ASHRAE Annual Meeting
June 29, 2010
Albuquerque, NM
Energy Saving Analysis
for ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2010
Bing Liu, P.E., C.E.M. LEED AP
Senior Research Engineer
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
PNNL’s Energy Modeling Support to 90.1
Progress Indicator
Measure progress toward the 30% improvement goal in Standard
90.1-2010
Update Progress Indicator (PI) and report to ASHRAE 90.1
committee at each quarterly meeting
Energy Saving Analyses
Support subcommittees’ new proposals
Develop the building load profile spreadsheet tools for mechanical
subcommittee
DOE’s Determination
Estimate the energy savings of 90.1-2007 and 90.1-2010 as part of
DOE’s Quantitative Analysis.
2
90.1 Progress Indicator Structure
Develop prototype building models
Apply to climate zones
Generate minimally code-compliant models
for 90.1-2004, 90.1-2007, and 90.1-2010
Develop new construction weighting
factors
Calculate the national weighted energy
use intensity and energy cost index
3
90.1 Prototype Buildings - Approach
Convene the 90.1 Simulation Working Group
Representing the 90.1 subcommittees
Establish the ground rules for modeling
Review the key building modeling inputs and assumptions
Review the energy saving analysis results
Follow the 80-20 Rule to determine the prototype buildings
Generate the models for the whole building energy
Receptacle loads (office equipment, cooking appliance, refrigeration
etc)
Elevator
Exterior lighting, including façade, walk way, entry, and parking lot
4
90.1 Prototype Buildings - Source
DOE’s Commercial Reference Building Models
formerly DOE’s benchmark buildings
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/commercial_initiative/new_construction.html
Advanced Energy Design Guides
http://www.ashrae.org/technology/page/938
PNNL’s new construction drawings database
Previous research and studies
Experts reviews and inputs from 90.1 SWG and committee
members
5
90.1 Prototype Buildings
Principal
Building
Activity
Office
Mercantile
Education
Health Care
Lodging
Number of
Floors
Small office
5,500
Medium office
Heating
Cooling
1
Heat Pump
Unitary DX
53,600
3
Gas furnace
Unitary DX
Large office
498,600
12
Boiler
Standalone retail
Strip mall
Primary school
24,695
22,500
74,000
1
1
1
Gas furnace
Gas furnace
Gas furnace
Secondary school
210,900
2
Boiler
Outpatient health
care
40,950
3
Boiler
Hospital
241,410
5
Boiler
Small hotel/motel
43,200
4
Electricity
Large hotel
122,132
6
Boiler
49,500
1
2,500
1
5,500
Non-refrigerated
warehouse
Fast food
restaurant
Food Service
Sit-down
restaurant
Mid-rise
apartment
Apartment
High-rise
apartment
Warehouse
6
Floor area (ft²)
Building Prototype
Chiller, cooling
tower
Unitary DX
Unitary DX
Unitary DX
Air cooled
chiller
Unitary DX
Chiller, cooling
tower
DX
Air cooled
chiller
Primary
System
CAV
VAV w/ elect.
