Revision week 1

Week 1
Week 2
Week 3
Week 4
Week 5
Overview
Aspects of personality
Arousal
Controlling anxiety
Attitudes
Aggression
Confidence
Attribution theory
Group success
Leadership and any questions

Aspects of personality – traffic light sheet
What do I know?
What do I need to know?
Anything new that
I’ve learnt

Review your summary sheet

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Make sure you learn the specific definition of personality!
Have awareness of the links between personality and sports performance.
It is important to understand the NATURE
(trait) V NURTURE (social learning) and interactionist perspectives of behaviour.
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Be aware of the problems associated with the use of personality profiling in sport.

“ The sum total of an individuals characteristics which make him unique ” (Hollander).
“ Personality is the more or less stable and enduring organisation of a persons character, temperament, intellect and physique which determines the unique adjustment to the environment ” (Eysenck).

Trait Theory (nature)
“ People are born with characteristics ”
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Inherited at birth.
Stable
Enduring consistent in all situations.
BEHAVIOUR = FUNCTION OF
PERSONALITY
+ve = Can be easily measured through questionnaires
-ve = Does not take into account environmental influences. It is not a true indicator of behaviour.
CATTELL (1965) identified 16 personality traits
INTROVERT & EXTROVERT
NATURE vs
NURTURE
Social Learning Theory
(Bandura)
“ All behaviour is learned through interaction with the environment ”
BEHAVIOUR = FUNCTION OF
ENVIRONMENT
-ve = Does not consider inherited behaviour (traits)
Interactionist Theory
“ Behaviour occurs from the interaction between inherited traits and learned experiences ”
BEHAVIOUR = FUNCTION OF
PERSONALITY × ENVIRNOMENT

Concentric Ring Theory (Hollander 1967)
Role Related Behaviour – Surface of personality
Typical Response – Your usual response in most situations
The Psychological Core – The ‘ real you ’
The boundary line of each layer gets wider as you get closer to the centre of the model which shows that each layer is harder to enter. As you move closer to the centre, your ‘ real ’ personality begins to surface

Eysenck ’ s Personality Types
INTROVERT
NEUROTIC
(UNSTABLE)
STABLE
EXTROVERT
Personality traits run across 2 continuums:
INTROVERT: unsociable, shy & nervous
EXTROVERT: sociable, outgoing & lively
STABLE: calm, eventempered, controlled
7 logical
UNSTABLE: anxious, moody, unpredictable
& illogical
What is the role of
RAS?

Methods of Testing
1) Observation
2) Psychometric methods: self report questionnaires (16 personality factor questionnaire designed by CATTELL) EPI,
SCAT, CSAI-2
Problems
1) Questionnaires, observations and self-reports are not reliable as people can fix answers.
2) Evidence is too general – personality alone can not predict behaviour.
3) Although there is a link between personality research and performance in sport, there is lack of evidence to support this.

POMS – Can you think of an acronym?
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Iceberg profile

Exam questions on motivation

Is it possible to identify links between personality and sporting performance?
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Sceptical
Credulous
There is no link between personality type and success in sport
There is no link between personality and choice of sport

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You need to understand the meaning of the term ‘ achievement motivation ’ .
Make sure you know the characteristics of the different personality types
You need to be aware of the links between personality and the motive to achieve.

IMPROVE NEED AND MOTIVE TO ACHIEVE (Nach)
• Increase positive reinforcement hence increasing pride and satisfaction
• Ensure that goals are achievable
• Ensure that at least some situations guarantee success and subsequently gradually increase task difficulty in line with progress
• Ensure that tasks are challenging
• Ensure that the probability of success is good
• Ensure that the incentive value of the success is high (is the race worth winning?)

