Diversity Of Life – Topic #12
Honors Biology
Mr. Dans
Domain Bacteria*
2
Must know all*
Collective biomass is at least 10 times that of all eukaryotes (a handful of rich soil
contains more bacteria than the total number of humans that have ever lived).
Have cell walls made up of peptidoglycans ( also known as murein, is a polymer
consisting of sugars and amino acids that forms a mesh-like layer outside the
plasma membrane of bacteria (but not Archaea), Eukaryotic cell walls made up of
cellulose or chitin.
Gram positive bacteria: have large amounts of peptidoglycan
Gram negative bacteria have less peptidoglycan but more lipopolysaccharides.
This makes them more complex than gram positive and usually are more
pathogenic (cell wall prevents antibiotics from entering and protects bacteria
from immune systems).
Contains DNA as plasmids.
Cell Respiration occurs where?
What is encapsulation?
See next page
3
*
4
Know all*
 Some are photoautotrophs (harness sunlight for energy and
use carbon dioxide for to make organic molecules)
 Some are photoheterotrophs (obtain energy from sunlight
but get carbon from organic sources)
 Some are chemoautotrophs (obtain energy from inorganic
chemicals and use carbon dioxide to make organic
molecules)
 Some are chemoheterotrophs (obtain energy from
chemicals and carbon from organic molecules and are the
largest and most diverse group of prokaryotes)
5
Shapes*:
 Bacilli: rod shaped
 Cocci: spherical
 Spirilla: spiral
6
 Phylum Cyanophyta (blue-green algae)*: photosynthetic,
contains chlorophyll and other pigments (red & yellow),
undergo nitrogen fixation, are important ecologically!!
 Phylum Schizophyta:
 Class Myxobacteria: glide in movements similar to amoeba,
secrete extracellular enzymes to digest like fungi
7
 Class Spirochetes: are curved, spiral anaerobic parasites in
warm blooded animals. Lyme disease caused by this type
8
 Class Rickettsia: tiny rod, cocci, or thread-like (less than 1
micron) parasites living in arthropods which may be transmitted
to animals (Rocky Mountain spotted fever). Most are harmless.
9
 Phylum Actinobacteria: They can be terrestrial or aquatic. Actinobacteria is one of the
dominant phyla of the bacteria. They include some of the most common soil life,
freshwater life, and marine life, playing an important role in decomposition of organic
materials, such as cellulose and chitin, and thereby playing a vital part in organic matter
turnover and carbon cycle. This replenishes the supply of nutrients in the soil and is an
important part of humus formation. Some are pathogenic causing tuberculosis or
leprosy. Streptomycin is an antibiotic against these bacteria.
10
 Phylum Proteobacteria (Eubacteria): They include a wide variety of
pathogens, such as Escherichia, Salmonella, Vibrio, Helicobacter, and many other notable
genera. Others are free-living, and include many of the bacteria responsible for nitrogen
fixation.
 Because of the great diversity of forms found in this group, the Proteobacteria are named
after Proteus, a Greek god of the sea, capable of assuming many different shapes. Picture
shows Escherichia coli.
11
Domain Archaea*
 Many live in extreme environments (and are called



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12
extremophiles).
Extreme halophiles: salt lovers
Extreme thermophiles: heat lovers
Methanogens: live in anaerobic environments and give off
methane as a waste product (many thrive in mud at bottom
of lakes and swamps) . Marsh gas is methane bubbling up
from swamps. Some inhabit mammalian digestive tracts (also
aid in breakdown of cellulose in cattle, dear etc).
Archaea also live in moderate environments like oceans
Other general considerations with
prokaryotes:
 Some release exotoxins (proteins released that can be
poisons)…example tetanus is caused by an exotoxin released
by Clostridium tetani.
 Endotoxins: are components of the bacterial membrane of
gram negative bacteria released when the cell dies or is
injured. These endotoxins may produce fever, aches, and
hypotension. Meningitis is caused by these endotoxins
(Neisseria meningitidis).