reheat
Secondary
System
No
No
VAV w/reheat No
CAV
CAV
CAV
No
No
No
VAV w/reheat CAV
VAV w/reheat No
VAV w/reheat Central CAV
PTAC
No
Fan-coil units
VAV w/reheat
Unitary DX
Unit heater
CAV
Gas furnace
Unitary DX
CAV
No
1
Gas furnace
Unitary DX
CAV
No
33,700
4
Gas
Split DX
CAV
No
84,360
10
Boiler
Fluid Cooler
Water-source
No
heat pump
Gas furnace
3 Office Prototypes
Large Office
Small Office
Floor area (ft²)
Number of Floors Aspect Ratio
5,500
1
1.5
WWR
Floor area (ft²)
15%
498,600
Number of Floors Aspect Ratio
12
(plus basement)
1.5
WWR
40%
1 Warehouse Prototype
Medium Office
Non-refrigerated warehouse
Floor area (ft²)
53,600
7
Number of Floors Aspect Ratio
3
1.5
WWR
Floor area (ft²)
33%
49,500
Number of Floors Aspect Ratio
1
2.2
WWR
Office area: 12%
Storage Area: 0%
Overall: 0.71%
2 Mercantile Prototypes
2 Education Prototypes
Stand-alone Retail
Floor area (ft²)
24,695
Primary School
Number of Floors Aspect Ratio
1
1.28
WWR
Floor area (ft²)
7%
74,000
Strip Mall
Floor area (ft²)
22,500
8
Number of Floors Aspect Ratio
1
NA
WWR
35%
Secondary School
Number of Floors Aspect Ratio
1
4
WWR
Floor area (ft²)
11%
210,900
Number of Floors Aspect Ratio
2
NA
WWR
33%
2 Health Care Prototypes
2 Lodging Prototypes
Outpatient Health Care
Floor area (ft²)
40,950
Small Hotel
Number of Floors Aspect Ratio
3
NA
WWR
Floor area (ft²)
20%
43,200
Hospital
Floor area (ft²)
241,410
4
3
WWR
11%
Large Hotel
Number of Floors Aspect Ratio
5
(plus basement)
1.33
WWR
Floor area (ft²)
Number of Floors Aspect Ratio
16%
122,132
9
Number of Floors Aspect Ratio
6
(plus basement)
Ground &
basement floor:
3.8
All other floors:
5.1
WWR
27%
2 Food Service Prototypes
2 Apartment Prototypes
Mid-rise Apartment
Full-Service Restaurant
Floor area (ft²)
5,500
Number of Floors Aspect Ratio
1
1
WWR
Floor area (ft²)
18%
33,700
2,500
10
Number of Floors Aspect Ratio
1
4
2.74
High-rise Apartment
Quick-Service Restaurant
Floor area (ft²)
Number of Floors Aspect Ratio
1
WWR
Floor area
(ft²)
No. of Floors
Aspect
Ratio
WWR
14%
84,360
10
2.75
15%
WWR
15%
Climate Zones
Climate Zone
11
Climate Zone Type
Representative City
1A
Very Hot - Humid
Miami FL
1B
Very Hot - Dry
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
2A
Hot - Humid
Houston, TX
2B
Hot - Dry
Phoenix AZ
3A
Warm - Humid
Memphis, TN
3B
Warm - Dry
El Paso, TX
3C
Warm - Marine
San Francisco, CA
4A
Mixed - Humid
Baltimore, MD
4B
Mixed - Dry
Albuquerque NM
4C
Mixed - Marine
Salem OR
5A
Cool - Humid
Chicago IL
5B
Cool - Dry
Boise ID
5C
Cool - Marine
Vancouver, BC
6A
Cool - Humid
Burlington VT
6B
Cool - Dry
Helena MT
7
Very Cold
Duluth, MN
8
Subarctic
Fairbanks, AK
New Construction Weighting Factors
McGraw-Hill New Construction Data by Building Type
Serial No
12
ASHRAE Prototype
Total Floor Area
(x1000 ft²)
Construction
Weights
1
Large Office
