Ecosystems
• Read pgs. 365-369
• Vocab
– 22 Primary
productivity
– 23 Producer
– 24 Consumer
– 25 Trophic level
– 26 Food chain
– 27 Food web
– 28 Herbivore
– 29 Carnivore
Pred/Prey Lab
Killer Bee Video
Aliens of the Deep Video
– 30 Omnivore
– 31Detritivore
– 32 Decomposer
– 33 Energy pyramid
– 34 Biomass pyramid
Why do organisms live where they
do? (a.k.a.habitat/physical area)
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2 Questions to ask:
A. How did they get there?
B. Why do they stay?
A. How did they get there?
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Evolved in that location
Migrated as conditions changed
Just passing through
Accidental introduction
B. Why do they stay?
• Available food or energy
(probably most
important)
• Competition for
resources is low (there is
always a limited
supply)
• Mates and nesting sites
are available, along with
suitable environment
(important to survival of
that species)
• Resources available to
support offspring (water,
building materials,
oxygen, soil, prey,
sunlight, etc.)
Classification by Niche (role)
A. Trophic Level:
(“feeding level”)
– The relationship
between what an
organism eats and
what eats it.
– Where it fits into the
food chain/web
B. Producer
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Organisms that can manufacture (make) their
own food =(energy rich organic materials)
• Examples: green plants and bacteria
• Autotrophs: photosynthetic, chemosynthetic
C. Consumer
•
Organisms that cannot manufacture their
own food and must get it from an external
source.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Primary consumerSecondary consumerTertiary, quaternary, etc.
Omnivore
DetritivoreParasite/hostDecomposer-
C. Consumer
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Organisms that cannot manufacture their
own food and must get it from an external
source.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Primary consumer- herbivore
Secondary consumer- carnivore
Tertiary, quaternary, etc.
Omnivore
Detritivore, scavenger- break down wastes and
dead bodies earth worm, dermestid beetle
6. Parasite/host tapeworm, mosquito
7. Decomposer- fungi, bacteria: return nutrients to
the soil for absorption
Food Chain
• Food Chain: Specific feeding sequence in
which organisms obtain food
(energy/materials) in an ecosystem
Grass  Caterpillar  Sparrow  Snake  Coyote
**Diagram in notes
Food Web
• Food Web: Interrelated food chains in an
ecosystem
**Diagram in notes
Antarctic
Food
Web
DIATOMS
KRILL
SKUA
LEOPARD SEAL
ORCA
EMPEROR PENGUIN
SQUID
BLUE WHALE
Important Quarter 2 Dates:
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CP #1 – 12/8
CP #2 – 1/6
Bonus #1 – 12/15
Bonus #2 – 1/10
CP Article Presentation – 1/23-1/27
CP People – Don’t forget…your article
summaries are due Nov 4 (that’s this
Monday)…make sure that you follow the
directions that I gave you or you will
have to redo it!!!
How do we keep track of energy in
ecosystems?
• Ecological Pyramids (3 types)
– Numbers: counts individuals (does not
discriminate by size) – can be an inaccurate
indicator of energy at that level
• Ex. Caterpillars outnumber the trees that
they feed on
– Biomass: measures amount of living tissue
(dry weight) grams
– Energy: measures amount of energy stored in
tissues (ex. fats = 9 Cal/gram
carbohydrates/proteins = 4 Cal/gram)
Top carnivores
Carnivores
Herbivores
Producers
Numbers Pyramid
Energy Transfer – most lost as
heat
• Amount of energy available to do
work decreases as energy passes
through a system
• 10% transfer of energy (90%
energy lost) after each trophic level
Label the producers
And consumers…
10,000 kg
Biomass Pyramid
**The # of trophic levels that can be
maintained in an ecosystem is
limited by a loss of potential energy
1000 kg grain
10kg grain
1 loaf of bread
1 person
OR
1 cow
Beef
1 person
** 10% transfer of energy
Energy Pyramid
A practice food web:
Berries
Cat
Grass  Caterpillar  Sparrow  Snake  Hawk
Rabbit
Accidental Introductions
• Zebra Mussel – from Caspian Sea to Great Lakes
(1986) from a ship
– Now they are everywhere!!!