13
Domain Eukarya*
Kingdoms:
Protist
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
1
4
Kingdom
Protista*
Protozoa vs. Algae




Contain cell walls
made of cellulose
Move using two
flagellae
Photosynthetic
Usually reproduce
asexually
•
•
•
•
Unicellular aquatic
algae
Outer part of the cell
has a firm and flexible
layer called a pellicle
Some are
photosynthetic,
others are
heterotrophic.
Euglena is a member
What is an “eyespot”
PHYLUM CHRYSOPHYTA
Cell walls composed to
cellulose with a lot of
silica
 Contain photosynthetic
pigments
 Reproduce by cell division

PHYLUM ZOOMASTIGINA
• Animal-like protists
• They eat either living
matter of animals or
decaying matter
• Swim in their
environments with
flagella
• Reproduce asexually
with binary fission
PHYLUM SARCODINA/RHIZOPODA*
• Capture food using a
pseudopod
• Largest phylum of
protozoans
• Contain forms with
exterior shells
• Contain ameba
(“naked forms”)
PHYLUM SPOROZOA/APICOMPLEXA*
Can cause malaria
because they are
parasites
 Are heterotrophic
organisms
 Toxoplasma is the
most common found
in humans

PHYLUM CILIOPHORA (CILIATES)*
 They contain two nuclei
 Heterotrophic paramecia
 Swim by beating their cilia
 Can “hop” or “jump” with their
cilia
 Covered
in cilia or
flagella
 Are found in the
digestive tracts of
toads, fish and reptiles
 Are heterotrophic
organisms
PHYLUM MYXOMYCOTA*
• Also known as slime
molds
• Produce spores
• Ingests food by
phagocytosis
• Were thought to be
fungi however they
ingest food differently
Arcyria cinerea
• Known as cellular slime
molds
• Have pseudopods
• Are heterotrophic
organisms
• Members of this phylum
alter their appearances
throughout their lives
Dictyostelium



Diatoms: have glass-like walls, freshwater
and marine.
Glass-like walls remain after they die and
form diatomaceous earth
Diatomaceous earth is a great filtering
medium
PHYLUM CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA
• Cell walls contain
chitin
• Also known as
chytrids
• Are heterotrophic
organisms
PHYLUM OOMYCOTA
• Cell walls contain
cellulose
• They cause mildews
of plants
• Are heterotrophic
organisms
• Also known as
oomycetes
PHYLUM CHLOROPHYTA*
• Are autotrophic
(green algae)
• Can live on water,
snow, and tree trunks
• Unicellular and some
are multicellular
• Microscopic
organisms
PHYLUM PHAEOPHYTA*
• Autotrophic
organisms found in
marine conditions
• Contain chlorophyll a
and c
• Cell walls contain
cellulose
• Largest protists
PHYLUM RHODOPHYTA
• Autotrophic
organisms found in
warm marine water
• Contain chlorophyll
a, carotenoids and
phycobilins (distinct
color)
• Build up coral reefs
Kingdom Fungi*
PHYLUM ZYGOMYCOTA*
• Usually saprobes
living in soil and
feeding on dead plant
or animal matter
• Some are parasites of
plants, insects and soil
mammals
• Are terrestrial
PHYLUM ASCOMYCOTA
• Largest fungi division
• Spores are called
conidia
• Have perforated cell
walls in which the
cytoplasm and nuclei
can leave and enter
other adjoining cells
PHYLUM BASIDIOMYCOTA*
• Mushrooms are
actually the spore
producing body
which is composed of
tightly packed
hyphae. Club fungi is
an example.
