08 -25- 11
Agenda
 1) What does this safety symbol
represent in the lab safety rules?
Electric shock: Never use electrical
equipment around water, or when
equipment or hands are wet.
 2) Name one of the branches of life
sciences.
Biology, zoology, botany, entomology,
anatomy & physiology etc.
1) Warm-Up (5 min)
2) Go over safety symbols +
meaning (10 min)
3) “About Science” notes (15 min)
4) Creating a hypothesis WS (10
min)
5) Reading assignment Ch. 1-2 (30
mins)
6) Reflection
Common to all Sciences
Apron
Proper Disposal
Goggles
Hand Washing
Glassware
Heat-resistant
gloves
General Safety
Electrical Shock
Open Flames
No Open Flames
Physical Safety
Toxic/poison
Corrosi
ve
Heating
Glassware
Fumes
Explanation of Symbols
Apron- Wear a lab apron to protect skin and clothing.
Goggles- Wear safety goggles to protect your eyes during labs that
use chemicals, flames or heating, or the possibility of broken glass.
Glassware- handle breakable materials with care. Do not handle broken
glass.
Heat-resistant gloves – Use hand protection when handling hot materials.
Do not touch hot materials with bare hands.
No Open Flames- Flammable materials may be present. Make sure no
flames, sparks, or exposed heat sources are present.
Physical Safety- When an experiment involves physical activity, take
precaution not to injure yourself or others. Alert your teacher of any reason
that you should not participate in the activity.
Explanation of Symbols
Proper Disposal- Not everything goes in the trash or sink.
Follow teacher’s directions as to where to dispose of all
materials.
Hand Washing- Wash hands thoroughly after all lab activities.
General Safety- Follow additional safety precautions given by
your teacher.
Toxic/poison- Do not let poisonous chemicals come in contact
with your skin, clothing or eyes. Do not inhale vapors. Wash
hands when you are done with the activity
Introduction to PHYSICS
Unit 1:
“About Science”
Physics - The Basic Science
Natural philosophy-the study of unanswered
questions about nature; as the questions
were answered, this became known as
present-day Science.
I.



LIFE SCIENCES:
Biology
Zoology
Botany
II.
PHYSICAL SCIENCES:

