 @ 35 = 2,800
$ 9,610
Ending inventory. . . . . . . .
10 @ 35 = $ 350
Ending inventory includes the cost of 10 of the 90 units purchased on 4/15 since the cost of only 80 of these units were added to cost of goods sold.

Problem Solution b. FIFO perpetual:
Cost of goods sold . . . . . . .
100 @ $30 = $ 3,000
50 @ 30 = 1,500
Ending inventory includes all layers that were not added to cost of goods sold.
50 @ 33 = 1,650
20 @ 33 = 660
80 @ 35 = 2,800
$ 9,610
Ending inventory. . . . . . . .
10 @ 35 = $ 350
140 @ 36 = 5,040
50 @ 38 = 1,900

Problem Solution b. FIFO perpetual:
Cost of goods sold . . . . . . .
100 @ $30 = $ 3,000
50 @ 30 = 1,500
Cost of goods sold plus ending inventory equals goods available of sale.
50 @ 33 = 1,650
20 @ 33 = 660
80 @ 35 = 2,800
$ 9,610
Ending inventory. . . . . . . .
10 @ 35 = $ 350
140 @ 36 = 5,040
50 @ 38 = 1,900
$ 7,290
$16,900

Problem Solution b. LIFO perpetual:
Cost of goods sold . . . . . . .
70 @ $33 = $ 2,310
30 @ 30 = 900
To calculate the LIFO cost of goods sold amount under perpetual , apply the same LIFO rules but identify the last-in 100 units and their associated costs for each of the three sales transaction as they occur throughout the year.
The sale of 100 units on 3/7 is assumed to have come from the then last-in 100 units… try it!

Problem Solution b. LIFO perpetual:
Cost of goods sold . . . . . . .
70 @ $33 = $ 2,310
30 @ 30 = 900
100 @ 36 = 3,600
By the time the sale of 100 units occurred on 9/28 the last-in 100 units would have been redefined based on the most recent purchase transaction.

Problem Solution b. LIFO perpetual:
Cost of goods sold . . . . . . .
70 @ $33 = $ 2,310
30 @ 30 = 900
100 @ 36 = 3,600
50 @ 38 = 1,900
40 @ 36 = 1,440
10 @ 35 = 350
By the time the sale of 100 units occurred on 12/4 the last-in 100 units would have been redefined again based on the most recent purchase transactions.

Problem Solution b. LIFO perpetual:
Cost of goods sold . . . . . . .
70 @ $33 = $ 2,310
30 @ 30 = 900
Cost of goods sold in LIFO perpetual represents the cost of the last-in 100 units that were added to inventory at the time each sale transaction occurred throughout the year.
100 @ 36 = 3,600
50 @ 38 = 1,900
40 @ 36 = 1,440
10 @ 35 = 350
$10,500
Total cost of goods sold differs from
LIFO periodic.

Problem Solution b. LIFO perpetual:
Cost of goods sold . . . . . . .
70 @ $33 = $ 2,310
30 @ 30 = 900
100 @ 36 = 3,600
50 @ 38 = 1,900
40 @ 36 = 1,440
10 @ 35 = 350
$10,500
Ending inventory. . . . . . . .
120 @ 30 = $ 3,600
80 @ 35 = 2,800
Ending inventory in LIFO perpetual is what is left.

Problem Solution b. LIFO perpetual:
Cost of goods sold . . . . . . .
70 @ $33 = $ 2,310
30 @ 30 = 900
Cost of goods sold plus ending inventory equals goods available of sale.
100 @ 36 = 3,600
50 @ 38 = 1,900
40 @ 36 = 1,440
10 @ 35 = 350
$10,500
Ending inventory. . . . . . . .
120 @ 30 = $ 3,600
80 @ 35 = 2,800
$ 6,400
$16,900

Problem Definition a.
Assume that Kuffel Co. uses a periodic inventory system. Calculate cost of goods sold and ending inventory under FIFO and LIFO.
b.
Assume that Kuffel Co. uses a perpetual inventory system. Calculate cost of goods sold and ending inventory under FIFO and LIFO.
c.
Explain why the FIFO results for cost of goods sold and ending inventory are the same in your answers to parts a and b, but the
LIFO results are different.

Problem Solution c. Under FIFO, the periodic and perpetual inventory systems always result in the same dollar amounts being assigned to ending inventory and cost of goods sold – once first-in, always first in – and the timing of the application of the FIFO rules makes no difference.
(continued)

Problem Solution c.
(concluded)
Under LIFO, the “last-in cost” changes each time another inventory item is purchased. Thus, the timing of the application of the LIFO rules is relevant, and different results will occur under the periodic and perpetual systems.

You should now have a better understanding of the FIFO and LIFO cost flow assumptions under the periodic and perpetual systems.
Remember that there is a demonstration problem for each chapter that is here for your learning benefit.