• Mushrooms of the
genus Amanita are
the most poisonous
PHYLUM DEUTEROMYCOTA
• No sexual
reproduction is
known
• Causes athletes foot
and thrush
• Makes penicillin,
cheese and other
medicines
LICHENS* (not a fungus)
• Algae and fungi in a
symbiotic
relationship
• Usually first to
colonize barren land
• Begin process of soil
formation
MYCORRHIZAE* (not a species)
• “Fungus-roots”
mostly from phylum
Zygomycota
• Symbiotic
relationship between
a vascular plant root
and a fungus
Kingdom
Plantae*
SUPER PHYLUM BRYOPHYTA*
• Do not have vascular
tissue
• Small organisms
• Don’t have true roots
but attach by rhizoids
(elongated single
cells)
• Need water for
fertilization
PHYLUM/DIVISION* PTEROPHYTA*
• Ancient plants (ferns)
• Simple stems when
compared to those of
gymnosperms or
angiosperms
• Leaves may be divided into
leaflets called pinnae
• Do not produce seeds
• In botany the term “division”
means “phylum”

Super-Phylum Tracheophyta*: Vascular Plants
GYMNOSPERMS – Division
Coniferophyta*
• Vascular seed plants
• “Naked seeds”
• Contain subdivisions
cycadophyta,
ginkgophyta,
gnetophyta, and
coniferophyta
ANGIOSPERMS /Division
Anthophyta*
• Supposedly evolved
from extinct
gymnosperms
• Flowering plants
• Vascular plants contain
xylem and phloem
• Carpel made of stigma
and style
• Class monocot and
dicot
Kingdom Animalia*
PHYLUM PORIFERA*
•
•
•
•
•
Sponges
Sessile
Mostly marine
2 layer perforated body
Water is drawn through
body wall (collar cells) into
animal where food/water is
trapped and ingested.
• Flagella aid in the
movement of water and
food
• Hermaphroditic
PHYLUM MESOZOA
• Wormlike, live as
parasites inside
marine invertebrates
• May have been
flatworms that have
become simplified
due to a parasitic
way of life
PHYLUM CNIDARIA OR
COELENTERATA*
• Aquatic hollow organisms
• Class hydrozoa contains the
HYDRA
• 2 cell layers and sac like
digestive system
(gastrovascular cavity)
• Radially symmetrical
• Have nematocysts (stinging
cells)
CLASS SCYPHOZOA
• Medusa form is
dominant
• Moon jellyfish
(Aurelia aurita) is an
example
CLASS ANTHOZOA
• Sea anemones and
corals
• Each polyp can
retreat
• Polyps can form
limestone, making a
coral reef
PHYLUM CTENOPHORA
• Contain comb jellies
and sea walnuts
• Bioluminescent
hermaphrodites
PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHE*
• Flatworms
• Have bilateral
symmetry
• Contain classes
Turbellaria,
Trematoda, and
Cestoda
CLASS TURBELLARIA
• Planaria*
• Contain cilia for
locomotion (only
large animal that has
cilia for locomotion)
• Great regenerative
ability
CLASS TREMATODA
• Flukes
• Are parasites of
mollusks and
vertebrates
• May infect turtles
and fish as well
• Have a complex life
cycle in hosts
CLASS CESTODA
• Tapeworms
• Are parasitic
• Found commonly in
cats and dogs
PHYLUM NEMATODA
• Roundworms
• Contain 12,000
species
• Are microscopic
parasites
• Nematode is
common
PHYLUM MOLLUSCA*
• Soft bodied organisms
• Some have exterior shells to
protect their soft bodies (not
squid/octopus)
• Also known as Mollusks
• Have 3 major body regions:
foot (movement), visceral
mass (organs contained),
mantle (which may secrete a
shell).
