th
Hierarchy/
Government
Maya/Inca/Aztec Aztec
Kings Nobles – The king was one of the most important people in the empire. His palace contained 3,000 slaves, an aviary
(300 slaves helped), and a zoo. (300 save for). His giant responsibilities were too big for him to do alone, so he had tax collectors and nobles to help.
Priests and warriors –
Warriors were very important for the society.
They would fight in wars and would conquer new lands to gain more money, and also find sacrifices to preform ceremonies.
Priests would keep the calendar for ceremonies, pass down history and
Religion(s)/
Impact on Today
Aztec Religion –
Like the Mayans, the
Aztec was polytheistic.
They would have sacrifices and bleeding to please their gods. They would sacrifice one’s heart to the rain god.
Over 10,000 people were sacrificed each year.
Maya Religion –
They believed that the gods influenced daily life.
There were many gods and goddesses who would impact life, with of the most infamous being the sun god. The people thought that you would need to give blood to prevent accidents. For special occasions, they gave more blood.
Sometimes, they even made human sacrifices at
Trade/
Economy
The Inca’s economy was mainly based on trade and also services. Since they didn’t have many valuable things as their taxes they had to use their own crops and they also had to send some of their crops to the king.
Everyone put a lot of effort and teamwork on everything, even the King would help and work on the streets, and the only people that didn’t have to work were very old people and very young kids.
Everyone else that did have to work
Achievements
Nothing
Key people
Nothing
Summary
For all of
Aztec, Inca, and Maya each had had a society of people with different roles that helped make theses time periods prospered.

stories, and preform ceremonies (and sacrifices).
Craftsmen and artisan –
Merchants and artisans usual became rich as they sold and traded their objects to other people and leaders and priests.
Farmers and slaves-
Most citizens were farmer, and lived a rough life. They had to live in mud and stick houses, and had to pay rough taxes that made it hard to survive. Life improved if you joined the military. Slaves would be the powerhouse of the empire, and were prime contestants for sacrifices.
Maya
Higher Class – Priests,
Merchants, and Warriors.
Lower Class-
Farmers, and usually they had to serve in the army. the temples. Human victims (usually slaves) would have their hearts cut out and offered to the gods. They thought that there was an underworld and a godly place. Everyone had an animal companion, where the kings would have a Jaguar.
Inca Religion
They never forced their conquered people to worship their religion.
They would perform ceremonies for the sun god, and would try to tie down the sun to stop it from disappearing in winter. They thought that the kings were related to the sun god, so they never died. either had to be a noble, do farming, or mining.
Trade- the Inca’s most important valuable trading item was cloth.
Cloth was very important item because it was very hard to produce it.
Some other trading items that they used were ropes, llamas, pots, old, and silver. Inca’s didn’t have a money system so therefore they only traded. They had to give away 2/3 of their food supplies to the nobles and gods, and whatever they had left been just for their personal use.
Mayan Economy and Trade
The Mayan economy was

Leader – Lead religious ceremonies, military, and wore fancy clothes. The people considered him a god.
Inca
Higher Class – The upper class would help make the empire run, and had servants and no taxes. The women however, would have the duties on the other women.
Lower Class
There were no slaves in the society. Most people were farmers and artisans. They were the army, paid taxes, and wore plain clothes, unbelievably, by law. They were self-educated. They however, would not be able to own more than they needed. mainly based on agriculture. They didn’t use money, but they didn’t always use trading as their way of surviving because to them it was very valuable just like money is now to us.
Trade- they had a few valuable items that they liked to use for trading, some of these items were: Cacao, seeds, salt, and gold. All these items symbolized that they were from the upper class.
Aztec Economy and Trade
The Aztec economy was based on agriculture and trade. All Aztecs used all the land

that there was available. They used the land to practice their techniques, like cropping rotations and things like the
Chi Nampa farming system, which is lots of reeds placed in a lake, then covered up with lots of soul and then used when ready.
Trade – Aztecs didn’t use money either. They also traded Cacao beans which was their most important item in their trading items, because a lot of people need it to make Chocolate.
There were several groups of merchants that traded items such as cotton, clothing items made from animal bodies