220,134
2.66%
2
Medium Office
400,091
4.84%
3
Small Office
371,009
4.49%
4
Stand-alone Retail
1,009,246
12.21%
5
Strip Mall
375,093
4.54%
6
Primary School
330,418
4.00%
7
Secondary School
685,508
8.29%
8
Hospital
228,131
2.76%
9
Outpatient Health Care
289,171
3.50%
10
Full-service Restaurant
43,650
0.53%
11
Quick -service Restaurant
38,809
0.47%
12
Large Hotel
327,562
3.96%
13
Small hotel/motel
113,837
1.38%
14
Non-refrigerated warehouse
1,105,951
13.38%
15
High-rise apartment
593,241
7.18%
16
Mid-rise apartment
484,343
5.86%
Covered by Prototypes
6,616,193
80.0%
17
No Prototype
1,649,785
20.0%
18
Total
8,265,977
100.0%
Download PNNL report on
construction weights:
http://www.pnl.gov/main/publications/external/techni
cal_reports/PNNL-19116.pdf
CBECS Type
Total Floor
Area
(x1000 ft²)
Weights
17A
Pubic Assembly
414,953
5.02%
17B
Food Sales
96,990
1.17%
17C
Other
769,423
9.31%
17D
Public Order and Safety
121,907
1.47%
17E
Religious Worship
184,143
2.23%
17F
Service
62,369
0.75%
New Construction Weights (cont’d)
1
2A
2B
3A
3B
3C
4A
4B
4C
5A
5B
6A
6B
7
8
weights
by bldg
type
Large office
0.102
0.326
0.061
0.445
0.285
0.117
1.132
0.000
0.154
0.442
0.121
0.133
0.000
0.011
0.000
3.33
Medium office
0.129
0.813
0.292
0.766
0.715
0.136
1.190
0.036
0.196
1.060
0.342
0.298
0.035
0.033
0.007
6.05
Small office
0.084
1.064
0.289
0.963
0.475
0.078
0.936
0.047
0.123
0.920
0.322
0.241
0.030
0.032
0.005
5.61
Standalone retail
0.224
2.220
0.507
2.386
1.250
0.191
2.545
0.119
0.428
3.429
0.792
0.948
0.091
0.109
0.014
15.25
Strip mall retail
0.137
0.991
0.254
1.021
0.626
0.103
1.008
0.023
0.107
1.023
0.201
0.153
0.016
0.007
0.001
5.67
Primary school
0.064
0.933
0.164
0.944
0.446
0.048
0.895
0.030
0.094
0.920
0.224
0.168
0.037
0.023
0.003
4.99
Secondary school 0.160
1.523
0.230
1.893
0.819
0.109
2.013
0.063
0.243
2.282
0.438
0.415
0.086
0.075
0.012
10.36
Hospital
0.040
0.479
0.096
0.468
0.273
0.039
0.615
0.022
0.106
0.812
0.218
0.221
0.024
0.034
0.001
3.45
Outpatient
health care
0.037
0.567
0.134
0.581
0.275
0.061
0.818
0.023
0.181
1.058
0.218
0.342
0.033
0.039
0.002
4.37
Full-service
restaurant
0.009
0.106
0.025
0.111
0.047
0.006
0.127
0.006
0.010
0.143
0.031
0.031
0.004
0.004
0.000
0.66
Quick-service
restaurant
0.008
0.092
0.020
0.102
0.063
0.007
0.089
0.005
0.014
0.128
0.026
0.025
0.003
0.004
0.000
0.59
Large hotel
0.109
0.621
0.125
0.635
0.793
0.106
0.958
0.037
0.123
0.919
0.200
0.227
0.058
0.038
0.004
4.95
Small hotel
0.010
0.288
0.030
0.268
0.114
0.022
0.315
0.020
0.039
0.365
0.089
0.107
0.031
0.020
0.004
1.72
Warehouse
0.349
2.590
0.580
2.966
2.298
0.154
2.446
0.068
0.435
3.580
0.688
0.466
0.049
0.043
0.002
16.72
High-rise
apartment
1.521
1.512
0.076
0.652
0.741
0.173
2.506
0.000
0.358
1.163
0.115
0.125
0.016
0.008
0.000
8.97
Mid-rise
apartment
0.257
