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10
American History
Day 3 - Daily Lesson
Unit I – An Industrial Nation
Chapter 5
Section 1 – the American West – Native
Americans
Before Discovery
Explorers Landing
Revolutionary War
Westward Movement
Indian Wars and Containment
Post Indian Wars
Modern Times
Before Discovery
p
Before Discovery
- 4 million Natives lived in America
- They lived in tribes or nations
- Primarily they were hunters and gatherers with some farming
- Buffalo was key to survival
- Tribes/Nations varied in their abilities and culture
"The men of every [Indian] nation differ in their dress very little from each other,
except those who trade with the Europeans, these exchange their furs for blankets,
shirts, and other apparel, which they wear as much for ornament as necessity . . . They
paint their faces red and black, which they esteem as greatly ornamental."
Treatment of Native AmericansEarly Conflicts- Disease
•
What gave the Spaniards a decisive advantage this time was
smallpox. The resulting epidemic proceeded to kill nearly half the
Aztecs.
•
Populous Indian societies in the Mississippi Valle, these societies too
would disappear. The conquistadores' germs, spreading in
advance, did everything.
•
Archeologists feel the initial number of Natives at around 20 million
when Columbus came. In the century or two following Columbus's
arrival in the New World, the Indian population is estimated to have
declined by about 95 percent.
•
The main killers were European germs, to which the Indians had
never been exposed and against which they therefore had neither
immunologic nor genetic resistance. Smallpox, measles, influenza,
and typhus competed for top rank among the killers. As if those
were not enough, pertussis, plague, tuberculosis, diphtheria, mumps,
malaria, and yellow fever came close behind.
Explorers landing
-
-
Landed in S. America first - Cortez
The Natives thought the Spanish Explorers were God’s
Northern Indians aided first settlers – The first Thanksgiving was to thank the Natives
for supplying them with food all winter.
French traded fur with Natives (beaver).
Enslaved Natives – Didn’t make good slaves (Primarily in South).
Millions if Natives were killed by disease.
As more immigrants came the Natives were pushed back further and further. A line
was drawn at the Appalachian Mountains until they ran out of room and people began
to move west. This caused problems.
Many Americans viewed Natives as savage and untamed “uncivilized”.
-
Some settlers went west to study them.
-
Treatment of Native AmericansEarly Conflicts
• King Philip's War, 1675–76, the most devastating
war between the colonists and the Native Americans
in New England. Resulted in the virtual
extermination of tribal Native American life in S
New England and the disappearance of the fur trade.
• The French and Indian Wars 1748-1760: The
American conflict, Indians fought on both sides.
Revolutionary War
- Natives fought on both sides during the war.
- Most choose the British side because the British had tried to
keep land for the Natives.
- Joseph Brandt (Thayendanegea) was a Mohawk Native that
fought for the British
- Following the war the American government established a
policy of pushing or relocating tribes beyond the Mississippi
River.
- 1820-1850 – Let Natives live on “Great American Desert”. One
big reservation. This land was not considered good enough for
White Americans.
Treatment of Native AmericansEarly Policies
Indian Removal Act- 1830
•
On May 26, 1830, the Indian Removal Act of 1830 was passed by
the Twenty-First Congress of the United states of America. After
four months of strong debate, Andrew Jackson signed the bill into
law. Land greed was a big reason for the federal government's
position on Indian removal. This desire for Indian lands was also
abetted by the Indian hating mentallity that was peculiar to some
American frontiersman.
•
To ensure peace the government forced these five tribes called the
Five Civilized Tribes to move out of their lands that they had
lived on for generations and to move to land given to them in
parts of Oklahoma. Andrew Jackson was quoted as saying that
this was a way of protecting them and allowing them time to
adjust to the white culture. This land in Oklahoma was thinly
settled and was thought to have little value. Within 10 years of the
Indian Removal Act, more than 70,000 Indians had moved across
the Mississippi. Many Indians died on this journey.