China in the
Middle Ages
King/Emperor: in charge of political and religious business/appointed inspectors, tax collectors, and other people to carry out hid rule
Nobles: granted land by emperor to oversee/kept land “in check” and in order.
Scholars: well-educated men/hired by emperor to settle minor legal disagreements/constitution was needed by officials to help govern local areas
Merchants: sold goods throughout China and to other countries/many used
Silk Road to transport goods.
Farmers: grew rice/human manure to fertilize crops
(due to lack of animal manure)/ helped increase
China’s population.
The Chinese had many religions and still do.
Although in the middle ages there were a few larger ones. These religions included the philosophic Confucianism, the polytheistic religion of
Hinduism and the enlightenment of
Buddhism. Many of the religions in china came from different cultures and countries like
Hinduism and Buddhism others were formed in
China like Daoism and
Confucianism later when the nomads arrived religions like Islam came.
Confucianism is an ethical belief based on Morales like honesty and integrity along with knowledge and etiquette, Respect and generosity, all of these are character traits of an ideal follower of Confucianism.
Daoism or “following the way” or the ultimate truth
(feathers, jaguar skins), and jewelry which they traded for rubber.
Used slaves to create Grand
Canal, which
In Medieval China, the Chinese were able to advance warfare.
The hand grenade changed helped link
North and
South China/ improves trade and tourism
Used Silk Road to transport goods throughout
China and other countries as well like
India, Greece, and countries in Europe.
Traded silk, jade, ivory, gold, horses, spices, and many other things. warfare by introducing a bomb that was able to be thrown by an ordinary soldier. Dominoes were invented during the Ming
Dynasty.
The fragmentation grenade was designed to send pieces of shrapnel flying in any direction.
The fragmentation grenade was filled with pellets or broken porcelain. IN addition to the fragmentation grenade, the land mine was introduced during the
Song Dynasty. The mine was activated when the charge was moved. Dominoes were invented during the Ming Dynasty.
Dominoes were played as a game.
Nothing In China there where a lot of religions that helped shape the people from that time period.
China was a place of discipline and meditation.
To learn the ways of different religions that taught people moral values.

Slaves: slaves committed suicide or were killed to go to afterlife with
Emperor/either paid in taxes for Emperor or worked (and farmed)/captured from war. of the universe. It was created by Laos a Chinese philosopher. It didn’t really flourish until 100
A.D. though. Daoism is a believe that all should be
“one” with mother nature, or the universe. Unlike
Buddhism Dualist’s believe that life should be lived with happiness, balance, and virtue, and that life was a gift. On the other hand Buddhist’s think that life is suffering. Daoism believe that the highest achievement possible for them is immortality.
Through breathing, meditation, and good deeds along with the use of elixirs they believed that they could actually become immortal, and help others on their
“path”. While early
Daoism priests were searching for an exile it is believed that they actually created gun powder.
Buddhism is a religion without god although in later years they started looking at Buddha as a

Medieval Japan Nothing deity Buddhism was originated after Hinduism and is a “journey” of selfenlightenment. Buddhism is how to be enlightened and how to enjoy life one earth.
The most well-known religions in Japan during the middle ages were
Shinto and Buddhism.
The Buddhism religion started in China and spread to Japan. This religion believes in an afterlife. Most of the temples where the people worship were built by priests. They also have the largest statue of
Buddha located in the
Today temple. Buddhism teaches people to find peace, self-control, and to lead a better life. One of the ways they do this is by meditation which is also used by many people all around the world, even today. They also had Pure land
Buddhism which turned into a lot of things. They believed in a lord named
Nothing Some of the many achievements were art, and writing. Many of the women were taught to write,
Japanese, not Chinese. Only men in Japan that were involved in politics were able to learn both
Chinese and Japanese. Some of the greatest achievements were in art, science, and literature.
Nothing Japan, just like China was also of time of many religions such as Shinto and
Buddhism.
Also it was a time (like others) where women weren’t given many opportunities and options as men.