1.094
0.093
0.825
0.862
0.260
1.694
0.022
0.371
1.122
0.318
0.313
0.056
0.032
0.000
7.32
13
weights
by zone 3.24 15.22
2.98
15.03 10.08
1.61
19.29
0.52
2.98
19.37
4.34
4.21
0.57
0.51
0.06
100.00
Progress Indicator – Addenda Update
90.1-2004 = baseline
90.1-2007 = 90.1-2004 + 44 addenda
June 2010 Progress Indicator
Total 108 addenda considered
44 addenda to 90.1-2004
60 addenda to 90.1-2007 (through May 2010)
4 addenda pending for approval (BB, BY, CB, CY)
90 addenda in Section 5 through 10
53 addenda have energy saving impacts
41 addenda captured in PI
12 addenda can’t be captured in PI
14
Progress Indicator Structure
Multiple ventilation standards
• 90.1-2004 refers to 62-1999
• 90.1-2007 refers to 62.1-2004
• 90.1-2010 refers to 62.1-2007
Massive simulation runs
• Each set of PI requires 1632 model runs
• 1632 runs = 16 prototypes x 17 locations x 3 Standards x 2 Ventilation Standards
PNNL’s simulation framework
• Design day to size HVAC equipment
• Annual run to calculate the energy use
• Automatic process to generate inputs and extract results from EnergyPlus models
15
June 2010 PI Summary (Same Ventilation Std)
Prototype EUI vs. National Weighted Average EUI
same OA standards
600
BaseSite Energy [kBtu/sf]
6.4%
Prototypes EUI
National
Weighted
Average EUI
Energy Use Intensity [kBtu/sf]
500
TargetSite Energy [kBtu/sf]
400
9.5%
300
200
15.7%
26.6%
26.9%
100
17.7% 17.1% 22.9%
32.3% 23.5% 24.2% 30.0%
23.6%
0
Prototype Name
16
21.7%
10.3%
11.2% 8.2%
June 2010 PI Summary (Same Ventilation Std)
Building Prototype
Energy Cost [$/sf]
90.1-2004
June2010 PI
90.1-2004
June2010 PI
Site Energy
Savings
Small office
40.0
32.9
$1.04
$0.86
17.7%
17.4%
Medium office
47.3
39.2
$1.23
$0.98
17.1%
19.9%
Large office
45.9
35.4
$1.18
$0.92
22.9%
22.1%
Standalone retail
71.2
48.2
$1.69
$1.18
32.3%
29.9%
Strip mall
75.4
57.6
$1.77
$1.34
23.5%
24.5%
Primary school
69.8
52.9
$1.59
$1.25
24.2%
21.5%
Secondary school
70.4
49.2
$1.68
$1.24
30.0%
26.2%
Outpatient healthcare
151.2
110.5
$3.56
$2.59
26.9%
27.1%
Hospital
186.5
136.8
$4.31
$3.19
26.6%
26.1%
Small hotel
69.2
62.1
$1.53
$1.36
10.3%
11.4%
Large hotel
208.5
175.8
$4.44
$3.67
15.7%
17.4%
27.4
20.9
$0.56
$0.43
23.6%
22.1%
Fast food restaurant
557.9
522.3
$10.18
$9.35
6.4%
8.2%
Sit-down restaurant
388.7
351.8
$7.50
$6.46
9.5%
13.9%
Mid-rise apartment
43.5
38.7
$1.04
$0.94
11.2%
9.7%
High-rise apartment
44.0
40.4
$1.11
$1.03
8.2%
7.3%
National-weighted
average
74.6
58.4
$1.71
$1.35
21.7%
21.4%
Warehouse
17
Site Energy [kBtu/sf]
Energy Cost
Savings
Example: Standalone Retail
Progress Indicator (Jun '10): Stand-alone Retail Energy End Use
160
Refrigeration
Humidification
140
National Weighted-Average Energy Saving: 32.3%
National Weighted-Average Energy Cost Saving: 29.9%
SWH
Heating
Cooling
120
Heat Recovery Aux.