Treatment of Native AmericansEarly Policies
Trail Tears- "Nunna daul Tsuny." That translates into English as "trail
where they cried."
•
The term "Trails of Tears" was given to the period of ten years in which over
70,000 Indians had to give up their homes and move to certain areas assigned to
tribes in Oklahoma. The tribes were given a right to all of Oklahoma except the
Panhandle. The government promised this land to them "as long as grass shall
grow and rivers run." Unfortunately, the land that they were given only lasted till
about 1906 and then they were forced to move to other reservations. Cherokee,
Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek and Seminole
•
The Trails of Tears were several trails that the Five civilized Tribes traveled on
their way to their new lands. Many Indians died because of famine or disease.
Sometimes a person would die because of the harsh living conditions. The tribes
had to walk all day long and get very little rest. All this was in order to free more
land for white settlers. The period of forcible removal started when Andrew
Jackson became Presidentin 1829. At that time there was reported to be sightings
of gold in the Cherokee territory in Georgia which caused prospectors to rush in,
tearing down fences and destroying crops.
•
All of the treaties signed by the Indians as the agreed to the terms of the removal
contained guarantees that the Indians, territory should be perpetual and that no
government other than their own should be erected over them without their
consent.
Trail of Tears – 2:28
Treatment of Native AmericansEarly Policies
Seminole Wars
•
The Seminole Indians are a tribe the used to reside in Florida in the early 1800's. The
Seminole originally belonged to the Creek tribe. They became known as Seminoles
because the name means runaways.
•
The United acquired Florida in 1819, and began urging them to sell their land to the
government and to move to the Indian Territory along with the other southeasten tribes.
•
In 1832, some of the Seminole leaders signed a treaty and promised to relocate. The
Seminole tribe split at this time and fought to keep their lands. They fled into the Florida
swamps.
•
They started the Second Seminole war (1835). This was fought over the remaining land
that the Seminole had fled to. It lasted for seven years. 1,500 American men died and the
cost to the United States was $20 million. The Seminole were led by Osceola until he was
tricked by General Thomas Jessup. Osceola was seized and imprisoned by Jessup during
peace talks under a flag of truce. Osceola died in 1838 when he still in prison. After the
war, many Seminoles moved west but still a small group stayed hidden in the Florida
swamps.
The Price of Freedom
Western Indian Wars
Treatment of Native Americans1820-1850
Early policy- Treaties were
being made with Indiansjust like dealing with a
foreign nation.
1820-1850 - Push the
Eastern Indians west
across the Mississippi
River. Let Indians live on
the “Great American
Desert”. One Big
Reservation. Land not
good enough for whites
would be left to the
Indian.
Treatment of Native Americans1867-1886
• 1867-1886 - 20 years of war and containment
•
•
•
Indians would be gathered in large reservations that would
belong to them. Peacefully?
Gov’t reservation agents- some good, some inept, some
corrupt.
Government promised to supply nations with food, but
supplies were slow coming and caused starvation and
rebellion.
– Santee went on warpath-1862-no payments or even credit to
buy food.
– 1865-25,000 soldiers armed against Indians.
– 1867-1868 Peace commission - two large meeting +treaties.
100’s of treaties were made and broken by the government.
•
1871- Government stops dealing with the Indians and
Independent nations. No more treaties to be made, Indians
are wards of the state, to be dealt with by acts of Congress.
Gen. Sherman went about the task of either killing Indians
or making them beg for mercy.
Treatment of Native Americans- 1867-1886
• Twenty years of new civil warIndians vs. Whites.
– 1864- Colonel Chivington
slaughters 450 Cheyenne
– Cap. Fetterman and 92
troopers are ambushed and
killed by Crazy Horse and Red
Cloud Sioux.
• 1874- Black Hills, gold fever.
• 1876- Sioux, Crazy horse, Sitting
Bull- “Custer’s Last Stand”.
