CHAPTER 2
FOLDABLE

SOLID
* definite volume
*definite shape
*particles packed close together
*particles vibrate back and forth

LIQUID
* no shape—takes the shape of the container
*definite volume
*Particles move freely around each other
• Also called a fluid

GAS
* no definite volume
*no definite shape
*shape and volume when they are in a container
*particles spread apart and move freely and fast

VISCOSITY
*resistance to flow
*high viscosity they move slowly
(molasses)
*low viscosity they move faster
(water)

CHARLE’S LAW
*increase in temperature means and increase in volume if it is in a flexible container
*if in a rigid container the increase in temperature could lead to bursting it open
Example: basketball left out on a cold night

BOYLE’S LAW
When the volume of a gas decreases, then the pressure increases
Example: bicycle pump

VOLUME
*The amount of space that matter fills
*measured in cubic centimeters or milliliters

TEMPERATURE
*the measure of the average energy of particles in a substance
*can be measured in F (Fahrenheit)
C (Celsius)
K (Kelvin

PRESSURE
*the force of the outward push divided by the area of the container walls
*measured in kilopascals (kPa)
Pressure = force area

GRAPH
• A diagram that tells how two variables are related
VARY INVERSELY
*the line graph is curved
DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL
*points fall in a straight line

DATA
* information that is collected---measurable

PHYSICAL
*alters the form of a substance but does not change it
*Example: tearing paper ice melting

CHEMICAL
*A change into a different substance which has different properties
*can’t get it back
*Example: burning wood

THERMAL ENERGY
* energy from the movement of particles
*the higher the temperature, the more energy, the lower the temperature, the less energy

CHEMICAL ENERGY
*energy from the chemical bonds within matter

LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
*
In every physical or chemical change the total amount of energy stays the same

VAPORIZATION
*occurs when a liquid gains enough energy to become a gas

EVAPORATION
*when vaporization occurs on the surface of the liquid
*example-when a puddle dries up…gains energy from the air

BOILING
*when vaporization takes place inside a liquid and on the surface
*depends on air pressure…water will boil at a lower pressure in the mountains than at sea level

CONDENSATION
*occurs when a gas loses enough thermal energy to become a liquid
Example is when water droplets condense on a mirror after a shower

SUBLIMATION
*when the particles of a solid gain enough energy to become a gas…they do not pass through the liquid state
*in the winter, snow can do this