CLASS BIVALVIA
• 7,500 species
• Clams, oysters,
scallops, mussels
• Have 2 parts or a
shell
• Clams have a “foot”
that helps them
move
CLASS GASTROPODA
• Contain snails,
whelks, periwinkles,
abalones and slugs
• Can digest cellulose
CLASS CEPHALOPODA*
• Most advanced
invertebrates
• Contain octopus and
cuttlefish
• Octopus mother
smart-protects her
eggs
PHYLUM ANNELIDA*
• Include earthworm,
leeches and sandworms
• There are freshwater,
terrestrial and marine
leeches
• Hermaphroditic
• Segmentation
throughout body
• Have metanephridia for
excretion
CLASS OLIGOCHAETA
•
•
•
•
Earthworms
Segmented bodies
Hermaphroditic
Mostly made up of
terrestrial organisms
• Have a spacious
body cavity
• Have setae
CLASS POLYCHAETA
• All marine
• Have tiny tentacles
• Some segments have
different functions (a
condition called
tagmosis)
• Have distinct head,
trunk and tail regions
CLASS HIRUDINEA
• Leeches
• Have a sucker at each
end
• Some are
bloodsucking
• No setae
• Secrete hirudin, a
powerful
anticoagulant
PHYLUM SIPUNCULA
• Peanut worm, have
long retractable
proboscis
• No segmentation or
setae
PHYLUM ECHIURA
• Spoon worms
• Long, unretractable
proboscis
• Contain setae
• No segmentation
PHYLUM PRIAPULIDA
• Have a retractable
proboscis with spines
• Marine worms
• Median anterior
mouth
• Hermaphroditic
organisms
PHYLUM POGONOPHORA
• Giant tube worm
• Live deep in ocean
fissures
• Worms living in long
tube have segmented
posterior end with
setae but no mouth or
digestive tract
• Tentacles absorb
nutrients
PHYLUM PENTASTOMIDS
• Parasitic of vertebrate
respiratory system
• Primitive organisms
• Invertebrates
• Use hooks to attach to the
host
• The anterior end of the body
bears five protuberances,
four of which are clawed
legs, while the fifth bears
the mouth
PHYLUM TARDIGRADA
• Segmented and microscopic
organism
• Called a “water bear”
• Found in fresh water and in the
film of moisture in mosses
• Mouth has sharp points to eat
plants
• “Slow walkers” as in name “tardigrada”. Have 8 legs
• Named by Lazzaro Spallanzani in
1777.
PHYLUM ONYCHOPHORA
• Caterpillar-like
• Have segmented
body
• Larger brains than
other phyla
• Are terrestrial
PHYLUM PHORONIDA
• Live in tubes in ocean
• Shallow water
• Can withdraw
logophore (food
gathering organ)
when disturbed
• No segmentation
PHYLUM BRYOZOA OR ECTOPROCTA
• Colonial organisms
• Divide labor among
members
• Salt water organisms
• Secrete hard
protective covering
• Look like patches of
moss
PHYLUM BRACHIOPODA
• Bivalves
• Have lophophore: a crown of
tentacles that filters food
particles out of the water
• Have annelid and arthropod
characteristics
• 300 species
• Marine organisms many
extinct
PHYLUM ARTHROPODA*
•
•
•
•
Cephalization evident
Jointed appendages
Segmented bodies
Articulated exoskeletons
containing chitin
• Excretion by way of Malpighian
tubules
• Respiratory system by way of
tracheae
• Open circulatory system
SUBPHYLUM CHELICERATA
• No antennae
• No mandible
• First pair of
appendages called
chelicerae which
have sharp pincers
and are fanglike for
biting prey
CLASS MEROSTOMATA
• Horseshoe Crab and
Eurypterid
• Marine organisms
• Contain many fossil
species
• Possess compound
eyes
CLASS PYCNOGONIDA
•
•
•
•
Sea spiders
500 species
Have long legs
Four pairs of legs
(sometimes have 5)
• No respiratory
system (exchange
gasses by diffusion)
CLASS ARACHNIDA*
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
30,000 species
Have eight legs, 2 body segments
Terrestrial organisms (some found in
edge of aquatic environs).
Spiders have spinnerets (produce silk)
Have two pairs of appendages for
feeding, defense, and sensory
perception
No antennae or wings
Use chelicerae (1st pair of appendage)
for feeding and defense (spiders can
inject venom with these).