Fall of Rome Nothing
Amide, which was a
Buddha of love and mercy.
The Romans had a polytheistic religion. They were very much like the
Greeks, after the Romans took over Greece they took much from them.
The Greeks highly influenced the Romans, even though they were enemies. It is even believed, actually highly believed, that all gods and goddesses the romans believed in were the same as the Greeks.
The difference between the two religions was that they had different names, and somewhat harsher personalities.
Nothing One of Rome’s greatest achievements was their military.
They are also known as the creators of hot aqueduct, the road, the aching bridge, the great bathhouses, the theaters, and their cities. Achievements on its own, but the achieved almost total power. The Romans had a vast empire that lasted over 200 years, and that’s just a great. They also came up with a system of morals called the 12 tablets; they were engraved into 12 plates of bronze.
The Romans invented a system of roads, sidewalks that allowed people and carts to get to places without getting their feet wet or getting stuck in places. The
Romans were responsible for the formation of the famous aqueducts that span miles just to get wear to a city. The Romans used these aqueducts to take water to their crops and to their bathhouses in the cities. The
Romans invented the arch. The
Arches helped thermos make etiquettes walk ways, and over
Diocletian:
(die-uh KLEEshun) (c.245c.316) Roman emperor, he divided the
Roman Empire in to eater nans western halves.
Constantine:
(KAHN-stunteen) (c. 280-
337) Roman emperor, he was the first
Roman emperor to become a
Christian.
Constantinople moved the
Empire’s capital from
Rome to
Constantinople and removed bans on
Christianity.
Clovis: (c.466-
The Fall of
Rome was a time of where the people believed in
Greeks gods and goddesses.
The gods would help the Greeks understand the role of nature and the world around them.
For example there are many stories
(Greek stories) that mention the life about a specific god and how in certain times they made rain pour or how they make winter

Ghana/Mali Nothing The religion in the
Empire of Ghana was the religions, Islam and
Christianity, The
Ghanaian people actually had freedom to choose
Nothing hangs that make things more aesthetic around the city. The
Romans used these arches in their bathhouses, and their homes. The
Romans were also responsible for the formation of the dome. The
Romans used these domes on their church’s, their theater, and their coliseums.
Ghana: Because of so many people coming from different places (cause is gold), Gina’s rulers decided to force taxes on new people coming. Every trader who entered Ghana had to pay a
511) King of the
Franks, he was a Christian leader who was one of the most powerful rulers of the
Germanic barbarians.
Attila: (AT-hulluh) (c.406-453)
Leader of the
Huns, he led invasions of
Constantinople,
Greece, Gaul, and northern
Italy and was greatly feared by the Romans.
Augustus:
Augusta’s was the first emperor of
Rome.
Almoravids- was a group which attacked
Ghana in the
1600s; they attacked so evolve in to spring. They are stories of how things come to be.
These where the times when religions like
Islam and
Christianity

whichever religion they wanted to be in. If people had difficulties coping they were able to pray to God or Allah.
Since the people in the
Empire had 2 religions they ended up splitting into two. They split their country into which was
Islam VS Non-Islam which created a big commotion.
The Religion in the
Empire of Mali was Islam, the reason why was because there was a lot of Muslims in the Empire of Mali. Since the spread of Islam throughout the
Empire of Mali, which got blended with traditional and local practices which were done every day, this was called the mixing phase. Mansa Musa spread the Islam religion by building mosques and
Islamic buildings. These buildings were building of learning or funded.
Mansa Musa preached the Islam faith on his journey to and from special tax on the goods he carried, And then he had to pay another tax on any goods he took with him when he left.
Ghana: Ghana’s kings used their great wealth to build a powerful army. With this army the kings of
Ghana conquered many of their neighbors. Many of these conquered areas were center of trade. Taking over these areas made Ghana’s kings even richer.
Ghana: The trade they had in
Ghana was very advanced.
Mali: Syndicate had a new farmlands cleared for beans, onions, rice and other crops. He even introduced a new crop to
Mali – cotton. People used cotton to make clothing that as comfortable in the warm climate.
Realizing its value, they also sold cotton to other people.
Mali: Mansa Musa was a king and he was very powerful, with very many followers. that they can force the leaders to convert to
Islam.
Tonka Main- the Empire of
Ghana reached its peak under his command.
He was the king of the Empire and he had a splendid court where they displayed the vast wealth of their empire.
He ruled during
C 1068. His kingdom was visited by
Muslim writers.
Syndicate
(Syndicate
Keita) – was the founder of the Empire of
Mali, he was a hero of the
Mandingo people of the came around.
Many traditions and practices were mixed and connected with the religion of
Islam called the mixing phase; this must have been a huge part of this period.