Pumps
Site EUI (kBtu/sf/year)
Fans
100
Plug Loads
Exterior Lights
35%
Interior Lights
80
21%
24%
60
27%
34%
30%
31%
35%
24%
24%
21%
21%
40
20
0
Climate Location
18
35%
40%
20%
38%
34%
Example: Fast Food Restaurant
Progress Indicator (Jun '10): Fast-food Restaurant Energy End Use
1200
Refrigeration
Humidification
National Weighted-Average Energy Saving: 6.4%
National Weighted-Average Energy Cost Saving: 8.2%
SWH
1000
Heating
Cooling
Heat Recovery Aux.
8%
Pumps
800
Fans
Site EUI (kBtu/sf/year)
Plug Loads
Exterior Lights
8%
Interior Lights
8%
600
7%
8%
4%
6%
7%
6%
6%
4%
7%
7%
3%
400
200
0
Climate Location
19
8%
8%
7%
June 2010 PI Summary (Different Ventilation Std)
Building Prototype
Energy Cost [$/sf]
90.1-2004
June2010 PI
90.1-2004
June2010 PI
Site Energy
Savings
Energy Cost
Savings
Small office
40.3
32.9
$1.05
$0.86
18.4%
17.9%
Medium office
48.0
39.2
$1.24
$0.98
18.4%
20.5%
Large office
46.3
35.4
$1.18
$0.92
23.6%
22.3%
Standalone retail
76.0
48.2
$1.75
$1.18
36.5%
32.4%
Strip mall
80.1
57.6
$1.84
$1.34
28.1%
27.2%
Primary school
73.6
52.9
$1.65
$1.25
28.0%
24.2%
Secondary school
78.3
49.2
$1.82
$1.24
37.1%
31.8%
Outpatient healthcare
153.2
110.5
$3.59
$2.59
27.8%
27.8%
Hospital
184.8
136.8
$4.28
$3.19
26.0%
25.5%
Small hotel
72.7
62.1
$1.58
$1.36
14.6%
14.3%
Large hotel
221.9
175.8
$4.65
$3.67
20.8%
21.1%
27.4
20.9
$0.56
$0.43
23.6%
22.1%
Fast food restaurant
567.4
522.3
$10.23
$9.35
8.0%
8.6%
Sit-down restaurant
403.5
351.8
$7.69
$6.46
12.8%
16.1%
Mid-rise apartment
43.6
38.7
$1.04
$0.94
11.2%
9.8%
High-rise apartment
44.0
40.4
$1.11
$1.03
8.3%
7.3%
National-weighted
average
77.6
58.4
$1.76
$1.35
24.8%
23.4%
Warehouse
20
Site Energy [kBtu/sf]
2010 Progress Indicator Summary
Building
Type
Office
Retail
Education
Same Ventilation Standard
Building Prototype
January PI
April PI
June PI
January PI
April PI
June PI
Small office
11.3%
11.3%
17.7%
12.0%
12.1%
18.4%
Medium office
13.0%
12.8%
17.1%
14.0%
13.8%
18.4%
Large office
11.7%
11.8%
22.9%
12.8%
12.9%
23.6%
Standalone retail
18.2%
27.8%
32.3%
23.6%
32.6%
36.5%
Strip mall
17.2%
17.1%
23.5%
22.3%
22.2%
28.1%
Primary school
13.0%
19.9%
24.2%
17.9%
24.7%
28.0%
Secondary school
14.0%
26.4%
30.0%
23.6%
34.7%
37.1%
Outpatient healthcare
11.8%
11.4%
26.9%
13.0%
12.9%
27.8%
Hospital
5.8%
5.8%
26.6%
6.1%
6.0%
26.0%
Small hotel
6.1%
6.4%
10.3%
10.6%
10.9%
14.6%
Large hotel
6.7%
6.7%
15.7%
13.4%
13.4%
20.8%
14.0%
17.9%
23.6%
13.9%
17.9%
23.6%
Fast food restaurant
4.3%
4.3%
6.4%
5.5%
5.8%
8.0%
Sit-down restaurant
4.9%
5.3%
9.5%
8.9%
