The Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution Begins in
England
• In the 1700s, the I.R.
began in England
• Agricultural Revolution
spurred industrialization.
– Enclosure Movement
• Industrialization-process
of developing machine
production of goods.
• England had the 3 Factors
of Production:
– Land (resources, land,
waterways)
– Labor (workers)
– Capital (wealth)
New Inventions
• A population boom
caused people to invent
new technology.
• More food and cloth
needed to be produced
faster and easier.
• Inventions:
– Seed Drill, Cotton Gin,
Steam Engine, Water
Frame, telephone
– Railroads-made
transportation cheap
and quick, provided new
jobs
Urbanization
• Cities in the 1800s began to
grow
• Urbanization-more people
started to move to the cities
• Worked in factories-first
near rivers, then fueled by
coal-mass produced goods
• Factory owners wanted to
make as much profit as
possible
• Businessmen, merchants,
factory owners created a
wealthy middle class
• Working and living
conditions were not good
• This would lead to social
class tensions and the rise
of Socialism
The Rise of Socialism
• Capitalism spurred the
Industrial Revolution
• Capitalism
– Economic System
– Factors of Production privately
owned
– Businesses want profit
– Government interferes very
little
• Socialism developed in the
mid 1800s from French
reformer Charles Fourier:
– Factors of Production are
publicly owned
– Operate for the welfare of all
according to people’s needs
– Government should plan
economy
– End poverty and promote
equality, protect workers
Marxism/Communism
• A German named Karl Marx
and Friedrich Engels
developed a radical form of
Socialism in 1848.
• The Communist Manifesto
described how it would work.
• Social Class War:
– Middle Class (Bourgeoisie) v.
Working Class (Proletariat)
• Workers would revolt around
the world against the
Bourgeoisie
• Workers then would share the
profits equally for all people
• Government would whither
away
• A classless society would
develop (Communism)
• No private property, all goods
shared equally by the people
Industrialization Fuels Nationalism
• Industrialization gave many
countries increased wealth,
technology, and confidence.
• It caused these countries to
unite politically into nationstates.
• Nationalism-loyalty to a
people, not a king.
• Italy (1870): Camillo di
Cavour and Giuseppe
Garibaldi help unite it.
• Germany (1871): Otto von
Bismarck, Prime Minister of
Prussia, helped unify it.
– Used Realpolitik to unify
Industrialization Fuels Imperialism
(Late 1800s-Early 1900s)
• Industrialization gave many
countries wealth and power.
• European countries began
to feel superior to others.
• Imperialism-Stronger
countries seek to dominate
weaker ones.
• They also needed raw
materials and resources
from Africa and Asia to fuel
industrialization.
• The Berlin Conference
(1884-1885)-European
countries met to decide
how to divide up Africa
amongst themselves.
Imperialism in Africa
• David Livingstone-explored
Africa’s interior opening the
door for others.
• By the early 1900s,
Europeans dominated
Africa
• Social Darwinism-those
societies that are fittest will
have the most wealth and
success.
• Cecil Rhodes, a British
diamond businessman,
supported this in South
Africa.
• The British also took control
of the Suez Canal to gain
fast passage to its colonies.
British Imperialism in India
• Britain controlled India
economically through the
East India Company.
• India had to buy British
goods and produce raw
materials for them (tea,
cotton, indigo).
• The British army in India
included Sepoys, or Indian
soldiers.
• The Sepoy Mutiny (1857):
Sepoys found out that their
rifle cartridges were
greased with beef and pork
fat.
• Sepoys rebelled, fighting
the British for over a year
before being defeated.
• Britain took full control over
India after this.
Imperialism in China
• Many countries wanted to
control China economically.
• The British started trading
Opium in the early 1800s.
• Opium War (1839-1842)Chinese were defeated by
British.
• Spheres of Influence were
set up; areas of economic
control.
• Open Door Policy-created
by Americans that stated
that China must remain
open to all foreign trade in
all ports.
• The Boxer Rebellion (1900)Chinese rebelled against
foreign influence
The Meiji Era in Japan (1867-1912)
• Japan’s ports had been
closed for centuries under
the Tokugawa Shoguns.
• In 1853, American war ships
were led by Commodore
Matthew Perry into Tokyo’s
harbor.
• Japan was forced to open its
ports to foreign trade.
• In 1867, the Shogun
stepped down and the Meiji
Emperor took over.
• Meiji industrialized and
modernized Japan
• Japan became an imperial
power taking over Korea
and parts of China.
American Imperialism
• Like European countries, the
U.S. looked to obtain colonies
in Asia for resources.
• Spanish-American War (1898):
The U.S. freed Cuba and
acquired Puerto Rico, Guam,
and the Philippines.
• White Man’s Burden-idea that
it was America/Europe’s
responsibility to civilize and
develop inferior nations.
• Filipino-American War (18991902)-Filipino nationalists
fought American control.
• Hawaii was annexed by the
U.S. in 1898.
• The Panama Canal-President
Teddy Roosevelt had America
build a canal that linked the
Atlantic and Pacific Oceans in
1904.