Use pedipalps (2nd pair of appendage)
to feed, locomotion,reproduction
CLASS CRUSTACEA*
•
•
•
•
•
25,000 species
Aquatic and live in marine or
freshwater environments (some
adapted to terrestrial environments
like the woodlouse – pictured below)
Motile
Few are parasitic
Have biramous appendages (The
appendages of arthropods may be
either biramous or uniramous. A
uniramous limb comprises a single
series of segments attached end-toend. A biramous limb, however,
branches into two, and each branch
consists of a series of segments
attached end-to-end).
CLASS DIPLOPODA
• 7,000 species
• Are arthropods that have two
pairs of legs per segment (except
for the first segment behind the
head which does not have any
appendages at all, and the next
few which only have one pair of
legs).
• Eat dead plant matter
• Move slowly
• Head has mandibles
• Example is millipede
CLASS CHILOPODA
•
•
•
•
•
Have segmented bodies with one pair
of legs per segment
Move rapidly
Have forcipules are modifications of
the first pair of legs, forming a pincerlike appendage always found just
behind the head. Forcipules are not
true mouthparts, although they are
used in the capture of prey items,
injecting venom and holding onto
captured prey. Venom glands run
through a tube almost to the tip of
each forcipule.
Terrestrial in damp areas
Centipede is an example (you can see
forcipule in lower picture)
CLASS INSECTA*
•
•
•
•
700,000 species
Segmented body
Exoskeleton
Only invertebrates that can
fly
• Three interconnected units
(head, thorax, abdomen)
• Thorax has six segmented
legs
• Uniramous appendages only
PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA*
•
•
•
•
Spiny skinned
Most have radial symmetry
Abundant in oceans
Outstanding feature is their water
vascular system
• Slow moving, spiny exoskeleton
• Have a water vascular system
ending in tube feet that function
in feeding/gas
exchange/locomotion
• Sea urchin, starfish, sand dollars
CLASS STELLEROIDEA
• Starfish and
brittlestars
• Also known as class
asteroidea
• Can regenerate lost
arms
• Move by wiggling
movements or tube
feet
CLASS CRINOIDEA
• Sea lilies and feather
stars
• Sessile
• Have a U-shaped gut
• Anus located next to
the mouth
surrounded by
feeding arms
CLASS OPHIUROIDEA
• Brittle stars and
serpent stars
• Look like stelleroidea
except that the arms
are clearly marked
off the body
• Crawl using flexible
arms
CLASS ECHINOIDEA
• Sea urchins and sand
dollars
• Mouth contains teeth
• Move by hundreds of
tiny tube feet
• Move slowly
• Feed on algae
CLASS HOLOTHUROIDEA
• Sea cucumbers
• Lack arms like
echinoids
• Move slowly
• Mouth has tentacles
that secrete mucus
• Endoskeleton below
the skin
PHYLUM CHAETOGNATHA
• Arrow worms
• Important components
of marine plankton
• They also eat many
copepods
• Feed near surface at
night
• Heat adapted to catch
prey with spines
PHYLUM HEMICHORDATA
• Acorn worms (80
species)
• Has 3 body areas:
proboscis, collar and
trunk
• Hemichordates have
both features of
echinoderms and
chordates
PHYLUM CHORDATA
• Notochord at some
stage of life
• Dorsal tubular nerve
cord
• Endoskeleton
• Ventral heart
• Post-anal tail at some
stage in life history
SUBPHYLUM UROCHORDATA
• Tunicates
• Marine group
including sea squirts
• Look nothing like
other chordates,
besides the fact that
a notochord present
in tadpole-larual
stage
 Sea
squirts
 Sessile
 Secrete outer covering
of polysaccharide
(cellulose)
