Hazardous Wastes
• residues generated from different
industrial process posing risks to
human health and in the
environment.
• solid, liquid or gaseous
• corrosive, reactive, explosive and
toxic
R.A. 6969
• “Hazardous wastes are substances that are without any safe
commercial, industrial, agricultural or economic usage and are
shipped, transported or brought from the country of origin for
dumping or disposal into or in transit through any part of the
territory of the Philippines.”
• “Hazardous wastes” shall also refer to by-products, sideproducts, process residues, spent reaction media,
contaminated plant or equipment or other substances from
manufacturing operations and as consumer discards of
manufactured products which present unreasonable risk
and/or injury to health and safety and to the environment.”
Hazardous Waste Identification
Toxicity
• Cause death, severe injuries, or serious effects to human
health during ingestion, inhalation and contact to skin.
Flammability
• An oxidizer, The oxygen released stimulates combustion.
• Liquid burns and produce flame at 60 C. Non-liquid burns
under 25 C and 1 atm.
• Produces fire by friction, humidity absorption or
spontaneous chemical alteration
Pathogenicity
• Contains microorganisms or toxic that may cause
illnesses
Hazardous Waste Identification
Corrosivity
• It is aqueous, 2=<pH=<12.5 liquid that can corrode
steel
Reactivity
• Unstable, reacts violently with water. generates
gases, vapour and toxic smokes containing cyanides
or sulphides. It explodes when heated.
Explosivity
• It reacts at 25 C and 1 atm
Objective and Importance of
Classification of Hazardous Wastes
in the Philippines
Environmental Management Bureau (EMB)
•policy making body responsible for the hazardous
waste management of the Philippines
•objective of the EMB is to use environmental impact
assessments in balancing economic growth with
ecological protection
•baseline information that will develop the standards
for hazardous waste management, environmental
monitoring and the regulation of hazardous waste
disposal
Classification of Hazardous Wastes
1
• Through its qualitative description of
wastes by type, source and waste
components
2
• Waste definition through standardized
tests where the content of certain
substances determines if the waste is
hazardous. An example is lixiviation tests
3
• Through concentration limits within the
same residue
Classification of Hazardous Wastes
Wastes with cyanide
Acid wastes
Alkali wastes
Wastes with inorganic chemicals
Reactive chemical wastes
Inks/Dyes/Pigments/Paint/Latex/Adhesives/ Organic/Sludge
Waste organic solvents
Putrescible/Organic Wastes
Waste oil
Containers
Immobilized Wastes
Organic Chemicals
Miscellaneous Wastes
Classification of Hazardous Wastes
CLASSIFICATION
DESCRIPTION
Wastes with cyanide
Liquid waste containing cyanide with
a concentration >200 ppm
Acid wastes
Acid wastes with pH =< 2.0
Examples: sulphuric acid, hydrochloric
acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid,
hydrofluoric acid, mixture of sulphuric
acid and hydrochloric acid, organic
acid, inorganic acid and other acids
Alkali wastes
Alkali wastes with ph>=12.5
Examples: caustic soda, potash,
alkaline cleaners, ammonium
hydroxide, lime slurries and other
alkaline wastes
Classification of Hazardous Wastes
Wastes with inorganic
chemicals
•Selenium and its compound – all wastes with a
total Se concentration > 1.0 mg/L
•Arsenic and its compound - all wastes with a
total As concentration > 5 mg/L
•Barium and its compound - all wastes with a
total Ba concentration > 100 mg/L
•Cadmium and its compound - all wastes with a
total Cd concentration > 5 mg/l
•Chromium compounds- all wastes with a total
Cr concentration > 5 mg/l
•Mercury compound - all wastes with a total Hg
concentration > 0.2 mg/l
Classification of Hazardous Wastes
Other wastes and its compounds containing inorganic
chemicals
- antimony and its compounds;
- beryllium and its compounds;
- metal carbonyls ;
- copper compounds;
- zinc compounds ;
- tellurium and its compounds;
- thallium and its compounds;
- inorganic fluorine compounds excluding calcium fluoride
Reactive chemical •Oxidizing Agents and Reducing Agents – Wastes
containing any oxidizing and reducing agents and
wastes
exhibiting the following properties:
1. It is normally unstable and readily undergoes violent
change without detonating
Classification of Hazardous Wastes
• It reacts violently with water;
• It forms potentially explosive mixtures with
water
• When mixed with water, it generates toxic
gases, vapor or fumes in a quantity sufficient to
present a danger to human health;
• It is a cyanide (CN) or sulfide (S) bearing
wastes, which when exposed to pH conditions
between 2 and 12.5 can
generate toxic gases, vapors and fumes in a
quantity that poses a danger to human health
Classification of Hazardous Wastes
Inks/Dyes/Pigments/
Paint/Latex/Adhesives/
Organic/Sludge
Aqueous and solvent based
Inorganic pigments – includes all wastewater
treatment sludge from the production of
inorganic pigments
Ink formulation - includes all solvent washings
and sludge, caustic washings and sludge or
wastewater and sludge from cleaning of tubs
and equipment used in the formulation of ink
from pigments, driers, soaps, and stabilizers
containing Chromium and Lead.
