Functions of Skeleton
_____
 _____
 Hematopoiesis
 Stores mineral
_____ (____ & ____)
 Provides sites for
_____ attachment

Two Major Divisions
Axial – _____, hyoid, _____, _____ cage
 Appendicular – _____, _____,
pelvic/pectoral girdles

Bone Anatomy
Periosteum – tough outer covering; _____
connective; contains _____ _____ that
enter and service bone cells
 Medullary cavity – inner cavity of diaphysis;
houses _____ marrow (_____ cells)
 Epiphysis – end of long bone; contains
epiphyseal disk (region of _____); _____
bone; covered with articular (hyaline)
cartilage; _____ marrow (hematopoiesis)
 Diaphysis – middle shaft of bone; mostly
_____ bone

Bone Marrow
Cross section of femoral head
Bone Anatomy
Endosteum – inner lining of _____
cavity; connective tissue covered with
simple squamous; highly vascular (full of
_____ _____)
 Canaliculi – microscopic canals within
bone tissue through which bone cells
_____ with each other and to the _____
supply
 Lacunae – microscopic chambers that
house osteocytes (mature _____ _____)

Bone Anatomy
Two Types of Bone
Spongy – many _____ (lowers _____);
spaces filled with _____ marrow;
trabeculae (give _____)
 Compact – dense; lacks _____; central
canal (houses blood vessels and
nerves); lamellae (concentric layers)
around _____ canal (Haversian system);
Haversian systems are closely packed,
hence _____ bone

Two Types of Bone
Central canal
Haversian System
(or osteon)
Internal Bone Anatomy
Bone Growth



OsteoBlasts – cells that B_____ up bone; make new
matrix then mineralize it via e_____
OsteoClasts – cells that C_____ bone; dissolve the
mineralized matrix of bone by releasing H+ ions (acidic)
then digest it with_____; dissolved minerals put into
blood stream when needed; contain many vesicles –
Why??
 Osteoblasts and osteoclasts work together to maintain
bone structure _____.
 Explain braces on teeth
Epiphyseal disk – “_____ _____”; cartilaginous tissue
(hyaline) where _____ occurs; ossification begins
around 17, ends around 25; process regulated by _____
Bone Growth
Adult Hand
Hand of a 3-year Old
(lots of cartilage)
(White = dense; Gray/Black = less dense)
Bone Repair
Hematoma – _____ clot, inflammation, pain
Fibrocartilage callus – mass of collagenous
fibers and fibrocartilage fills in space of breakage;
_____ cells move in and clean up; reconstruction
begins
 Bony callus – o_____ move in and ossify
fibrocartilage callus into spongy bone
 Remodeling – _____ build up compact bone and
_____ break down the spongy bone and build new
medullary cavity. In general,


 a. _____ break down bone, remove worn cells, and
deposit ______ in the blood.
 b. After about 3 weeks, the osteoclasts disappear.
 c. Then, _____ reverse work done by osteoclasts,
taking Ca from the blood and depositing it in _____.


Skeletal System Overview (3:45)
Remolding Animation (2:44)
Fractures

Two main types:
 Simple – bone is broken, but _____ is not
lacerated
○ Transverse – fracture occurs at right angle of
bone
○ Greenstick – fracture on one side of the bone
○ Comminuted – fracture that results in three or
more bone _____
 Open/Compound – bone breaks and
lacerates the _____; risk of _____
Fractures
Greenstick
Transverse
Types of
Fractures (2:07)
Compound
Comminuted
Treatments for Broken Bones

Four Treatments:
 C_____
 S_____ (in which screws
and/or rods can be used)
 Electrical stimulation
(speeds up _____,
suppresses osteo_____
function)
 Ultrasound (speeds up
_____, stimulates
chondrocytes to make
callus)
The Skull

Sinuses – _____
skull; voice
resonance; _____
buffer; air humidifier;
lots of mucous
membranes; sinusitis
(_____ cannot drain
properly due to
_____)
The Skull
Fontanels – “_____
_____”; occur
because of the
protein noggin
(delays _____ of
cranial bones)
 Sutures – held
together by _____
connective tissue

The Spine

Abnormal curvatures:
 _____ (pregnancy, big gut)
 _____ (hunchback)
 _____ (lateral curvature)
 Possess
many processes for _____
attachment (transverse and spinous)
 Intervertebral disks (can _____ under
stress)
 Name of C1 and C2? (______ & ______)
Spine Anatomy
The Spine (abnormal curvatures)
Kyphosis
Scoliosis
The Spine (herniated disk)
Herniated disk
treatments (3:11)
Joints (Don’t be “SAD”!)

Three basic types of joints:
 _____ (immovable; sutures)
 _____ (slightly movable; vertebral joints)
 _____ (freely movable; synovial; elbow, shoulder,
etc.)
Disorders

Sprains
 overstretching of a _____ or _____

Rheumatoid arthritis
 chronic _____ inflammatory disorder that typically
affects joints in your hands and feet

Osteoarthritis
 the most common form of arthritis; occurs when
_____ in joints wears down over time

Gout
 occurs when sharp, needle-like uric acid crystals
accumulate around joint, causing _____ and
intense _____
Disorders
Effects of Aging




Cartilage calcifies
Osteoporosis
Slower, less effective
healing – Why?
Marrow transformation
as we age:
 Infants – almost entirely
red
 Middle age – 50:50 red
to yellow
 Elderly – almost entirely
yellow

Osteoporosis (5:05)
Bone Art by Marian Caparu