Mecca. West Africa. He was born in
1217 and died in 1255.
Mansa Musa -
He was the tenth Mansa which means
“kind of kind” or “Emperor” from the
Malian Empire, because of him
Mali reached the height of its wealth, power, and fame in the
1300s.
Meghan (Son of Mansa
Musa) – After
Mansa Musa died his son took over the throne, though he was a weak leader who ended up causing trouble for Mali which weakened it.

Rise of Islam Islamic government is more difficult than our govern mint. The Islamic government is not a tyranny, where the head of state can deal with the people’s life. The government is based on the approval of laws. The difference in Islamic government is that there constitutional ways are much different the
America’s. They have
Representatives that live up to there stands and help out in the Islamic
Government the government is much stricter in Islam because of their religion and beliefs.
Islamic rules run by the rule in the Qur’an not by rules maze by a ruler.
Government foot he
Islamic is in a contrast of republic or constantitutional monarchy. Since Islamic
Government is a government law, the rulers knowledge of the Qur’an rules. Its tradition and it is necessary to have the ruler
The Islamic religion is one of the fastest growing religions in the world.
Islamic is a monotheistic religious tradition that developed in the Middle
East in the 7 th century.
The kids study this religion for homework it’s like church so basically church school.
Their religion was founded on the teachings of Prophet Muhammad as an expression. Their religion basically meant: surrender” and
“submission.” The two divisions within the Sunni and Shi’a, each of which claims different means of maintaining religious authority. One of the things that unique about the Islam religion is there five Pillars.
Islamic economy has been the same through tradition. The economy is formed to keep
Islam at the top of its charts and to make it the best it can be.
The economy forms around the moral teachings of the
Islamic behavior.
The consideration of the Islamic economy is ordering supplies and money so none is loss of what they need most.
The liabilities for the economy are mainly focused on the Qur’an and their religion because what they believe in is that they need a lot to keep a date economy
Medicine: the Islamic culture was one of the best to heal wounded people they had different types of medicine for different types of wounds.
Scholars: the Islamic school is e one of the best for their religion they had went to the churches where they had the book of their religion. It was one of the best schools back then.
Paper mail: Was a mail route taken around the whole city this route took about the whole day depending on the size of the town or city.
Art: the art back then was very detailed and much abraded by the young and old citizens.
Literature: the school focused on main thing, literature that was the information that they had to teach for days.
Muhammad was born in
Mecca in 570.
His parents and grandfather died when he was young, so he uncle took care of him. He traveled in his caravan business. Upset at the decreasing moral values in
Mecca, he began to go to a cave to meditate.
According to teachings, at age 40, an angel visited him, telling him to spread the word of god.
He only told his wife at first, but eventually began to tell more people.
The message he spread was basis of the
During this time, there was an
Islamic government which had a different way of ruling. This government was led by approval of laws and also there way are stricter.
During this period one of the achievements was the paper mail.

and people know all the rules of the Qur’an. As long as the government rules are not broken the Islamic lives will be alright. rather than having little and not enough to keep a great economy for the people’s lives. religion Islam.
Muhammad is considered a prophet by people who follow Islam,
Muslims. The messages
Muhammad received were collected in the holy book of
Islam, the
Qur’an. Many were upset at
Islam for challenging old religious ideas.
They threatened him, so he and his followers left for Medina.
He became very popular there, and more became
Muslims.
Eventually they fought over mecca, and
Muhammad and his followers won.

He died in 632 in Medina, soon after
Mecca became
Islamic.
Fatimah was
Muhammad’s daughter. She left with
Muhammad to
Medina. She marries
Muhammad’s cousin, Ali, and her sons and she began the
Fatimid
Dynasty, those related directly to Muhammad.
Her husband was the organ of the split between the
Sunni and Shia
Muslims, where some wanted Ali as the leader and other didn’t.
Abu Bark was the next Islamic

leader after
Muhammad’s death. He was she first caliph, the title foot he highest position in
Islam. He conquered many lands during his rule.
His made
Arabia and unified Muslim state.
Mehmet II was a military leader of the
Ottomans. He used cannons to capture
Constantinople.
He renamed it
Istanbul and turned the church, Hagias
Sophia in to a mosque.
Akbar was an emperor of the
Mughals, a group of