Geology
Astronomy
Chemistry
Physics



Physics studies motion, forces, energy,
matter, heat, sound, light, atoms
Physics (foundation for…)
Chemistry (foundation for…)
Biology
Mathematics – The Language of
Science
Mathematics – “universal” language
When information is expressed
mathematically, it is easier to prove
or disprove correctness
Example:
1.
A red car is driving slowly; a blue car is
driving quickly
(slowly or quickly relative to what?)
VS
2. A car is driving at 35 mph, and a blue car is
driving at 110 mph
(mathematical terms – more clear)
Scientific Methods
Methods used in science in
gaining, organizing and
applying knowledge
Steps of the Scientific Method
 Problem – what question do you want answered?
 Hypothesis – what do you THINK the answer might be?
(an educated guess)
The hypothesis must be TESTABLE (scientists must be able
to experiment to test the hypothesis)
For example:
Atoms are the smallest particles
of matter – TESTABLE
VS
Albert Einstein is the greatest
physicist of all time – NOT
TESTABLE
Scientific Method Steps, cont.
 Prediction – what will happen if your
hypothesis is correct?
 Experiment – test your hypothesis
 Results – visually show what you learned
in your experiment (usually charts and
graphs)
 Conclusion – was your hypothesis correct?
What did you learn from the experiment?
Scientific Attitude
FACT – a close agreement by
competent observers of a series
of observations of the same
phenomenon
(EX: water freezes at 0 degrees
Celsius)
Scientific Attitude
 LAWS or PRINCIPLES – a general
hypothesis or statement about the
relationship of natural quantities that
has been tested over and over again
and has not been contradicted
(EX: Newton’s Laws of Motion)
Scientific Attitude, cont.
• THEORY – a synthesis of a large body of
information that encompasses welltested and verified hypotheses about
certain aspects of the natural world
Theories are based on facts.
(EX: Theory of Relativity, Theory of Evolution)
Science, Technology, and Society
SCIENCE deals with theoretical
questions;
it is a “way of knowing”
TECHNOLOGY deals with practical
problems; it is a “way of doing”
What do you think - Is technology good
or bad?
Science, Art and Religion
All are pathways to search for order and meaning
 SCIENCE investigates natural phenomenon
 ART is the creation of objects or events
that stimulate the senses
 RELIGION is the belief in nature’s purpose
The 3 do not exist alone.
The blending of all 3 creates diversity among scholars.
DUE TODAY:
• About science notes (KEEP-Binder)
• Hypothesis worksheet
• Reading Assignment Ch. 1-2
“Courage is not the absence of fear, but rather the
judgment that something else is more important
than fear.”
-Ambrose Redmoon
DUE NEXT CLASS:
• Syllabus contract
• Binder/dividers/CALCULATOR
• Unit folders
• Study for Safety Quiz
08 – 25 – 2011
 1) What does this safety symbol mean/
explanation?
No Open Flames- Flammable materials may be
present. Make sure no flames, sparks, or
exposed heat sources are present
 2) Where is the first aid kit located in our
lab? By the lab door in a box with a
red cross
1) Warm-Up
5 min
2) Review for Safety Quiz 10 mins
3)
What is science Notes? 15 mins
4)
Scientific Method Activity 15 min
5)
Writing a hypothesis 10 mins
6)
Basic equipment & metric
system 15 mins
Explanation of Symbols
Apron- Wear a lab apron to protect skin and clothing.
Goggles- Wear safety goggles to protect your eyes during labs that
use chemicals, flames or heating, or the possibility of broken glass.
Glassware- handle breakable materials with care. Do not handle broken
glass.
Heat-resistant gloves – Use hand protection when handling hot materials.
Do not touch hot materials with bare hands.
No Open Flames- Flammable materials may be present. Make sure no
flames, sparks, or exposed heat sources are present.
Physical Safety- When an experiment involves physical activity, take
precaution not to injure yourself or others. Alert your teacher of any reason
that you should not participate in the activity.
Explanation of Symbols
Proper Disposal- Not everything goes in the trash or sink.
Follow teacher’s directions as to where to dispose of all
materials.
Hand Washing- Wash hands thoroughly after all lab activities.
General Safety- Follow additional safety precautions given by
your teacher.
Toxic/poison- Do not let poisonous chemicals come in contact
with your skin, clothing or eyes. Do not inhale vapors. Wash
hands when you are done with the activity
What Science Is and Is NOT
- The goal of science is to investigate and understand the
natural world, to explain events in the natural world, and
to use those explanations to make useful predictions.
What Science Is
 1) science deals with the natural world
 2) scientists collect and organize information in an orderly way,
looking for patterns and connections between events.
 3) scientists propose explanations that can be tested by
examining evidence.
* In other words science is an organized way of using evidence
to learn about the natural world
Thinking Like a Scientist
 Suppose your car doesn’t work. Is it out of gas? Is the
battery dead?
How can one find out what is wrong?
FINDING ANSWERS IN THE REAL WORLD
Thinking Like A Scientist
*THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
 Observation: The car won’t move
 Question: Is the car out of gas?
 Hypothesis: The car is out of gas.
 Experiment: Put gas in the car.
 Repeat:
*Then maybe you will come to a conclusion
Thinking Like A Scientist
- Scientific thinking usually begins with an
observation.
- Observations generally involve using one’s
senses. The information gathered then is
called data.
***Observations
 Louis Pasteur used the scientific method to disprove the idea
of spontaneous generation.
 READ FROM SCIENTIFIC METHOD
Collect Data about Question
Quantitative data is data that is expressed in
numbers.
Qualitative data is descriptive and involves
characteristics that can’t usually be counted.
Quantitative vs. Qualitative
 Weight and Height are an
example of:
 The manatee seems
healthy and alert is an
example of:
***Question
 Ask a question about the problem you observe.
 Example:
 Is the car out of gas?
 Why are there ants in my glove box?
Explaining and Interpreting Evidence
 After making essential observations, researchers will
propose one or more hypotheses.
 Hypothesis – A testable statement for what was observed.
***Hypothesis
 What is a hypothesis?
 What is a guess?
 How do you know what is educated?
Question Everything.
 This book contains a lot of facts but don’t think biological
science is a set of truths that do not change.
 Science is always an ongoing process that involves asking
question, observing, making inferences, and testing
hypothesis.
***Designing an Experiment
 Asking a question.
 Forming a hypothesis.
 Setting up a Controlled Experiment
 Recording and Analyzing results
 Drawing a conclusion
Setting Up a Controlled Experiment
 Testing a hypothesis often involves designing an experiment.
 The factors in the experiment that can change are called
variables.
Ex: weather, materials, light, time, space, etc.
Controlled Experiment
 Whenever possible, a hypothesis should be tested by an
experiment in which only one variable is changed at a time.
 All other variables should be left unchanged, or controlled.
Manipulated variable / Independent variable – variable that is
deliberately changed.
Responding variable / Dependent variable – variable that
changes in response to the independent variable.
Questions
 What are the controlled variables?
 What is the independent variable?
 What would be the dependent variable?
When Experiments Are Not Possible
 Field studies – If a scientist wanted to gain a better
understanding of a particular organism in the wild then
an experiment would be impossible.
Creating an Experiment
 Get into groups of three or four and create a controlled





