Social Studies
Unit 3:
Ancient Egypt
The Red Land was the barren desert that
protected Egypt on two sides.
The Black Land was the fertile land on
the banks of the Nile
A View of Egypt by Satellite
The Fertile Nile Valley
The Annual Flooding of the Nile
Nile Irrigation-the Shaduf
Ancient Egyptian History
Periods
Time Frame
Nile Culture Begins
Archaic
Old Kingdom
Middle Kingdom
New Kingdom
3900 B. C. E.
3100 – 2650 B. C. E.
2650 – 2134 B. C. E.
2040 – 1640 B. C. E.
1550 – 1070 B. C. E.
Late Period
Greek Ptolemaic Era
750 – 332 B. C. E.
332 – 30 B. C. E.
Roman Period
30 B. C. E. – 395 C. E.
Menes:
Unifier of Upper & Lower Egypt
3050 B. C. E.
-Pharaoh & a founding
father of ancient Egypt
Ancient Egyptian Housing
Middle Class
Homes
Peasant
Homes
Scenes of Ancient Egyptian
Daily Life
Making Ancient Egyptian Beer
Making Ancient Egyptian Wine
An Egyptian Woman’s “Must-Haves”
Mirror
Perfume
Whigs
Egyptian Social Hierarchy
Some Famous Egyptian Pharaohs
Tutankhamon
1336-1327 B. C. E.
Thutmose III
1504-1450 B. C. E.
Ramesses II
1279-1212 B. C. E.
Hatshepsut
• The first woman
pharaoh
• Responsible for
increasing trade and
spreading the
Egyptian influence
• Built a beautiful
temple at Thebes
Thutmose III
• Became pharaoh
after Hatshepsut
died
• Became wealthy
from taxes paid by
those conquered
• Organized a navy,
won victories all
over Asia
Thutmose III cont…
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Considered military genius by historians
An active expansionist ruler… 16 raids in 20 yrs
350 cities
First Pharaoh after Thutmose I to cross the
Euphrates
• Transformed Egypt into an international superpower
(Syria to Canaan and Nubia).
• Preferred tactic–subdue weaker city one at a time
• Enemies were defeated town by town
Tutankhamon (King Tut)
1336-1327 B. C. E.
• Became pharaoh at nine
• Most famous pharaoh
• Well known due to tomb found
in 1922 by Howard Carter &
Lord Carnarvon (in V. of K.)
• Died at age 18
• Some theories suggest he was
murdered, Nat Geog. suggests
infection from broken leg…..??
• Tomb had a curse
Tutankhamon (King Tut)
1336-1327 B. C. E.
• Curse created a frenzy of the news press
due to tablet saying..
“Death will slay with his wings whoever
disturbs the peace of the pharaoh”
• “Let the hand raised against my form be
withered! Let them be destroyed who attack
my name, my foundation, my effigies, the
images like unto me!”
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26 people present at the opening of the tomb, 6 had died.
22 people present at the opening of the sarcophagus, 2 died.
10 people present at the unwrapping of Tut's mummy, none died.
Tut’s trumpet
Ikhnaton
• Became pharaoh in 1372
B.C.
• Believed the sun god,
Aton, was the only god
• Took power away from
the priests and built
new temples
• His wife, Nefertiti, and
Ikhnaton gave gifts to
Aton so his rays of sun
would shine
Ramesses II
1279-1212 B. C. E.
• Often regarded as the greatest,
most celebrated, and most powerful
pharaoh of the Egyptian Empire
• Wielded military power taking Nubia and Canaan
• Recorded first peace treaty (in hieroglyphs &
Akkadian) with the Hittites
• Ramesses II Battles Nubia
Old Kingdom
vs.
Middle Kingdom
• OLD KINGDOM
• NEW KINGDOM
• Thought the pharaohs
were gods with
complete control
• Thought only the
pharaoh would live
forever
• Pharaohs were buried
in pyramids
• Thought the pharaohs
shared their powers
with other officials
• Thought all people
would live forever
• They mummified all
people and buried
them in tombs in the
cliffs
The New Kingdom
1600 B.C.
• Strong pharaohs
ruled, with control
of the people of
Egypt
• Strong army
• Egyptian influence
spread down into
Africa
• Schools were built
• Religion changed
• Money was spent to
build temples,
palaces, and
statues in the
capital city of
Thebes
Egyptian Nobility
Egyptian Priestly Class
Egyptian Scribe
Papyrus  Paper
Hieratic Scroll Piece
Papyrus Plant
Egyptian Math & Draftsmenship
1
10 100 1000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000
What number is this?