Waste organic solvents
Halogenated organic solvents and Nonhalogenated organic solvents
Classification of Hazardous Wastes
Putrescible/ •Animal/abattoir waste - includes all wastes from animal
Organic
feed lots containing an average of 100 or more animals;
Wastes
•All wastes from commercial slaughter houses that
slaughter an average of 500 or more animals per
year; all waste from poultry farms with an average of 5,000
fowls or more; all waste from facilities that process an
average of 2500 fowls or more.
• Grease trap wastes from industrial or commercial
premises - Includes all establishments that generate an
average of
50 kg per day
Waste oil
It includes all the wastes from establishments that
generate, transport or treat more than 200 L of waste oil
per day except vegetable oil and waste tallow
Classification of Hazardous Wastes
Containers
Containers previously containing toxic chemical
substances - Waste containers that used to hold the toxic chemical
substances listed M504 and the chemicals listed in the Priority
Chemical List.
Containers that used to contain Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) are
categorized as L406 and excluded
from this sub-category.
Immobilized
Wastes
Solidified wastes and polymerized wastes - physically immobilized
by consolidation to reduce the surface area of the wastes in order
to meet the waste acceptance
criteria
Chemically fixed wastes - chemically immobilized through chemical
bonds to an immobile matrix or chemical conversion to meet the
waste acceptance criteria
Encapsulated wastes - physically immobilized by enveloping the
waste in a non-porous, impermeable material in order to store
hazardous wastes until such time that a proper disposal facility is
available.
Classification of Hazardous Wastes
Organic Chemicals
•Wastes with specific non-halogenated toxic organic
chemicals – non-liquid wastes with Tri-butylin, 1,2diphenylhydrazine benzene
•Ozone depleting substances - Waste
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). Recovered coolant
containing chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
•PCB wastes - Wastes contaminated with PCB and
waste products containing PCB
Miscellaneous
Wastes
Pathogenic or infectious wastes - pathological
wastes like tissues, organs, fetuses, bloods and body
fluids, infectious wastes and sharps
Friable asbestos wastes - Wastes containing friable
asbestos. Waste blue and brown asbestos fibers.
Classification of Hazardous Wastes
Pharmaceuticals and drugs Expired pharmaceuticals and
drugs
Pesticides - Includes all
wastewater sludge from
production of pesticides
POPs (Persistent Organic
Pollutants) - Waste pesticides
listed in the Stockholm
Convention (POPs Convention)
such as aldrin, chlordane, dieldrin,
endrin, heptachlor,
hexachlorobenzene, mirex,
toxaphene, and DDT.
Hospital Waste
• different in types and increasing in amount
• hospital waste added a risk for patients and
personnel who handle it
• poses a threat to human health and
environment
• all waste generated, discarded and not
intended for further use in the hospital
Classification of Hospital Waste
1
• General waste
2
• Pathological waste
3
• Infectious waste
4
• Sharps
5
• Pharmaceutical waste
6
• Chemical waste
7
• Radioactive waste
Classification of Hospital Waste
General waste
• Largely composed of domestic or house hold type waste
• It is non-hazardous to human beings
• Kitchen waste, packaging material, paper, wrappers, plastics
Pathological waste
• Consists of tissue, organ, body part, human foetuses, blood
and body fluid
• It is hazardous waste.
Infectious waste
• The wastes which contain pathogens in sufficient
concentration or quantity that could cause diseases
• It is hazardous
• Culture and stocks of infectious agents from laboratories,
waste from surgery, waste originating from infectious patients
Classification of Hospital Waste
Sharps
• Waste materials which could cause the person handling it, a
cut or puncture of skin
• needles, broken glass, saws, nail, blades, scalpels
Pharmaceutical waste
• This includes pharmaceutical products, drugs, and chemicals
that have been returned from wards, have been spilled, are
outdated, or contaminated
Chemical waste
• This comprises discarded solid, liquid and gaseous chemicals
• cleaning, house keeping, and disinfecting product
Classification of Hospital Waste
Radioactive waste
• It includes solid, liquid, and gaseous waste that is
contaminated with radionucleides generated from in-vitro
analysis of body tissues and fluid, in-vivo body organ
imaging and tumour localization and therapeutic
procedures.
Hazardous Waste Management
in the Philippines
Environmental Management Bureau
Formulates plans, programs, and appropriate
environmental quality standards for the
prevention and control of pollution and the
protection of the environment.
