CIVIL WAR &
RECONSTRUCTION
U.S. HISTORY & GEOGRAPHY
CHAPTER 1
LESSONS 4 – 5
MANIFEST DESTINY
• Idea that god had bestowed the entire
continent to the Americans
• Caused massive expansion west to Pacific
Ocean & Mexican Territory
• Santa Fe Trail – Independence, MO to Santa
Fe, NM
• Oregon Trail – Independence, MO to Portland,
OR
• Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
(Mormons) - Utah
Joseph Smith
Brigham Young
OREGON & TEXAS
• Oregon territory divided on 49th parallel between
Britain & U.S. Creates WA, OR, ID
• Mexico gains independence from Spain. Offers
land to American farmers
• American farmers want to be part of U.S. Mexico
refuses to sell TX
• Stephen Austin attempts to settle things only to
be imprisoned by Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
• Battle of Alamo – 187 killed, few women &
children survived
• Sam Houston defeats Santa Anna.
• Forms Republic of Texas “The Lone Star Republic”
Stephen Austin
The Alamo
Sam Houston
Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
WAR WITH MEXICO
• President Polk supports TX & sends
General Zachary Taylor to defend
it
• American blood spilt on American
soil.
• American forces capture Mexican
cities
– Colonel Stephen Kearny & John C.
Fremont claim New Mexico & the
Republic of California where they
hoisted a flag that featured a grizzly
bear
– Zachary Taylor captures Monterrey,
Mexico. Winfield Scott captures
Veracruz & Mexico City
James Polk
Zachary Taylor
John Slidell
WAR WITH MEXICO
• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: Rio Grande is
border for TX, NM & CA go to U.S. $15 million
paid for south CA, NV, NM, UT, AZ, CO, & WY
• Gadsden Purchase: current borders for lower
48 states
• Wilmot Proviso: slavery should not exist in any
territory acquired from Mexico. Favored by
Northerners
SLAVERY & WESTWARD
EXPANSION
• Popular Sovereignty
• California Gold Rush – skips
territorial phase & push to be
admitted as a state
• Compromise of 1850: CA = free,
South = Fugitive Slave Law,
BOTH = popular sovereignty
• Fugitive Slave Act: easier to
capture runaways; assisting
alleged fugitives = $1k fine,
imprisonment for 6 months, or
both
James Marshall
SLAVERY & WESTWARD EXPANSION
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Underground Railroad
Harriet Tubman – slave conductor
Harriett Beecher Stowe – Uncle Tom’s Cabin
Stephen A. Douglas – offers each provision of
Compromise of 1850 separately & they pass
CRISIS OF KANSAS
• Douglas wants to build a railroad but needs to
get Nebraska Territory admitted to union.
Willing to repeal Missouri Compromise
• Kansas-Nebraska Act: two states – NE & KS;
popular sovereignty rule in effect to decide
slavery issue
• Proslavery vs. Anti-slavery in KS – voting fraud
• “Sack of Lawrence”
• John Brown – abolitionist; Pottawatomie
Massacre
POLITICAL & SECTIONAL
DIVISIONS
• Charles Sumner’s vs. Senator Butler, SC – SEE
POLITICAL CARTOON PG. 60
• Whig party divided on slavery issue
• American Party: anti-Catholic, “Know-nothing”
party, divided on slavery
• Free-Soil Party: opposed expansion of slavery
• Liberty Party: abolitionists who wanted slavery
ended by passing laws
• Republican Party: antislavery Democrats,
discontented Northern Whigs, & Free-soilers.
DRED SCOTT V. SANDFORD
• Dred Scott is a slave who sued for freedom as
his owner died & he lived for 4 years in IL
• Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger Taney’s
decision:
– Scott was not a citizen, but property
– Missouri Compromise is unconstitutional as it
violated citizen’s rights under 5th amendment
UNION DISSOLVES
• John Brown
attempts to arm
slaves to end
slavery by raiding
Harper’s Ferry
• Lincoln-Douglas
debates – 6
debates all on
issue of slavery
UNION DISSOLVES
• Freeport Doctrine: any territory could exclude
slavery by simply refusing to pass laws
supporting & enforcing them
• Lincoln wins the presidential election of 1860
• Secession: Southern states leave the union
beginning with SC. Followed by MI, FL, AL, FA,
LA, & TX
• Confederate States of America
(Confederacy) is formed
UNION ADVANTAGES
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Strong naval tradition
Industrialization - factories
Railroads
Instant communication – telegraph
Immigrants providing labor
Population
Food production
CONFEDERACY ADVANTAGES
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Strong military leadership – first rate generals
Rivers for transportation
Profit from cotton
Motivated soldiers defending homeland
Lincoln
FORT SUMTER
• Lincoln’s dilemma: reinforce it or
retreat.
