Culture

the customary beliefs, social forms, and material
traits of a racial, religious, or social group
American Indians
Explorers
Puritanism
An Introduction
Look at this photo. Based on their appearance, how would
you describe this family? What would they do for fun? What
do they value?
Puritans move to the Americas
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Shortly after Charles I succeeded the throne
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Conflict between Church of England and Puritanism
Moved to the US in search of religious freedom
Made up a large part of the first 13 colonies
Wanted everyone to worship it the Puritan way
(irony)
Puritan Tenants
Edward Taylor
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Taylor only published two stanzas of his poetry
during his lifetime. Given his cultural
background, why do you think this is?
“Huswifery”—Husband; Wife;
Housekeeping
The bond between a human being and God.
Extended Metaphor
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A comparison that spans the length of a work
(poem, sermon, song, book), without using like
or as.
Use of Imagery
What are the many different parts of
a printer?
When all work together,
the printer works in
harmony—but if
something is jammed or
imperfect what happens?
REEL
Taylor’s Metaphor
WHEEL
FLYERS
SPOOLS
DISTAFF
QUILLS
LOOM
Apostrophe

When the speaker addresses someone/thing that
is not physically present (ie. Dead person), a
personified object or an abstract idea (ie. God).
Edwards uses apostrophe in his poem.
Who/what is he addressing in the first line that
would make this an apostrophe?
Make Me, O Lord, Thy Spinning
Wheel COMPLETE!
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What is he asking to be?
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Spinning wheel=machine…complete…
Apostrophe!!!!!!
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Request of God=Prayer

With your partner,
Modernize the poem’s image
Identify the main idea of the poem.
An apostrophe is when the speaker addresses
someone/thing that is not physically present (ie.
Dead person), a personified object or an abstract
idea (ie. God). Edwards uses apostrophe in his
poem. Who/what is he addressing that would make
this an apostrophe?
 What does the speaker want from the addressee?
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Substitute “spinning wheel” for a more modern
image & rewrite the poem using this modern
idea (ex. Make me, O Lord, a printer
complete…)
Modernity proves…

Discuss and answer this question with your
partner
How can analyzing the Puritan lifestyle and poetry
reveal important tenants of the 15th century
lifestyle?
 What human condition does modernizing the poem
expose as a cross-century idea?

Puritan Tenants

Identify the major tenants of Puritanism in the poem.
Write a specific example for each one of the tenants…

Finally…
Discuss the following question and then come up with 2
arguments that support your opinion as well as 1 counterargument.:

Do you think personal devotion is as much esteemed today as it was
in Taylor’s day?
Answer to question
Argument 1
Argument 2
Counterargument 3
Oratory, Persuasion, &
Edwards, oh my!
Background
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Edwards is…
The audience became…
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thus is…
The goal of the sermon is…
Oratory
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Definition: formal public speaking (ex. Sermon;
speech)
It’s best when…
It is persuasive, inspiring listeners to take action
 It appeals to the emotions
 I addresses the needs and concerns of its audience
 It includes expressive and rhythmic language.

Persuasion

Writing or speech meant to get readers or
listeners to think or act in a certain way.
Appeals to emotions or reason
 Offers opinions
 Urges action
 Backed up with evidence and support

Persuasive Techniques

The Greek philosopher Aristotle believed that
there were three basic ways to persuade an
audience: ethos, logos, and pathos.
Rhetorical Triangle pg15
Writing handbook
Ethos: The Writer’s Character or
Image
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Greek for “custom; habit”
Established by Aristotle as the knowledge or expertise a person
appears to have about the subject.
Writer’s ethos is created largely by word choice and style.—
Often uses the appeal—do this or be branded as “bad” or
“sinful”
This does not mean going through the thesaurus to find difficult
and unusual words. It means using what you know to create an
academic paper with a formal wording and style.
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Things to think about—
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What kind of image do you want to project to the audience?
What can you do to help project this image?
What words or ideas do you want to avoid?
What effect do misspelled words and grammatical errors have on your image?
Logos: Logical Arguments
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Greek for “logic, thought, word” etc.
If…then syllogisms (deductive reasoning)
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Usually based on probabilities rather than certain truth.
Persuasion to a large extent involves convincing people to accept
our assumptions as probably true—preparing the audience to
accept your own contrary position
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ex. All men are mortal. Socrates is a man. Therefore, Socrates is mortal.
ex. If students were required to spend two years in the military after
graduation then they would be more productive members of society
because they would learn discipline and responsibility as well as
appreciation for liberties often taken for granted.
**NOTICE: this is a “probability” but the writer never questions
themselves by saying “probably.” Half of persuasion is
convincing the audience that you are the authority.**
Pathos: The Emotions of the
Audience
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Emotional appeal can be accomplished in a multitude of ways:
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by metaphor or story telling or imagery
by a general passion in the delivery and an overall amount of emotional items
in the text of the speech, or in writing.
The use of emotional appeals to alter the audience's judgment. A
common use of pathos in argument is creating a sense of rejection if
the audience doesn't agree.
Many refer to Pathos as the "band-wagon" appeal, or trying to
convince the audience to join in on the speaker's belief.
This is a major theme used in any form of propaganda (everyone
believes in this so you should too)
Emotional appeal

Imagery: figurative language that appeals to the
senses:
Seeing
 Smelling
 Tasting
 Touching
 Hearing

Imagery
Visual notes
Warnings For Persuasion
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logical fallacy: attacking the reader instead of the idea.
Used often in politics: examples? This can be as
dissuasive as persuasive
too much Writer’s pathos: it is often difficult to
separate your own emotions and write from outside
yourself. If you are too emotional you lose the
ethos/logos that are necessary for a truly effective
persuasive piece
Culture

the customary beliefs, social forms, and material
traits of a racial, religious, or social group
American Indians
Puritans
Explorers
“Missing”

As Christianity and other world views came in,
what did the Native American’s lose/gain?
“Missing” Sherman Alexie
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Known for: The Lone Ranger and Tonto
Fistfight in Heaven; Smoke Signals; and The
Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian
Spokane Tribe
The Grass Dancer
“Christianity Comes to the Sioux”
What is the setting? Why is this important?
 Indirect characterization: the reader must infer
character attributes through action, speech, and
interaction with other characters
Vs.
 Direct Characterization: the author tells the
reader what character attributes exist

The Grass Dancer
“Christianity Comes to the Sioux”
Character
Harley
Wind
Soldier
Jeanette
McVay
Frank Pipe
Herod
Small War
Relationship to others Direct
Characterization
Indirect
Characterization
The Grass Dancer
“Christianity Comes to the Sioux”

This passage has several stories within a main story; this
is known as envelope structure. Summarize the main
story and then list the other stories that are told within
it.
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Circle the stories that are factually or realistically based.
Underline the stories that are mythical or opinion based.
Which type of story holds more meaning for the students?
Explain.
Which type of story holds more meaning for the teacher?
Explain.
What is the purpose of Jeanette’s story telling activity?
Is the activity successful?
The Grass Dancer
“Christianity Comes to the Sioux”

What does this passage reveal to you about
reservation life in the 1970s?
What are the conditions of reservation life? Have
they changed since the 1970s? Explain
 Has reservation life changed? Page 15-16
 Why would people of Native American descent fight
in the army?
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Do you agree with the author’s call to “look at
our own conditions” in America before fighting
a war in other countries? Explain.
Proclamation of
Alcatraz
Read/Discuss