 Only animal to do this
SUBPHYLUM CEPHALOCHORDATA
• Amphioxus the
lancelet
• 29 species
• Two genera
• Asymmetron and
Branchiostoma
• Primitive organisms
Phylum Chordata* -SUBPHYLUM
VERTEBRATA
• Vertebrates (have a
vertebral & spinal
column)
• Vertebral column
replaces the notochord
• Cephalization is
pronounced
• 58,000 species
CLASS AGNATHA
• Jawless “fish”
• Lampreys
• Resemble
brachiostoma by
sucking up mud
containing microbes
and organic debris
• Have a notochord but
have a cartilaginous
skeleton
CLASS CHONDRICHTHYES*
•
•
•
•
•
Sharks and rays
250 species
Skeletons of cartilage only
Breathe through gills
Some lay eggs and some live
young
• Lateral line organs are
special pressure receptors
which detect water
vibrations
CLASS OSTEICHTHYES*
•
•
•
•
•
Also known as bony fish
Gills
Lay many eggs
Fresh and marine forms
Have swim bladders which
are gas-filled sacs which
keep them buoyant
• Exist in saltwater and
freshwater
CLASS AMPHIBIA*
• Frogs, salamanders, newts
• Most amphibians must
return to water to reproduce
• Lay soft-shelled eggs
• Adapted to land and water
environments
• Have aquatic larval stage
and metamorphosis into
terrestrial adult.
ORDER URODELA
• 320 species
• Salamanders, mud
puppies, newts
• Most have 4 toes on
the front legs and 5
toes on the back
• Can regenerate lost
limbs
ORDER ANURA
• 4,810 species
• Tail-less(an- without,
oura-tail)
• Frogs, toads
• Have protruding eyes,
long back legs, and no
tail
• Lay their eggs in moist
areas
• Develop as tadpoles
ORDER APODA
• 55 species
• Caecilians
• Resemble earthworms
or snakes
• Lack limbs entirely
• Tail either short or
absent
• None in N.America
CLASS REPTILIA*
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Cold blooded
6,000 species
Mostly Terrestrial
May live in water
Hard shell egg
Have lungs
Dry skin covered by
protective scales
• Turtles, crocodiles, lizards
and snakes
• Dominated the land during
Permian period
CLASS AVES*
• Birds are tetrapods with
forelimbs modified as wings
but are bipedal
• Lay eggs
• Have lungs, feathers
• Are endothermic
• Are essentially reptiles
specialized for flight
(Archaeopteryx is the fossil
found that is probably
missing link between both)
CLASS MAMMALIA*
• Descended from reptiles
• Became diversified after
extinction of dinosaurs but
their ancestors predated the
dinosaurs
• Have hair, 3 middle ear
bones, mammary glands and
are endothermic
• Some have placenta
ORDER MONOTREMATA*
• Non-placental
• Monotremes that lay
eggs with shells but
nurse them after
hatching
• Duckbill platypus and
spiny anteater
• Include Platypoda
and Tachyglossa
ORDER MARSUPIALIA*
• Bear live “premature” young
that must be kept in a pouch
• Non-placental (see
discussion under “Placental
Mammals”)
• Kangaroo and possum
• Front limbs highly developed
at time of birth

Placental mammals all bear live young, which are
nourished before birth in the mother's uterus
through a specialized embryonic organ attached to
the uterus wall, the placenta. The placenta is derived
from the same membranes that surround the
embryos in the amniote eggs of reptiles, birds, and
monotreme mammals. The term "placental
mammals" is somewhat of a misnomer because
marsupials also have placentae. The difference is that
the placenta of marsupials is very short-lived and
does not make as much of a contribution to fetal
nourishment as it does in eutherians, as "placental
mammals" are known scientifically.