Medieval Europe Mine Group
Turkish
Muslims form
Central Asia.
He conquered many lands in
India for the empire; he began a tolerant religious policy.
He got rid of taxes on other religions and invited Hindus to the empire.
This helped unify the empire.
1. Marco Polo-
He was a merchant traveler, who traveled in
Central Asia and China and wrote down many things to show the
Europeans about Central
Asia and China.
He was a man of discovery and new

things.
2. William Tell -
He was a folk hero from a
15 th century
Swiss chronicle in Switzerland.(
Popular in books)
3. Thomas
Becket – He was an
Archbishop of
Canterbury form 1162 to
1170/ He was a man who believed in “the rights and privileges of the Church” and in believing so was murdered by that. He stood up for what he believed in!
4. Jack Cade –
He was the leader of the
Jack Cade

Rebellion, a rebellion in
1450. He and other weren’t happy about how weak King
Henry VI ruled.
He and 5,000 others kicked out the king and won. The rebel group was successful in the capture of London until defeated in a battle at
London Bridge.
With Cade standing up for what he and others thought of the king that showed the importance of you stand up for what you think is right.
5. Dante
Alighieri –
(1265-1321)
Italian poet of
Divine Comedy,

Renaissance King: Last, but arguably the most important was the king, now the king governed all of his money for the kingdom.
Royal Advisers: Next we’re the king’s royal advisors, they had advised the king, and got plenty of money for having the eking make good choices.
Most people back in this time were catholic, and this religion led up to modern
Christian/Catholic religion and it inspired most of man’s greeted achievement.
Cities grew and prospered during the
Renaissance and rulers learned to tax the people.
Trade grew in the cities and states. Trade was big in the
Renaissance.
Italian cities became trade
There are many achievements during the time of hot renaissance. Some such in the study of art, literature, and architecture. Some even in the sciences and in medicine.
Mona Lisa: Painted by Leonardo
Da Vinci, the Mona Lisa is one of the most famous paintings known throughout the world by many.
Sistine Chapel: A very famous chapel made and designed by is known to be
“the greatest literary work composed in the Italian language and masterpiece of literature.” He is important because his talent for writing is something so extravagant that it needs to be known about. He has talent that was thought as a work of art.
Leonardo Da
Vinci- Not unusual for him to start something and not finish it, remembered for art although did not do many. He created Mona
Lisa and The
Last Supper. He
This period was where art and literature flourished.
There were a lot of men who had the talent for art and literature that influenced and is taught

Land owners: Next up we’re the land owners, they had large amounts of land, and they loved their money’s and never made a good deal.
Merchants: Next up we’re the merchant, now they were pretty high up in the food chain, they sold products and worked mainly for money, and most of these people were rich.
Farmer: The nest in these groups was the farmers, the people who made everyone’s food, although they did a ton of work, they were still counted pretty low. This was the second lowest group on this government.
Peasant: Imagine this as a pyramid, just like the food groups, each section decides on size, peasants are at the bottom of the groups, and there were hundreds of them in that time. So in that way, the centers. Rivers were a big thing in trading. They used the rivers to send goods back and forth.
The Danube,
Rhone, and
Rhine rivers became great trade routes.
Family fortunes were made in
Florence in banking and industry.
Michelangelo.
Theatrical Plays:
Most famous. Because of hot plays mad eBay William
Shakespeare, like the play
“Romeo and Juliet” and
“Macbeth.”
Medicine:
The first women body was dissected and this changed everyone’s views on the female body and now anatomy is part of western medicine.
Moorgate: Made by the famous poet Luigi Public. This is his most famous poem. This poem is an epic poem. was also an inventor. He created the helicopter, submarine, conveyor belt, and the glider.
Michelangelo
Buonarotti -
Remembered for painting of
Ceiling of
Sistine Chapel and sculpture
Statue of David and Sculptor of
Pieta, also known for architectural design of Saint
Peters
Cathedral.
William
Shakespeare-
He was from
England. He wrote plays such as
Macbeth,
Romeo and
Juliet, and A
Mid Summers today. For example
William
Shakespeare wrote
“Romeo and
Juliet” which is now studied and performed in schools all around the world.

