Cells
1. What is the difference in the location of
DNA in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
•Eukaryotic = DNA in the NUCLEUS
•Prokaryotic = DNA in the CYTOPLASM
2. Compare and contrast osmosis and diffusion.
•Osmosis, diffusion, and facilitated diffusion
are all passive transport (no ATP-energy)
•Osmosis requires water moving across a
membrane
•Diffusion does not require a membrane
3. A researcher wants to study photosynthesis in
an organism. What cell structures should the
researcher study?
•Chloroplasts!
4. List the organelles that are found ONLY in:
• Plant cells: chloroplasts, cell wall, LARGE
vacuole
•Animal cells: lysosomes, centrioles,
flagella/cilia
5. Water is moving from low concentration to
high concentration!
Isotonic = cell is in
equilibrium; no net
movement of water
Hypotonic = cell
expands as water
moves into the cell
Hypertonic = cell
shrinks as water
moves out of the cell
6. What is the solute and the solvent in the
pictures above.
•Solute = salt (substance being dissolved)
•Solvent = water (substance doing the dissolving)
7.
Carbohydrate chain
Hydrophilic
head
Hydrophobic
tails
Protein
Phospholipid bilayer
cholesterol
8. What does hydrophilic mean? Hydrophobic?
•Hydrophilic = water loving
•Hydrophobic = water fearing
9. What role does each play in the cell membrane:
• A. Proteins = serve as channels that control
movements of substances (facilitated
diffusion)
• C. Carbohydrate chain = helps cells identify
each other
•B. Cholesterol = stiffens membrane
10. What does it mean when a cell membrane is
“semi-permeable”?
• It doesn’t allow all substances through; only
certain substances may cross the membrane
11. What is the difference between active and
passive transport?
• Active transport = requires energy to move
substances against the concentration gradient
(substances move from LOW to HIGH)
•Passive transport = does not require energy
because substances are NOT moved against the
concentration gradient (substances move HIGH to
LOW)
12. What structure in the cell membrane allows for
facilitated diffusion to occur?
• PROTEINS (serve as channels!)
•Facilitated diffusion is still PASSIVE transport
13. State the functions of the following organelles:
a. Nucleus= controls cell activities; contains DNA
b. Mitochondria = power house/site of cellular
respiration in plants AND animals!
c. Chloroplast = site of photosynthesis- converts
sunlight into usable energy (plants only!)
13. State the functions of the following organelles:
d. Ribosomes = site if protein synthesis
e. Cell wall = holds the rigid structure of
plant cells
f. vacuoles = Storage of materials like water,
food molecules, inorganic ions, and
enzymes
13. State the functions of the following organelles:
a. lysosomes= gets rid of waste
b. Golgi apparatus = package and delivers
proteins
c. Endoplasmic reticulum = transports
materials
14. State the functions of the following organelles:
Cell membrane
mitochondria
Nucleus
chloroplast
Cell wall
Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis
•1. J. Autotrophs =Organisms that make own food
•2. A. Chloroplasts = side of photosynthesis
•3. F. Kreb’s Cycle = process occurs in
mitochondria
•4. D. Glucose = C6H12O6
•5. B. Anaerobic = does not require oxygen
•6. C. Aerobic = requires oxygen
•7. I. ADP = Adenosine diphosphate
•8. E. ATP =Energy storing molecule
•9. G. Glycolysis= glucose is broken down into
carbon molecules during cellular respiration
•10. H. Energy = the ability to do work
2. Why are plants green?
•Chlorophyll in plants
reflect green wavelengths
of light and absorb blue
and red.
•Grow best under white
light which has all
wavelengths of light!
3. What is ATP? What is the role of ATP during
photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
• Molecules that carry energy to be used in chemical reactions
• In photosynthesis, helps break down Carbon dioxide
molecules into carbon atoms that are used to make sugar
(glucose)
4. What are the two stages of photosynthesis?
•Light dependent
•Light independent (Calvin Cycle)
5. Label reactants and products of photosynthesis:
water
CO2
sunlight
ADP
ATP
O2
C6H12O6 (glucose)
6. When and why does our body use lactic
acid fermentation?
•Used when not enough oxygen gets to your
cells; uses anaerobic respiration to produce
ATP
•Lactic acid is a by-product
7. What type of fermentation causes bread to rise?
Why? •Alcoholic fermentation = because CO2 gas
is produced which makes the bread rise
8. Write the reactants and products of cellular
respiration.
•Reactants = Glucose and Oxygen (both
come from photosynthesis in plants)
•Products = ATP, water, Carbon dioxide
(CO2 gets used by plants!)
9. Label the stages of cellular respiration and identify the number
of ATP produced:
Glycolysis
Krebs
Cycle
2 ATP
Electron
Transport
Chain
34 ATP
10. Which is more effective at creating ATP,
aerobic or anaerobic respiration?
•Aerobic is more effective (produces 34 ATP
instead of 2)
Mitosis
1. What is the purpose of mitosis?
•To create two identical daughter cells
2. During what phase of mitosis does the DNA
replicate?
•Interphase!
3. List and describe the phases of mitosis in order
•Interphase = DNA replicates, cell performs
normal functions
•Prophase = DNA condenses into
chromosomes; centrioles move to opposite
ends of cells, nuclear envelop breaks apart
•Metaphase = spindle fibers align the
chromosomes in middle of cell
3. List and describe the phases of mitosis in order
•Anaphase = Chromosomes start moving to
opposite sides of the cell
•Telophase = Nuclear envelope forms
around chromosomes, chromosomes
uncoil
•Cytokinesis = Cell split into 2 identical
daughter cells
DNA
1. What is DNA?
•Genetic blueprint of life (stores genetic
information)
2. What does DNA stand for?
DeoxyriboNucleic Acid
3. What is the
monomer of DNA?
•Nucleotides!
4. What base pairs match together?
Adenine (A)  Thymine (T)
Guanine (G)  Cytosine (C)
5. What would be the complimentary strand
to this piece of DNA?
•A A T C G C A T A C C G A T =
•T T A G C G T A T G G C T A
6. What does it mean for DNA to be semiconservative?
Because each half of the original DNA strand become
part of each new DNA strand. (it is conserved!)
7. What is the result of DNA replication?
•2 new strands of DNA, each with a copy of
the original DNA strand
8. What is the function of DNA polymerase?
• Joins individual nucleotides to make a new strand of
DNA by making sugar-phosphate bonds
• Checks each new DNA strand for correctness.
9. What makes up the backbone of DNA?
•Deoxyribose sugar bonded to a phosphate group
10. Label the nucleotide:
Phosphate group
Deoxyribose Sugar
Nitrogen Base
(ex. Cytosine)
11. Label the diagram of DNA:
•1. Nucleotide
•2. Hydrogen Bonds
•3. Base pairs
•4. Deoxyribose
Sugar-phosphate
backbone