Environmental Management Bureau
Implements Five Environmental Laws:
Presidential Decree 1586
• Establishing an Environmental Impact Assessment System
Republic Act No. 6969
• Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Waste Control
Act of 1990
Republic Act No. 9275
• Philippine Clean Water Act
Environmental Management Bureau
Republic Act No. 8749
• Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999
Republic Act No. 9003
• Ecological Solid Waste Management Act
Proper Hazardous Waste Management
• Pollution Control Officer
• Pre-transport and storage compliance
• Authorized transporters
• Recognized Treaters
• Confirmation of Treatment/Disposal
Pollution Control Officer
Categories of Pollution Control officer:
Pollution Control Officer I
• less pollutive establishment
Pollution Control Officer II
• relatively more pollutive establishment
Pollution Control Officer III
• highly pollutive
Waste Generator
Notify DENR of type and quantity of wastes
Provide the Department the type and quantity of HW generated,
produced, or transported on a quarterly basis
Responsible for the waste until the waste is considered treated, recycled,
reprocessed, or disposed.
Prepare plans to mitigate spills and accidents involving hazardous waste.
Train personnel about the contingency plan and hazards posed
by improper handling, storage, and transport of HW
Waste Generator
Notify DENR of type and quantity of wastes
Provide the Department the type and quantity of HW
generated, produced, or transported on a quarterly basis
Responsible for the waste until the waste is considered
treated, recycled, reprocessed, or disposed.
Prepare plans to mitigate spills and accidents involving
hazardous waste.
Train personnel about the contingency plan and hazards posed
by improper handling, storage, and transport of HW
Emergency Response Team
• Name and responsibility
of the emergency
response coordinator
and team
• Communication with
authority
Emergency Response Team
• Evacuation Procedure of employees and
personnel
• Protective and Emergency Response Equipment
• Emergency Transport Procedure
• Temporary Closure
• Training program for personnel on site
Personnel Training
•
•
•
•
waste identification (types and characteristics)
potential hazards of the wastes
proper labeling and storage of hazardous
roles and responsibilities for implementing the
emergency contingency plan
• proper use of emergency equipment
• first aid and safety procedures
• laws and regulations concerning hazardous waste
management
Waste Transporters
• Allowed to transport the type of waste indicated in their
registration.
• Should receive waste from generators only if they have
the Proper Manifest Form and Spill Response Plan.
• Should receive hazardous waste properly labeled and
packaged and deliver the waste to recognized treaters.
• Avoid densely populated areas, watershed or catchment
areas, and other environmentally sensitive areas.
• Shall have warning signs and markings regarding
shipment of hazardous goods
Waste Transporters
• If the waste cannot be delivered to the destination, the
transporter must inform the waste generator
• Ensure that hazardous waste of different sub-category or
different waste generator should not be mixed during the
transport, transshipment, and/or storage of the waste.
• In case of spills or accidents, the transporter shall
immediately notify the DENR through the EMB Regional
Office Region. The waste transporter must file within ten
(10) days a detailed report describing the accident, spill,
and containment or cleanup measures taken.
Waste Transporters
• Clean up the spill according to Spill Response Plan.
• May store the hazardous waste for a period not exceeding
30 days.
• An Affidavit of Undertaking should be submitted to the
EMB regional offices.
Hazardous Waste Storage Facility
• Accessible in case of emergency
• Enclosed and adequately ventilated
• Floors should be resistant to liquids and chemicals; it
should not be slippery and should be able to retain spills.
• Properly secured
• Drums should be stacked vertically and not more than
4 drums high.
• Containers should be regularly checked for leakage
• Segregation of wastes
Type of Container
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
metal drum with lid
plastic container
metal container
cloth container
container van
tanker truck
built tank
containment building/warehouse
settling ponds (not used as treatment of
wastewater)
Labelling
• minimum 20cm x 30cm.
• Yellow for background and Black for letters.
• The material of the label should be scratch
proof and resistant to tampering and
weathering.
• Accompanied by a symbol corresponding to
characteristics of the hazardous waste.
Oxidizers
Flammables
Corrosives
Gases
under
Pressure
Irritant
Explosive
s
Carcinogenic
Mutagenicity
Toxic
Environmental
Toxicity
Categories of TSD Facilities
Category
Description
A
On-site disposal of HW generated within the facility through
industrial /commercial processes other than disposal via
sewer
B
Commercial/industrial HW thermal treatment facilities. Onand off-site: pyrolysis, autoclave, microwave, sterilization
C
Landfills that accept inert HW for final disposal
D
Recycle and reprocess HW
E
Immobilize, encapsulate, polymerize or treat hazardous waste
off-site
F
Store HW not generated on the facility on- and/or off-site
awaiting for treatment, disposal, or export
Hospital Waste Management
Metropolitan Manila Council Ordinance
No. 16 Series of 1991
Objectives:
•Prevention of Hospital acquired infection
•Environmental protection
•Protection of hospital personnel, other
individuals going in and out of the hospital
•facilities, garbage collectors, scavengers
and the community.