ORDER INSECTIVORA
• Small insect-eating
mammals
• Moles, hedgehog
(see below) and
shrew (top right) are
examples
ORDER DERMOPTERA
• Flying lemurs
• Use flaps of extra
skin to glide
• Large tree-dwelling
animals
• Excellent binocular
vision
ORDER CHIROPTERA*
• Bats
• Forelimbs are
webbed and
developed as wings
• Capable of true and
sustained flight
• Feed on fruit, insects
or the blood of
mammals
ORDER EDENTATA
• Sloths, anteaters,
armadillos
• Known as Xenarthra
• Lack front teeth
• Have two or three
very long fingers on
each hand
ORDER LAGOMORPHA
•
•
•
•
Rabbits, hares, pikas
Herbivores
Long hind limbs
Teeth grow
throughout their lives
(constantly chewing
to keep them short)
ORDER RODENTIA
• Have two constantly
growing incisors in
the upper and lower
jaws
• Most eat seeds or
plants
• Rodents make up the
largest order of
mammals
ORDER CETACEA
•
•
•
•
•
•
Whales, dolphins and porpoises
Mammals best adapted to aquatic life
Forelimbs are modified into flippers
Nearly hairless
Some very intelligent
All marine except 4 species of
dolphins The order contains two
suborders, Mysticeti (baleen whales)
and Odontoceti (toothed whales,
which includes dolphins and
porpoises). The species range in size
from Commerson's dolphin, smaller
than a human, to the Blue Whale, the
largest animal ever known to have
lived.
ORDER CARNIVORA
• Primarily carnivores
• No fewer than 4 toes
on each foot
• Have large brains
encased in a heavy
skull
• Reproduce in litters
ORDER PINNIPEDIA
• Seals, sea lions and
walruses
• Semi-aquatic marine
animals
• All are carnivores
• Females give birth
frequently
ORDER PROBOSCIDEA
• Elephants (Asian
Elephant, African
Bush Elephant and
African Forest
Elephant)
• Herbivores
• Largest known land
animals
ORDER PERISSODACTYLA
• Odd-toed ungulates
(horses, tapirs,
rhinos)
• Grazing mammals
• Have simple
stomachs and digest
plant cellulose in
their intestines
ORDER ARTIODACTYLA
• Even-toed ungulates
• Foot has greater
flexibility due to the
astragalus
• Herbivores
• Include pigs, hippos,
giraffes, buffalo , deer,
moose and domestic
cattle
ORDER PRIMATES*
• Divided into prosimians
(which are not monkeys
or apes: example
lemurs)and simians
(monkeys, apes and
humans)
• All species possess
adaptations for climbing
trees
• Some walk on their
knuckles
FAMILY HOMINIDAE
• Great apes
(chimpanzees, gorillas,
orangutans, and
humans)
• Humans are most
closely related to earlier
variations of the great
apes
GENUS HYLOBATES
• Four genera of
gibbons
• Characterized by 44
chromosomes
• Have white rings
around their faces
 Orangutans
 Largest
living
arboreal animals
 Hands have four
long fingers and an
opposable thumb
(grasp with both
hands and feet)
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Largest living
primates
Primarily herbivores
Ground-dwelling
DNA of gorillas is
close to that of
humans (closest
relatives are
chimpanzees and
humans)
GENUS PAN
 Chimpanzees
 Closest living relatives to
humans
 DNA is 99% identical to that
of humans
 Arms are longer than legs and
span half the length of the
body
GENUS HOMO
 Genus that modern humans are most
closely related to
 2.5 million years old
 Evolved from early primates
 Humans belong to species Homo
sapiens.
 Modern humans originated in Africa
about 200,000 years ago
 Humans have a highly developed
brain, capable of abstract reasoning,
language, and problem solving. This
mental capability, combined with an
erect body carriage that frees the
hands for manipulating objects, has
allowed humans to make far greater
use of tools than any other living
species on Earth.
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Posterior vs. Anterior
Dorsal vs. Ventral
Superior vs. Inferior
Cephalic vs. Caudal
Bilateral vs. Radial Symmetry
Distal vs. Proximal
Thorax, Abdomen in Arthropods
Bipeds and Quadruped.
What are Appendages?
Stereoscopic Vision