REDUCE TENDENCY AND MOTIVE TO AVOID
FAILURE (NaF)
• Reduce punishment hence lowering the chance of performer worrying about failure
• Focus negative feedback on effort rather than ability. This avoids the performer tending to believe that causes of failure are internal (due to lack of ability for example) and reduces the risk of learned
helplessness.
• Avoid situations where defeat / failure is inevitable
(such as performing against a much superior opponent) if this is not possible alter the criteria for success
(you will have succeeded if you only lose by 2 goals).

Review the syllabus – Email
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Devise two personality questions (3 and
4 marks)
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Devise a personality essay question
(14 marks)

Aspects of personality – traffic light sheet
Anything new that
I’ve learnt

Anything to add to the summary sheet?

Any further questions?

Homework – Exam questions and devised questions due in on Friday

Revision

Review your summary sheet

Name and describe the three theories of……..?

Key terms
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Arousal
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Somatic
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Reticular activating system (RAS)
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P = f (H X D)

Individual Zone of Optimal
Functioning (Hanin)
Athlete A
(low ZOF)
Athlete B
(moderate ZOF)
Athlete C
(high ZOF)
In zone
(best performance)
Out of zone
Out of zone
Out of zone
In zone
(best performance)
Out of zone
In zone
(best performance)
Increasing Arousal
An athlete will enter the zone when arousal is at an optimum level and the situation matches the athlete ’ s strongest attentional style.

Individual Zone of Optimal
Functioning (Hanin)
Different people perform better under different (arousal) conditions:
Low Zone of
Functioning
(low arousal)
High Zone of
Functioning
(high arousal)
Personality
INTROVERT
EXTROVERT
Task Type
SIMPLE/
GROSS
SKILLS, E.G.
SHOT PUT
COMPLEX/
FINE
SKILLS, E.G.
SPIN
BOWLING
Stage of
Learning
COGNITIVE/
ASSOCIATIVE
PHASE
Experience
NOVICE
PERFORMERS
AUTONOMOUS EXPERIENCED
PERFORMER

Individual Zone of Optimal
Functioning (Hanin)………
Teachers and coaches should guide the performer towards their personal
‘ optimal threshold ’ or ‘ individual zone of optimal functioning ’ .
THE
ATHLETE
FEELS IN
FULL
CONTROL
IN THE
ZONE!
EFFORTLESS
PERFORMANCE
EXECUTION OF
THE SKILL BRINGS
ENJOYMENT AND
SATISFACTION
ATTENTION AND
CONCENTRATION
OF THE
PERFORMER IS
FOCUSED

PEAK FLOW: Optimal experience that facilitates best performance and is intrinsically valuable. (Csikzentmimalyi)
High somatic arousal
Low cognitive
Arousal anxiety
Excitement, happiness
Relaxation,
Drowsiness
Anxiety, anger
Boredom fatigue
High cognitive
Arousal anxiety
Low somatic arousal
During these rare moments in sport, the athlete assumes control over all internal and environmental variables and a time of greatest happiness and selffulfilment is experienced.
 Peak flow occurs when somatic anxiety has reached an appropriate threshold and cognitive anxiety is low.
 flow state is attained when the performer has a balanced perception of the demands of the situation and his/her ability to cope.
 a high incentive value is to be gained from a challenge that is both realistic and attainable.
 The focus of attention and concentration is maximised.
 there is a self-confident belief that nothing could go wrong.
 the situation suits the athlete ’ s strongest attentional style.

Attentional narrowing
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Cue utilisation theory
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Attentional narrowing
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Attentional wastage
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Stress management techniques

Review the syllabus – traffic light sheet

Devise two arousal questions (3 and
4 marks)
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Devise an arousal essay question (14 marks)

Examination questions

Aspects of personality – traffic light sheet
What do I know?
What do I need to know?
Anything new that
I’ve learnt

Anything to add to the summary sheet?

Any further questions?

Homework – Exam questions and devised questions due in on Friday

Week 1
Week 2
Week 3
Week 4
Week 5
Aspects of personality
Arousal
Controlling anxiety
Attitudes
Aggression
Confidence
Attribution theory
Group success
Leadership

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