– Problem: clogs water pipes, smoothers native clams,
consumes plankton, no natural predators
• Killer Bees – genetically altered to make more
honey
– Africanized bees escaped and took over Brazilian
honeybees
– Problems arose: they are more aggressive, can travel
longer distances, swarm, attack people
– The real threat? Agriculture
Ecosystems Test Topics:
Test on Friday 10/27
• Food Web, Food Chain, Eco Pyramids
• Evaluation of Food Webs (identification of
members, predict consequences of
additions or deletions of members)
• Vocab 22-34
• Text 365-369
• Videos “Aliens” and “Killer Bees”
• Ecology Homework pg 47 and 48
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1. Killer bees are native to
2. Food chains always begin with a
3. What is the secondary consumer in the food chain
4. Synonym for trophic level
5. What is the producer at a thermal vent community?
6. Which organism is probably least abundant?
Grass
caterpillar sparrow
snake
coyote
7. Energy pyramids are measured in what unit
Jeopardy easy
• 1. Killer bees are native to
Africa
• 2. Food chains always begin with a
producer
• 3. What is the secondary consumer in the food chain?
SPARROW
• 4. Synonym for trophic level
FEEDING LEVEL
• 5. What is the producer at a thermal vent community?
BACTERIA
• 6. Which organism is probably least abundant?
COYOTE
• 7. Energy pyramids are measured in what units?
Calories
•Grass
caterpillar
sparrow
snake
Easy answers
coyote
• 1. List 3 requirements of seeds to germinate
• 2. Compare fats, proteins, and carbohydrates in
calories
• 3. Difference between a food web and a food chain
• 4. Difference between a heterotroph and autotroph
• 5. A consequence to humans from the introduction of
killer bees (not death)
• 6. What is the consequence of doubling the
caterpillars on the snake.
• Grass
caterpillar sparrow
snake
coyote
• 7. Two important uses for the energy that comes from
food digestion
• 8. How do decomposers benefit the ecosystem?
medium
• 1. List 3 requirements for seeds to germinate WATER,
HEAT, OXYGEN
• 2. Compare fats, proteins, and carbohydrates in calories
9 PER GRAM 4
• 3. Difference between a food web and a food chain
• 4. Difference between a heterotroph and autotroph
• 5. A consequence to humans from the introduction of
killer bees (not death)
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AGRICULTURAL HARM
• 6. What is the consequence of doubling the caterpillars
on the snake SNAKE UP b/c more sparrows to eat
• 7. Two important uses for the energy that comes from
food digestion HEAT MOTION
• 8. How do decomposers benefit the ecosystem?
RETURN NUTRIENTS TO SOIL FOR PLANTS
Medium answers
1. Name 3 differences between European and African
Bees.
2. Draw and label the parts of a flower
3. Explain why there are few top carnivores IN ANY
ECOSYSTEM
4. How many producers? How many carnivores?
Which level has the most energy?
5. Why do organism stay where they are? What are
their needs? (3)
6. How did they get where they are? (3)
difficult
1. Name 3 differences between European and African
Bees.
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Aggression, pollination, honey production
2. Draw and label the parts of a flower
3. Explain why there are few top carnivores IN ANY
ECOSYSTEM
4. How many producers? 1,500,000 How many
carnivores? 90,001 Which level has the most energy?
producer
5. Why do organism stay where they are? What are their
needs? (3)
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FOOD, SHELTER, MATES (LOW COMPETITION)
6. How did they get where they are? (3) EVOLVED
THERE, MIGRATION, PASSING THROUGH,
ACCIDENTAL OR DELIBERATE INTRODUCTIONS
Difficult answers