1. Define two-dimensional artworks.
Has a height and width and implied
depth.
2. How are three-dimensional artworks
different from two-dimensional
artworks?
Three-dimensional works have a height,
width, and ACTUAL depth.
LIST any media that can be
used to make 3D art.
THREE DIMENSIONAL MEDIA
Wood
Clay
Plaster
Paper Mache
Wire
Metal
Fibers
Glass
Ice
SCULPTURE is the largest category of 3D
work
SCULPTURE refers to any way of creating
3D form from any available materials.
Two types of sculptures:
• sculpture in the round
• relief sculpture
THREE DIMENSIONAL MEDIA
SCULPTURE IN THE ROUND
Free standing sculpture that can be
viewed from all sides.
THREE DIMENSIONAL MEDIA
RELIEF SCULPTURE
Forms are projected
from a background. It’s
classified as low relief or
high relief according to
the degree in which it its
raised from the surface.
Lorenzo Ghiberti's cast gilt-bronze
"Gates of Paradise" at the Baptistery,
Florence.
Are relief sculptures meant to
be viewed from all sides?
THREE DIMENSIONAL MEDIA
LOW RELIEF
Only SLIGHTLY raised from the surface.
THREE DIMENSIONAL MEDIA
HIGH RELIEF
Half or more of the
modeled surface
projects out from the
background. Figures
often are undercut to
such a degree that you
can grab hold of
them with your hand.
LOW RELIEF
HIGH RELIEF
Lorenzo Ghiberti, Jacob and Esau Panel, from Gates of Parardise, 1425–52. Gilt
bronze. Collection of the Museo dell’Opera del Duomo. Image courtesy Opificio
delle Pietre Dure, Florence.
THREE DIMENSIONAL MEDIA
techniqu
MODELING es
CARVE
CAST
CONSTRUCT
Define these terms
THREE DIMENSIONAL MEDIA
MODELING
A method that
produces a
sculpture from a
pliable material
like clay, papiermâché, wax, or
plaster.
techniqu
es
THREE DIMENSIONAL MEDIA
MODELING
techniqu
es
THREE DIMENSIONAL MEDIA
MODELING
techniqu
es
THREE DIMENSIONAL MEDIA
ARMATURE
a skeletal
framework built as
a support on which
a clay, wax, or
plaster figure is
constructed.
techniqu
es
THREE DIMENSIONAL MEDIA
techniqu
CLAY MODELING TOOLS
es
You model materials by
using your hands, and
tools including metal
and wood spatulas,
wire loops on
wooden handles,
paddles, scrapers
and knives. Even
table knives, forks,
and spoons can be
useful modeling tools.
THREE DIMENSIONAL MEDIA
MODELING:
CERAMICS
When clay is
shaped, dried, and
kiln-fired to rock
hard.
techniqu
es
THREE DIMENSIONAL MEDIA
techniqu
CARVING
Plaster, wood, stone is cut away using
es
special tools to form an object.
THREE DIMENSIONAL MEDIA
techniqu
CARVING- Prehistoric Tools
es
THREE DIMENSIONAL MEDIA
techniqu
CARVING- Modern Tools
es
THREE DIMENSIONAL MEDIA
CARVING
The discovery of
BRONZE
enabled
ancient
cultures to
carve soft
stone and
wear down
hard stone.
techniqu
es
Prince Rahotep and His Wife
Nofret, c.2580 BCE. Painted
limestone. 471/4 inches tall.
CARVING
Bernini carved his marble
statue of David as a man
whose stance and expression
show attitude and purpose
What does the twisting of his
body invite the viewer to do?
What moment in the story of
David is shown here?
What does the figure’s
expression and pose suggest?
Bernini, David, post-restoration,
1623 – 24. Marble.
CARVING
WOOD carving dates back to
ancient times like stone
sculpture.
PROS
•
•
•
Softer than
stone
Fine details
Wood grain
CONS
•
•
•
Grains and
notches
Contracts and
expands
Subject to
mold and
worms
What has Elizabeth Catlett
done to help move your eye
around the sculpture?
Elizabeth Catlett, Mother and Child
#2, 1971. Walnut.
CARVING
As time
progressed, the
use of pneumatic
tools, instrument
activated by air
pressure, were
used to begin
creating carved
sculptures.
George Borglum and Sons, The Presidents, 1927 – 41. carved
granite, Mount Rushmore National Park, South
Dakota.
THREE DIMENSIONAL MEDIA
techniqu
HOW does an artist prepare to
es
create a carved sculpture?
Drawings or clay models to show what the
sculpture will look like from ALL SIDES.
THREE DIMENSIONAL MEDIA
techniqu
To make a CAST a mold is created and
es
used to create sculptures.