• Jefferson’s dilemma: do nothing or
attack the fort
• Sumter is attacked on April 12,
1861
• VA secedes from Union after
Sumter’s fall
• Richmond becomes capital of
Confederacy
• May 1861: AS, TN, & NC secede
• MD, KY, DE, MI remain in Union
but many will fight for Confederacy
Jefferson Davis
FIRST BATTLE OF BULL RUN
• Union’s Plan (Anaconda
Plan): blockade of southern
ports, control of Mississippi
River, & capture Richmond
• Bull Run (Manassas Junction):
July 21, 1861.
– Both sides were
inexperienced
– Total chaos for Union
• Lincoln appoints George
McClellan to lead the Army of
the Potomac
An 1861 cartoon map illustrating Gen. Winfield Scott’s
Anaconda plan.
Credit: Library of Congress Geography and Map
Division Washington, D.C. (Digital File Number: g3701s
cw0011000
First Bull Run
General Thomas
“Stonewall” Jackson Confederacy
WAR IN THE WEST
• General Ulysses S. Grant:
captures Fort Henry (TN River),
Fort Donelson (Cumberland
River), & Shiloh. Grant only
accepts unconditional surrender
• David Farragut: seizes New
Orleans, Baton Rouge, &
Natchez.
• Ironclads: metal ships.
Monitor (Union) vs. Merrimack
(Confederacy) ends in a
stalemate
Fort
Donelson
IRONCLADS
WAR IN THE EAST
General Robert E. Lee
• Seven Days’ Battle –
June 25 to July 1, 1862:
Lee defends Richmond
from McClellan
• Second Battle of Bull
Run – Aug. 29/30,
1862: Lee moves against
Washington D.C.
• Battle of Antietam –
Sept. 17, 1862: bloodiest
single day. Over 26k
died. McClellan would be
fired for not chasing
Lee’s battered men
Seven Days’ Battle
Battle of Antietam
Sunken Road
Photos taken by
Matthew Brady
EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION
• Lincoln disliked slavery but did not
believe govt. could abolish it where
it already existed
• Lincoln uses constitutional war
powers to institute proclamation
• Emancipation Proclamation:
– Goes into effect January 1, 1863
– Only applied to areas BEHIND
Confederate lines, outside Union
control
– Allows for free blacks to serve
Union army (Massachusetts 54th)
THE POLITICS OF WAR
• Trent Affair: attempt by South to “test”
Britain’s neutrality & to gain their assistance.
Captain Charles Wilkes (Union) arrested James
Mason & John Slidell (Confederate) who were
aboard a British ship Trent. Britain moved 8K
troops to Canada. Lincoln freed the men
stating that Wilkes acted without orders.
James Mason
Capt. Charles Wilkes
John Slidell
POLITICAL OF WAR
• Lincoln deals with dissent by:
– suspending habeas corpus rights
– Seizes telegraph offices
• Davis would deal with dissent in the same
manner
• Conscription riots plagued both Union &
Confederacy
AFRICAN AMERICANS
• North: Former slaves would serve Union army
(Massachusetts 54th); still suffer discrimination
– Fort Pillow, TN: Confederates massacred over
200 African American prisoners & whites who
were with them
• South: considered drafting them; they would
engage in sabotage
ECONOMIC CONDITIONS
DURING THE WAR
• South: plantation system weakened; shortages
in manpower, food-growing causing food
prices to rise, loss of slaves, Union blockade of
ports
• North: industries boomed, corruption in
industry, work force of whites dwindled but
they would be replaced by African Americans
& women, wages did not keep up with cost of
living
TURNING POINTS OF THE WAR
• May 1863: Lee defeats the North at
Chancellorsville. General Thomas “Stonewall”
Jackson is shot by accident by Confederate
soldiers, loses his left arm, & later dies of
Pneumonia on May 10. Lee continues to press
onward into Gettysburg, PA.
TURNING POINTS OF THE WAR
• Vicksburg
– a year long siege
– surrenders on July 4, 1863
TURNING POINTS OF THE WAR
• Gettysburg: 3 full days of fighting. Starts
July 1, 1863. Fighting finally stops & on July 4
the dead are accounted for
– Day 1: Confederates go into town looking for
shoes run in John Buford’s cavalry.
Confederates take the town
– Day 2: Confederates attack Cemetery Ridge
from Seminary Ridge going through orchard &
wheat field. Huge loss of life. Union takes
control of Little Round Top
– Day 3: artillery barrages for most of morning.