peasants had the largest group, although they were the lowest people of that time.
Reformation Nothing
Nothing

Night.
Johann
Gutenberg –
Invented the printing press in the 1450’s, and the first book to ever be printed was a
Latin Language
Bible, printed in Germany.
Baldassare
Castiglione - He was a
Renaissance writer. He was remembered for, “The Book of Courtier.” He wrote about the ideal women and the ideal man.
Nothing During the
Reformation people thought that the teachings of being a
Roman
Catholic



wasn’t right they converted to believing in the way of the Lutheran
Church. This gears where changed by
Martin Luther
(not Martin
Luther King
J.R.).

Scientific
Revolution
The Scientific Revolution influenced changes within the government system and how people acted and how it could be changed over time. Sir Isaac
Newton believed that if all people had the same laws to follow, then all people would be equal.
Scientists argued that they could improve their lives and their societies they lived in as well.
Scientists believed that if they changed the government, then they could improve the society. Scientist’s logic and reasoning made new democratic ideas and thoughts in Europe.
People discovered that laws governed nature, and later discovered it can be used to govern human behavior in
In the 16th and 17th century science really exploded. The scientific method was born during this era. Copernicus,
Vesalius, Kepler,
Galileo, Harvey, and
Newton were big icons in the scientific revolution and really changed the world with their discoveries.
Religion got in the way of their scientific discoveries. Catholic churches scientific doctrine came from pagan Greek philosophy. The
Aristotelian physics had the idea that there were only 4 elements, fire, earth, air, and water. He also believed that all light bodies rise up, and all heavy bodies fall down. When Galileo
Trade: Trade between Europe,
Africa, and the
Americas
Goods sent from
Europe to Africa
– cotton, weapons, and liquor.
Goods sent from
Africa to the
Americas-slaves
(This part of the triangle was called THE
MIDDLE
PASSAGE)
Goods sentfmor the e Americas to Europe –

For about 1,400 years, people believed that the Earth was in the center of the universe. Then one person (Nicolas Copernicus) had a revolutionary theory that the
Earth was not in the center of the universe.
The Scientific Method, a step by step procedure on preforming experiments, as well as other scientific research. Observation and experimentation are the main principles of science today.
Christopher Columbus sailed across the ocean in hopes of researching Asia by traveling west, but discovered North
America instead. The people during this time thought that it was a huge discovery and achievement.
Nicolas
Copernicus
(1473-1543) is important to the Scientific
Revolution because he was the first to propose that
Earth was not the center of the universe.
Johannes Keller
(1571-1630) was the founder of celestial mechanic and the first explain planetary motion.
During the time of the
Scientific
Revolution there were many people like Galileo who studied the stars and found interesting facts make achievement made during this time period like the telescope.

societies.
Galilei invented the telescope he discovered that everything in the solar system revolves around the Sun. It went against the belief that the Earth is the center of the universe. Putting his discovery out to the public could have put him in jail or brought him to death.
cotton tobacco, sugar, and molasses.
Economy:
Coins have a fixed value meaning for the first time. This means that money is worth the same amount no matter where you try to spend it. This encourages international trade and banking.
Joint-stock owners raised money by selling stock in a company.
Investors bought the stock and became coowners and shared in the profits. The raised large
The telescope was invented in
1608, which allowed Galileo to make astonishing discoveries in space.
The Barometer was invented. It is a scientific tool used to measure air pressure.
Galileo Galilee
(1564-1642) was important to the Scientific
Revolution because he invented the telescope which he used to disprove the
Christian belief that the Earth is the center of the universe.
Rene Descartes
(1596-1650) was shot first to describe the physical world in terms of matter and motion.
Isaac Newton
(1642-1727) proposed universal gravitation and the laws of motion.

sums of money from investors to finance exploration.
Renaissance was significant in establishing a base for many modern sciences as well as challenging the power of the
Church. Religion, superstition, and fear were replaced by reason and knowledge.
Brilliant minds started to question all manners of things, and it was this
Scientific
Revolution which turn formed the foundations of all modern sciences. Many of these new ideas