• Chief Joseph tries to flee to
Canada.
• Buffalo soldiers (blacks) were
used on the plains against the
Indians.
Chief Joseph and Nez Pierce – 4:33
Buffalo- Indians v. White man
•
•
•
1 Indian Village hunt-deaths of
dozens or hundreds of animals
(30, 60, 100, and even 600, 800,
and 1000 were reported killed)
produced fantastic quantities of
meat
24 to 28 Plains tribes had figured
out how to use the buffalo in 52
different ways for food, supplies,
war and hunting implements,
things like that.
•
•
•
Trappers and traders, people who made their
living selling meat and hides. By the 1870s,
they were shipping hundreds of thousands of
buffalo hides eastward each year: more than
1.5 million were packed aboard trains and
wagons in the winter of 1872-73 alone.
Train companies offered tourists the chance to
shoot buffalo from the windows of their
coaches, pausing only when they ran out of
ammunition or the gun's barrel became too hot.
There were even buffalo killing contests. In
one, a Kansan set a record by killing 120 bison
in just 40 minutes. "Buffalo" Bill Cody, hired
to slaughter the animals, killed more than 4,000
buffalo in just two years
military commanders were ordering their
troops to kill buffalo -- not for food, but to
deny Native Americans their source of food
Slaughter of the Buffalo and the End of the Indian
• Male Buffalo- 700-800
pounds and yielded 225400 pounds of meat
• Estimates once between
30 to 75 million buffalo in
North America, but the
great herds were reduced
to less than 300 buffalo by
1900
• By 1880, the slaughter
was almost over.
• In 1800, the best estimates
show between 30 million
and 40 million bison in the
Great Plains. By 1902,
there were approximately
750 in the entire U.S.
Buffalo
The Ghost Dance- Hope to the
People
•
The prophet who began the movement of the Ghost Dance was Wovoka, a
member of the Paiute Tribe. He was descended of a family of prophets and
Shamans. Known as a medicine man, it was said that during an eclipse of
the sun and while suffering from a high fever, he had a vision which
inspired the development of the movement known as the Ghost Dance. The
vision embodied the beliefs that inspired the followers of the movement
including that the white man would disappear from the Earth after a
natural catastrophe and that the Indian dead would return bringing with
them the old way of life that would then last forever.
•
To bring these and the other beliefs into effect, the Indians had to practice
the customs of the Ghost Dance movement and to renounce alcohol and
farming and end mourning, since the resurrection would be coming soon.
The most important practice to ensure the effectiveness of the movement
was the dance itself.
•
The dance was unlike other Indian dances with fast steps and loud
drumming. The Ghost Dance consisted of slow shuffling movements
following the course of the sun. It would be performed for four or five days
and was accompanied by singing and chanting, but no drumming or other
musical instruments. In addition, both men and women participated in the
dance, unlike others in which men were the main dancers, singers and
musicians.
Treatment of Native Americans1887-1934
1889- 1,000 out of the millions of Buffalo were left.
With food, clothing, fuel, and shelter gone the Indians
gave up.
Ghost Dance created to give the people hope.
Wounded Knee, South Dakota- Dec. 29, 1890 (200
Indian dead).
Helen Hunt Jackson’s books awakened the
whites to the plight of the Indian.
Dawes Act 1887-“Americanize” the Indian. Divide
up reservation land into 160 acre farms. 25 years later
Indians get title. Break up the tribes, destroy Indian
culture. 1887-1934 Indians lost 1/2 of their lands.
Indian Citizenship Act June 2, 1924 granted
citizenship to all Native Americans born in the
United States.
1934- Indian New Deal- rebuild tribes and culture
and population grew.
Wounded Knee
Wounded Knee
• Chief Big Foot and the Minniconjou Sioux
• The Hotchkiss gun usually refers to the 1.65 inch light mountain
gun; there was also a 3-inch Hotchkiss gun. They were intended to
be mounted on a light carriage or packed on mules to accompany a
troop of cavalry or an army traveling in rough country. Breech
loading and handled by two men.