Lee advances during silence. Lee retreats
Culp’s Hill – Day 2
TURNING POINTS OF WAR
• Total loss of life at Gettysburg:
– North – 23k killed or wounded
– South – 28k killed or wounded
• Gettysburg Address: November
1863
– land dedicated to soldiers who
died. Over 100 are still not
identified
– Lincoln’s 10-minute speech
where he focuses on the U.S.
as a WHOLE & defined what
the U.S. IS
THE WAR ENDS
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Ulysses S. Grant appointed over Potomac Army
“Wilderness” Campaign
“March to the Sea”
Lincoln wins second term
Petersburg, VA – final battle
Appomattox Courthouse – Lee surrenders on April 9,
1865
“March to the Sea”
William Tecumseh Sherman
APPOMATOX COURTHOUSE
RESULTS OF WAR
• Political:
– Government exerts
national authority
– Secession never
used again
– Income tax
– Currency
– Conscription
– State’s rights
exerted in other
forms
• Economic:
– National railroad
– Federal Banks
– North: profit, $ to
invest, new
technology
– South: 40% of
livestock gone, lack
of farm machinery,
railroads destroyed,
uncultivated land
RECONSTRUCTION
• 1865 – 1877 – refers to rebuilding of the South &
readmission of Confederate States
• Lincoln’s 10% plan
– Pardon for all Confederate soldiers except high-ranking
ones as long as they sword allegiance to Union
– Once 10% did this then state could reform government &
gain representation in U.S. Congress
RECONSTRUCTION
• “Radical” Republicans opposed Lincoln’s plan.
Believed that Reconstruction belonged to
Congress.
• Wade-Davis Bill – puts Reconstruction in
hands of Congress. Lincoln uses “pocket” veto
Charles Sumner
Thaddeus Stevens
LINCOLN’S ASSASSINATION
• Ford’s Theater on April 14, 1865
• John Wilkes Booth: Sic Semper Tyrannis
(“Thus be it to tyrants”)
• Lincoln’s dies April 15, 1865
John Wilkes Booth
ANDREW JOHN’S RECONSTRUCTION
• Amnesty for all former citizens except former
confederate officials & wealthy planters
• State had to officially withdraw secession
• Swear allegiance to Union
• Annul Confederate war debts
• Ratify the 13th Amendment
CONGRESS’ ATTITUDE
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Refused to admit new Southern legislators
Freedmen’s Bureau Act
Civil Rights Act of 1866
Johnson will veto both acts
Moderate & Radical Republicans will now work together
against Johnson, re-passing both bills
• Reconstruction Act 1867:
– 5 military districts
– TN admitted as they ratified 13th & 14th amendments
– States had to ratify 13th & 14th amendments & guarantee
African Americans the right to vote
• Tenure of Office Act: used to impeach Johnson
Freedman’s Bureau
RECONSTRUCTION AMENDMENTS
• 13TH Amendment: PERMANENT freedom to
African Americans in ALL states.
• 14th Amendment: every person born or
naturalized in the U.S. as citizens of the
country & were entitled to equal protection
under the law & no state could deprive any
person of life, liberty, or property, without due
process.
• 15th Amendment: right to vote shall not be
denied on account of race, color, or previous
condition of servitude
Fourteenth Amendment
"One Less Vote."
The Fourteenth Amendment, granting black men the right to
vote, was ratified in July 1868. Every black vote became a
threat to white Southerners' political power. The stone reads,
"Negroe Killed, Seymour Ratification, KKK."
SOUTH DURING RECONSTRUCTION
• Physical & economic
devastation
• Public works
programs
• Scalawags
• Carpetbaggers
• “40 acres & a mule”
• Sharecropping
• Tenant farming
• Slave’s challenges:
understanding
freedom, movement,
jobs, education,
families.
• Hiram Revels – 1st U.S.
Congressional Senator.
15 others will serve in
House of
Representatives
Carpetbaggers
Carpetbaggers
GRANT ADMINISTRATION
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Ku Klux Klan
Enforcement Acts of 1870
Credit Mobilier
Whiskey Ring
Secretary of War Belknap
Panic of 1873
Greenbacks
Specie Resumption Act 1875
Fraud in Grant’s Administration
U.S. SUPREME COURT CASES
• Slaughterhouse Cases 1873: 14th Amendment protected
rights of people by virtue of their citizenship. Most
Americans basic civil rights were obtained through
citizenship in a state & amendment did NOT protect
those rights
• U.S. v. Cruikshank 1876: 14th amendment did NOT give
federal government right to punish individuals who
oppressed blacks
• U.S. v. Reese 1876: 15th amendment did NOT ‘confer
the right of suffrage’ on anyone BUT simply stated
grounds on which it could not be denied
The Slaughterhouse Cases of 1873
originated with a lawsuit brought by
butchers excluded from a state-created
monopoly, the Crescent City Livestock
Landing & Slaughterhouse Company of
New Orleans
COMPROMISE OF 1877
• Support for Reconstruction fades
• Democrats regain control of state
governments & their Congressional
seats in 1876
• 1876 Presidential election:
Rutherford B. Hayes becomes
president in exchange for
withdrawal of federal troops from
LA & SC, federal $ to build railroad,
& Hayes appoints a Southerner to
the cabinet
MISTAKES OF RECONSTRUCTION
• Assumption that extending civil rights to freed
person would enable them to protect
themselves through participation
• Congress did not adequately protect those
rights
• Supreme Court undermined those rights
• NO land/jobs for African Americans – no
economic independency
• Under estimated deep-seated racism