Champollion & the Rosetta Stone
Hieroglyphic
“Cartouche”
• A cartouche was an oval circle with a
name written in it, rather like a
nameplate.
• In the early days of ancient Egypt, a
cartouche was attached to the
coffins of kings and queens.
• Egyptians believed that you had to
have your name written down
somewhere, so that you would not
disappear when you died.
Hieroglyphics “Alphabet”
24 “letters” + 700 phonetic symbols
Egyptian Creation Myth
The Goddess Nut
Egyptian Gods & Goddesses:
“The Sacred ‘Trinity’”
Osiris
Isis
Horus
Preparations for the Underworld
ANUBIS weighs the dead
person’s heart against a
feather.
Priests protected your
KA, or soul-spirit
Materials Used in Mummification
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Linen
Sawdust
Lichen
Beeswax
Resin
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Natron
Onion
Nile Mud
Linen Pads
Frankinsense
Preparation for
the Afterlife
Egyptian Mummies
Seti I
1291-1278 B. C. E.
Queen Tiye, wife of
Amenhotep II
1210-1200 B. C. E.
Ramses II
1279-1212 B. C. E.
Journey to the Underworld
The dead travel on
the “Solar Bark.”
A boat for the
journey is provided
for a dead pharaoh
in his tomb.
Egyptian Book of the Dead
The Final Judgement
Anubis
Horus
Osiris
Shabtis: The Pharaoh’s Servants
in the Afterlife
Stepped Pyramid at Saqqara
“Bent” Pyramid of King Sneferu
Giza Pyramid Complex
Plan of the Great Pyramid
of Khufu
The Valley of the Kings
Archaeologist, Howard Carter (1922)
Entrance to King “Tut’s” Tomb
King Tutankhamon’s Death Mask
1336-1327 B. C. E.
King Tutankhamon
King Tutankhamun’s Tomb
Treasures From Tut’s Tomb
The Valley of the Queens
1473-1458 B. C. E.
Temple of Queen Hatshepsut
Ankhenaton: First Monotheist?
1352-1336 B. C. E.
The Ankh – The “Cross” of Life
Queen
Nefertiti
Abu Simbel:
Monument to Ramses II
1279-1213 B. C. E.
Who Are These Strange People?
Routes of the “Sea Peoples”
The end of the Bronze Age!
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Ramses II", who reigned for 67 years during the 19th dynasty of the 12th century BC, was known as "Ramses the Great".
His glories surpassed all other Pharaohs, and Egypt reached an overwhelming state of prosperity during his reign. Not
only is he known as one of Egypt's greatest warriors, but also as a peace-maker and for the monuments he left behind all
over Egypt. He was the first king in history to sign a peace treaty with his enemies, the Hittites, ending long years of wars
and hostility. The treaty can still be considered a conclusive model, even when applying today’s standards.
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Who are the Hittites?
Their rise and hostility with Egypt: The Hittites were a minor nation in Anatolia, who started to penetrate peacefully east
and west through monopolizing political power in the Near East. By the second millennium BC, they became a great power
that finally replaced the Babylonian state around 1530 BC. They started challenging the Egyptian Empire during its decline
under the reign of Akhen-Aton (18th dynasty). International correspondence from the Asian princes in Palestine and Syria
(known as the Amarna Letters) were sent to Akhen-Aton and his court requesting help, and warnings of the Hittites
growing influence. The pharaoh unfortunately neglected them and never replied. This resulted in Egypt loosing control
over considerable territory in Syria when aggressors, aided by the Hittites, invaded. After the death of Akhen-Aton, and the
murder (or death) of his successor Tut-Ankh-Amon, his wife (and Akhen-Aton’s daughter), "Ankh-Esenpa-Aton", attempted
a diplomatic coup with the Hittites. In order to secure her position, she sent a secret letter to their king asking him for a son
whom she could marry and make pharaoh. As this offer was astounding, the king suspected treachery and sent an
ambassador to test the queen’s true intentions. In response to her assurance, the king sent his son. However, he was
captured and murdered by the Egyptian commander of the army, Horemheb (who later became pharaoh). Hostility
between Egypt and the Hittites was further augmented.
The war between Egypt and Hatti:
With the rise of the 19th dynasty in Egypt, "Seti I" began to reestablish Egypt’s power in the Near East. Within the first two
years of his reign, he was able to restore all of Palestine and the city of Kadesh to Egyptian control. Afterwards, a shortlived truce was signed between the two empires.
During the reign of Seti I's son, "Ramses II", advances were made against Syria that reached Kadesh one more. The
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