Lost-Wax Bronze Casting
Plastic and Plaster Casting
THREE DIMENSIONAL MEDIA
techniqu
Lost-Wax Bronze Casting
Pouring molten bronze
into
es
a mold to create a
Auguste Rodin, The Thinker, model
1880, cast 1901, bronze, 28 ½ x 14 5/16
x 23 7/16
sculpture.
The term “lost wax” refers
to the fact that the original
model made of wax is lost
during the process.
THREE DIMENSIONAL MEDIA
techniqu
Lost-Wax Bronze Castinges
As you watch the video
demonstration write down
the steps used to
complete a lost-wax
bronze cast.
THREE DIMENSIONAL MEDIA
LOST WAX CASTING
techniqu
es
1. Begin with a clay model.
2. Use clay model to create a mother
mold.
3. Pour wax into mother mold.
4. Remove mother mold- you’re left with
the wax model.
5. Refine wax
6. Create a ceramic shell.
7. Heat shell / heat metal
8. Pour metal into mold and let it cool.
9. Knock off ceramic shell.
10. Refine metal sculpture.
THREE DIMENSIONAL MEDIA
Plaster Casting
Covering a
model with
layers of
gauze or
cheese cloth
coated in
plaster.
techniqu
es
THREE DIMENSIONAL MEDIA
techniqu
Plaster Casting
es
George Segal
,
Walk, Don't Walk1976, plaster, cement, metal, painted
wood, electrical light.
THREE DIMENSIONAL MEDIA
Plaster Casting
techniqu
es
George Segal, Bus Stop,1975, plaster cast.
THREE DIMENSIONAL MEDIA
Plaster Casting
techniqu
es
George Segal, Three People on a Bench, plaster cast.
THREE DIMENSIONAL MEDIA
Plaster Casting
techniqu
es
George Segal, Street Crossing October 2003 to
February 2004 Doris C. Freedman Plaza, Fifth Avenue
& 60th Street Central Park, Manhattan
THREE DIMENSIONAL MEDIA
Plaster Casting
George Segal, Fireside Chat, bronze
techniqu
es
George Segal
THREE DIMENSIONAL MEDIA
techniqu
Plastic Casting
es
Duane Hanson’s Process
Begins as a cast of a person.
Hanson is concerned with the INSIDE of the plaster
shell he used for a MOLD. He paints a thin layer
of flesh colored polyvinyl.
Layers of fiberglass are added for support.
DUANE HANSON"Football Player" 1981
Polyvinyl, polychromed with oil, mixed
media with accessories .
DUANE HANSON“Queenie II" 1988,
Polyvinyl, polychromed with oil, mixed
media with accessories .
DUANE HANSON “Tourist II" 1988,
Polyvinyl, polychromed with oil, mixed
media with accessories .
COMPARE / CONTRAST
the work
DUANE HANSON
of
GEORGE SEGAL
PLASTER sculptures
Use the OUTSIDE
of the cast. His white
sculptures do not use a mold.
White or monochrome
figures that lack detail
and have blank
expressions.
Casts ONE figure
from life.
Fiberglass sculptures
Direct
Casting
Ordinary
poses
Used the INSIDE of
the cast for a mold.
Trompe L’oeil- deceives
the eye because of it’s
realistic qualities.
Uses MOTHER MOLDS
and has the ability to
create a new person
from them.
THREE DIMENSIONAL MEDIA
techniqu
Construction
es
Sculptures built using
traditional methods.
Welding
Nailing Wood
Crochet/Weaving
Julio González. "Monsieur " Cactus (Cactus Man I).
Iron original completed August 24, 1939
THREE DIMENSIONAL MEDIA
techniqu
es
Maciek Jozefowicz, Construction 2 : Reclining
Nude, Standing,2012.
THREE DIMENSIONAL MEDIA
techniqu
es
Street Art Crochet
THREE DIMENSIONAL MEDIA
ASSEMBLAGE
CONSTRUCTED of a
variety of
readymade
materials and
objects not intended
for art. They are the
3D version of a 2D
collage.
techniqu
es
Robert Rauschenberg, Monogram, 1955-59
ASSEMBLAGE
Louise Nevelson, Royal Tide IV, 1960. Wood and
gold spray paint, 10 ‘7”x 14” 6” x 1’10”.
ASSEMBLAGE
“When you put together
things that other people
have thrown out, you’re
really bringing them to life –
a spiritual life that
surpasses the life for which
they were originally
created.”
LOUISE NEVELSON, DAWN’S
WEDDING CHAPEL II, 1959.
Joseph Carnevale, Barrel Monster, 2009.
Joseph Carnevale
Joseph Carnevale
Joseph Carnevale
Joseph Carnevale
Sean Avery
Sean Avery
Sean Avery
RECAP:
What are sculptures like this
called?
ASSEMBLAGES
What does that mean?
Assemblages are sculptures
made from READY MADE
materials.
They’re the 3D version of a 2D
collage.
What technique is used?
MODELING
CASTING
CARVING
CONSTRUCTING