Age of
Exploration
Page didn’t load Page didn’t load contradicted previous ideas that had been supported by the church.
A long, long time ago, the world was a very different place.
It was something like a giant jigsaw puzzle, only that the pieces were not fitted together.
In those days,
Europeans could only travel to
Asia via the Silk
Road, which was used by Marco
Polo in the 13th century and the
Americas were still not found!
Then, things began to change in a big way in the early 15th century. It’s the beginning of the
Age of Discovery or the Age of
Exploration.
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Christopher
Columbus
He was born in
1451 and died in 1506. He was one of the world’s greatest sailors and explorers of all time and was a key person and founder in the
Age of
Exploration. In
1492,
Christopher explored the
New World and had created a bond between
Europe to the
Americas. His discoveries supported the globe and sparked the
Age of
During this time period explores like
Christopher
Columbus sailed in finding new lands. Also during this time, the world was different like it could from into a puzzle.
(Little did the people back then know that those puzzles together formed pangea.)

Around that time, the great powers of
Europe were the
Portuguese and the Spanish.
They were the masters of the ocean with big ships and big ideas of discovery. To find spices, gold, and silver, they raced to find a sea route to
Asia. From 1418,
Henry the
Navigator of
Portugal sponsored an expedition to explore the coast of Africa on the Atlantic.
In 1488, they reached the
Indian Ocean, opening the way to Asia. Not to be left behind, the Spanish monarchs sponsored
Exploration and his vision and courage altered the course of history.
Ferdinand
Magellan
He was born in
1480 and died in 1521... He was born in northern
Portugal and he served King
Charles I of
Spain in search of the best westward route to the
"Spice Islands".
He was the first expedition leader to sail from the
Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific
Ocean. Also in crossing the
Pacific. His expedition was the first to circumnavigate

Christopher
Columbus’s expedition in
1492 with the aim to reach the
Indies by sailing west. Upon crossing the
Atlantic,
Columbus ended up discovering the Americas, a large, unexplored continent with lots of gold, silver, and many other things. The
Europeans called it the “New
World.”
In 1498, Vasco da Gama led a
Portuguese expedition to reach India.
Sailing eastward, the Portuguese landed in the
Spice Islands in
1512, and finally reached China in
1513. As the
Portuguese went the earth but he did not survive the whole expedition as he died during that Battle of
Marten.
Prince Henry the
Navigator
He was born in
1394 and died in 1460. He was a Portuguese royal price and a patron of explorers. He sent many expeditions to
Africa's west coast such as ships being sent to
Madeira
Islands, round
Cape Boiardo, to Cape Blanc, round Cap Ver, and to the
Gambia River and Cape

east, the Spanish went west. In
1522, their explorations met when Ferdinand
Magellan’s
Spanish expedition went around South
America to reach the Pacific
Ocean, entering the Indian Ocean by using the
Portuguese way around Africa.
This was the first circumnavigation of the world. Still going east, the
Spanish landed in Australia, New
Zealand, and
Hawaii over a period of about
170 years.
Now, the jigsaw puzzle is complete. Once sea routes were established between different lands, trading
Palmas. These expeditions were sent to create maps of the West
African coast, provide ways to defeat the
Muslim religion, and spread
Christianity. It also established trade routes and shipping paths.
Francisco
Pizarro
He was born in
1475 and died in 1541. He was a Spanish explorer and conqueror and had defeated the Inca Empire and took most of South
America. He established the city of Lima and

increased because some countries had some resources that other countries may not have had.
For instance, the
Europeans brought cattle, sheep, and horses to the
New World in exchange for maize and potatoes... The
Americas also traded cotton crops and sugarcane to the
Old World as well as gold and silver. From
Africa, slaves were brought to work in the
Americas, which were then controlled by the
New World
Europeans. Over the years, a lot of trade happened
Peru and opened way for
Spanish culture and religion to make its way to the South
Americas.
Hernando
Cortes
He was born in
1485 and died in 1547. He was a Spanish conqueror who led the expedition that caused the Fall of the Aztec empire. He brought large portions of
Mexico under rule by King of
Castile in the beginning of the 16th century. He was in the generation of
Spanish conquistadors that began the

Enlightenment Not one of the categories between countries from the Old and New
Worlds, and it’s all possible because of the
Age of
Discovery. first phase of
Spanish colonization.