experiment from the observation you see below.
Observation: ?
Question: ?
Hypothesis: ?
Experiment: ? (Controlled)
Maybe Conclusion: ?
DUE TODAY:
• Hypothesis
• Simpsons worksheet
“Patience is the companion of wisdom.”
~Saint Augustine
DUE NEXT CLASS:
• Syllabus contract
• Binder/spiral/calculator
• STUDY FOR QUIZ
08 – 25 – 2011
 1) What format should a hypothesis be
written? (hint: what words do you use)
IF……, THEN….
1) Warm-Up
5 min
2) Safety Quiz 10 mins
3) Scientific method activity 10 mins
4) Simpsons WS 15 min
5) Basic equipment & metric system
 2) True or False: The independent variable
can be controlled or changed by the
experimenter.
True
15 mins
Basic Equipment and Metric System
Graduated cylinder

Used to make accurate measurements
of liquid volumes. The bumper ring on
larger cylinders is to prevent breakage
if tipped over.
Measuring the Volume of a liquid with a
graduated cylinder
 The top of a liquid in a
cylinder curves to form what
is known as a meniscus.
 Read the bottom of the
meniscus to measure the
amount of liquid in the
cylinder!
 The smaller the container
the greater the curve.
Triple Beam Balance
 The balance is named for its three "beams".
 How to use the Triple Beam Balance:
 The tares, or weights are moved to ZERO
 An object is placed on the pan of the balance
 Facing the balance
 the back beam is in 10 gram steps ( 10g – 20g – 30 g …)
 the middle beam is in 100 gram steps (100g – 200g …)
 the front beam is in 1 gram steps (1g – 2g – 3g…)
 1st move the 100g step to the next notch
 2nd move the 10g step to the next notch
 3rd move the 1g step to the next notch
 It is very important that the tares on these two beams
are in the notch for the whole number of grams and not
in between notches.
 Total mass = (100g beam) + (10g beam) + (1g beam)
Reading a Balance
Using Litmus Paper
 An acid turns blue litmus paper
red
 A base turns red litmus paper
blue.
 You should never dip the test
paper into the solution being
tested.
 Always use a glass stirring rod.
Dip a clean stirring rod into the
solution, then touch the wet
stirring rod to the paper.
 Base = BLUE
 Acid = RED
Test tube holder
 Used to hold test tubes for short periods of "gentle" heating.
Heating a Test Tube
 Never heat a closed
container
 Heat the open test tube
pointing away from you
and others
 Always heat the test tube
at an angle from the
flame.
Foundations of the
Metric System
 Based on multiples of TEN (10)
 Seven basic units
 Uses of prefix for making
numbers larger and smaller.
Basic Units
 Length = meter (m)
 Mass = gram (g)
 Time = second (s)
 Temperature = Celcius (C°)
 Volume = Liter (L)
Commonly use Metric Prefixes…
Prefix
Symbol
Factor
giga
G
109
mega
M
106
kilo
k
103
***Basic unit
m, g, s, Cº, L
10 no superscript***
centi
c
10-2
milli
m
10-3
mico
µ
10-6
nano
N
10-9
Conversions
 The superscript  tells you how many ZEROS the number
has from the decimal (.)
 Example 1:
 “kilo” (k) = 103 so…“kilo” has 3 zeros to the LEFT of the (.)
 12 km = 12000 m
 Example 2:
 “nano” (n) = 10-9 so…”nano” has 9 zeros to the RIGHT of the (.)
 3nm = .0000000003 m
 Your turn…

23 mm = ______ m
DUE TODAY:
• Safety Quiz
• Metric System notes (KEEP)
• Simpsons worksheet
“Patience is the companion of wisdom.”
~Saint Augustine
DUE NEXT CLASS:
• Syllabus contract
• Binder/spiral/calculator