• Hotchkiss was employed against the Nez Percés in 1877. Over the
next twenty years the U.S would purchase fifty more. They were
used in Cuba for the attack on San Juan Hill and in the PhilippineAmerican War. It was also used at the Wounded Knee Massacre.
• It fired two types of shells- one would explode on impact and send
out shrapnel. The other was a canister which would rip open at the
muzzle spraying the enemy with a fan shaped pattern of hardened
lead ½ inch balls. This projectile was used at close range.
Black Elk- on Wounded Knee
• “I do not know then how much was ended. When I look
back now from this high hill of my old age, I can still see
the butchered women and children lying heaped and
scattered all along the crooked gulch as plain as when I
saw them with eyes still young. And I can see that
something else died there in the bloody mud, and was
buried in the blizzard. A people’s dream died there. It
was a beautiful dream… the nation’s hoop is broken and
scattered. There is no center any longer, and the sacred
tree is dead.”
• Read a section of the book- “Bury My Heart at
Wounded Knee”
Code
Talkers
The American West
The Main Idea
As Native Americans gradually lost their battle for their lands in the West, settlers
brought in new enterprises—mining, ranching, and farming.
Reading Focus
• How did changing government policies lead to conflicts with Native Americans
in the West?
• How did mining and ranching influence the development of the West?
• What opportunities and challenges did farmers face on the Great Plains?
Conflicts with Native Americans
•
By the 1890s, Native American cultures were dying, and many turned to
a prophet, Wavoka, who said that through a Ghost Dance a messiah
would save them.
•
White settlers streamed into the lands of the Sioux, Cheyenne, Blackfoot,
Kiowa, and Comanche, who were known as the Plains Indians.
•
The Plains Indians did not settle in towns and did not think land should
be bought or sold, while white settlers thought it should be divided up
into claims.
•
In the mid-1800s, the U.S. government’s Indian policy changed: they
seized Native American their lands and created reservations for them to
live in.
•
Being confined to these reservations threatened the buffalo-centered
Native Americans’ way of life. The buffalo were being driven to extinction
by white settlers.
•
Tensions between Plains Indians and settlers led to a long period of
violence known as the Indian Wars.
Events of the Indian Wars
Sand Creek Massacre
•
1864: The Army
persuaded a group of
Cheyenne to stop
raiding farms and
return to their
Colorado reservation.
•
Then army troops
attacked, killing
about 150 people,
and burned the
camp.
•
Congress condemned
the actions but did
not punish the
commander.
Battle of the Little
Bighorn
• The Sioux
responded to
government
relocation by
joining other
tribes near the
Little Bighorn
River.
• Led by Sitting
Bull, they
slaughtered
General
Armstrong
Custer’s smaller
U.S. force.
Wounded Knee
Massacre
• Army troops
captured Sitting
Bull’s followers and
took them to a
camp at Wounded
Knee Creek.
• Fighting began,
and the soldiers
slaughtered 300
Native American
men, women, and
children.
• The massacre
shocked Americans
and broke Native
American
resistance.
Resistance Fades into Reservation
Life
•
In 1877, while the Nez Percé were relocated to a smaller reservation in Idaho, some
killed white settlers on the way, they fled with their leader, Chief Joseph, to Canada
where they were captured.
•
In the Southwest, the Apache were moved to a reservation in Arizona, but their leader,
Geronimo, fled the reservation and led raids on the Arizona-Mexico border for years,
until they were captured in 1886.
•
In creating the reservations, the U.S. wanted to Americanize the Native Americans, or
make them abandon their traditional culture in favor of white American culture.
•
The Bureau of Indian Affairs managed reservations, set up public schools often far
from children’s homes, and forced them to speak English.
•
The Dawes Act (1887) broke up some reservations and divided the land for people,
but the best land was usually sold to white settlers.