8.4%
12.8%
Mid-rise apartment
8.7%
8.7%
11.2%
8.8%
8.8%
11.2%
High-rise apartment
4.6%
6.2%
8.2%
4.6%
6.3%
8.3%
11.4%
14.7%
21.7%
15.1%
18.3%
24.8%
Health Care
Lodging
Warehouse Warehouse
Food
Service
Apartment
National-weighted Average
21
Different Ventilation Standard
Alternative June 2010 PI
(exclude receptacle loads in the saving calculations)
EnergySaving % 
Building Prototype
( EUIbase  EUIreceptacle)
Same Ventilation Standard EUI [kBtu/sf]
Different Ventilation Standard EUI [kBtu/sf]
90.1-2004
June2010 PI
Savings
90.1-2004
June2010 PI
Savings
Small office
Medium office
30.9
32.4
23.8
24.5
22.9%
24.2%
31.2
33.1
23.8
24.5
23.7%
25.9%
Large office
Standalone retail
Strip mall
Primary school
Secondary school
31.5
63.7
70.0
48.5
56.3
21.2
40.7
52.2
31.9
35.4
32.6%
36.1%
25.4%
34.2%
37.2%
31.9
68.5
74.7
52.3
64.2
21.2
40.7
52.2
31.9
35.4
33.4%
40.5%
30.1%
39.0%
44.9%
Outpatient healthcare
118.8
78.2
34.2%
120.8
78.2
35.3%
Hospital
Small hotel
136.6
52.1
87.4
45.0
36.0%
13.6%
134.8
55.6
87.4
45.0
35.2%
19.1%
Large hotel
173.1
140.7
18.7%
186.5
140.7
24.6%
24.9
288.5
235.9
32.6
32.7
18.4
252.9
198.9
27.8
29.2
26.0%
12.3%
15.7%
14.9%
10.6%
24.9
298.0
250.6
32.6
32.7
18.4
252.9
198.9
27.8
29.2
26.0%
15.1%
20.6%
15.0%
10.7%
58.8
42.7
27.4%
61.8
42.6
30.9%
Warehouse
22
( EUIbase  EUIreceptacle)  ( EUI Base  EUIreceptacle)
Fast food restaurant
Sit-down restaurant
Mid-rise apartment
High-rise apartment
National-weighted
average
Summary of June 2010 PI Results
Same Ventilation Rate
National-weighted
Energy Saving
23
62.1-2004
Different Ventilation Rate
90.1-2004|62-1999
90.1-2010|62.1-2007
With
Receptacle
Loads
Without
Receptacle
Loads
With
Receptacle
Loads
Without
Receptacle
Loads
Site Energy
21.7%
27.4%
24.8%
30.9%
Energy Cost
21.4%
26.5%
23.4%
28.9%
This is not the final yet…
Apply the remaining BOD-approved addenda to Final PI
(90.1-2010)
S (DX performance)
CK (Ventilation reset)
and more…
Document PNNL’s Energy Saving Analysis for 90.1-2010 and
publish as a technical report
Complete all the load profiles for all 16 prototype buildings in
17 locations
Support DOE’s 90.1-2010 Determination analysis
24
Time for Questions…
PNNL’s Building Simulation Team
Bing Liu, team lead
Bing.Liu@pnl.gov
Mike Rosenberg, Dr. Weimin Wang, Brian Thornton
Dr. Yulong Xie, Dr. Heejin Cho, Dr. Jian Zhang
Yunzhi Huang, Rahul Athalye, Vrushali Mendon
With many thanks to 90.1 Simulation Working Group
Ron Jarnagin, Drake Erbe, Dick Lord, Susanna Hanson,
Merle McBride, John Hogan, and Martha VanGeem
25