•Maintenance of ecological balance of the
benefit of the constituents
Standard Hospital Waste Garbage
Collection System
Black Trash Bag
• non-infectious dry waste
Green Trash Bag
• non-infectious wet waste
Yellow Trash Bag
• dry and wet chemical, and pathological waste; sharps
contained in punctured-proof container
Orange Trash Bag with Trefoil Sign
• radioactive waste
Standard Storage Procedure
Yellow trash bags
• placed in an enclosed area
Black and green trash bags
• disposed off through Metro Manila's city and municipal
collection and disposal system
Orange trash bag with trefoil sign
• placed in an enclosed temporary storage of the hospital
Storage Requirement
• Located near the center of waste production
• Must be accessible to municipal/city collection
service.
• Must be located in a place where the transfer
operation would be done with minimum public
objection and follows standard sanitation
procedure.
• Arrangement with municipal collection service
must be provided when transfer station is not
feasible within the hospital compound
Hospital Waste/ Garbage Disposal System
Hospital Incineration System
• Handle: Yellow trash bags and may also include waste in
black and green bags.
Hospital Enclosed Burning Pit
• Handle: Yellow trash bags.
Ground Pits
• This is a dug up ground hole about 2 meters deep and 1
meter wide located at a safe distance from the hospital
facilities.
• This will be covered by lime and by 10 cm soil periodically
or daily depending on the volume of such wastes.
Sewage Disposal System
Common Treatment
Technologies
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Sludges
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Soils
Groundwater
Surface Water
Explosives
Radioactive Materials
Metals
Cyanides
Pesticides
PCBs
Bioremediation
Chemical Treatment
Thermal Treatment
Physical Treatment
Nonhalogenated volatiles and semivolatiles
Innovative
Technology
Halogenated volatiles and semivolatiles
Contaminant
Media
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Chemical Oxidation and Reduction
Oxidation of Cyanide to Cyanate
Chemical Oxidation and Reduction
Reduction of Hexavalent Chromium
to Trivalent Chromium
Ozonolysis
• Ozone is a very good oxidizing agent
• Effective for the destruction of polychlorinated phenols
and pesticides
Acid-base Neutralization
• Hazardous wastes are categorised as corrosive
when their solution pH is less than 2 or more
than 12.5.
• Such wastes can be chemically neutralised .
Generally acidic wastes are neutralised with
slaked lime [Ca(OH)2] in a continuoulsy stirred
chemical reactor.
Hydrolysis
• Hydrolysis treatment can be given to those
hazardous waste constituents which are very
reactive with water
• Examples of those substances are halides,
carbide, hydride, alkoxide, and active metal
High and Low Temperature Thermal
Desorption
• to increase the rate of mass transfer of the
contaminants to the vapor phase
• depends on volatility of contaminant
• halogenated aromatic and aliphatic
compounds, volatile non-halogenated
compounds, and semi-volatile halogenated
compounds (to a certain extent) from a soil
matrix
• efficiency more than 90%
Vitrification
• Wastes are fused into glass or ceramics using
very high temperatures
• Melted to form glass
• Low-level radioactive wastes
• Not leachable by water
• Safe disposal
Pyrolysis
•Thermal destruction by heating
•Absence of oxygen
Primary
chamber
• volatiles such as combustible
gases, and water vapor, from
the nonvolatile ash, such as
metals and salts
Secondary
chamber
• volatile components
• proper air, temperature, time,
and turbulence
Incineration
• Volatilize or combust hazardous wastes
• High temperature range
• With the use of oxygen
• Organic, acidic, oily, halogenated compounds, drilling
mud, pesticides, PCBs, and pathological materials
• Low level nuclear wastes contaminated with trash
Incineration
Incineration
• Air pollution
• Paired with pollution controlling devices to
control the gaseous and particulate
contaminants which may pollute the air
• Most of the time, waste feeds contain
inorganic elements
• Harmful combustion products
Incineration
Example:
• Waste feed: Halogenated compounds
• Combustion product: CO2, H2O, N2, and HCl
• Solution: Add lime or caustic to convert HCl
to nonhazardous salts
Common Types of Incinerators
Rotary kiln
Liquid injection
Fluidized bed
Infrared incinerator
Rotary Kiln
Medical Waste Incinerator
Republic Act 6969:
Toxic Substances and Hazardous
and Nuclear Waste Control Act
General Provisions
regulate, restrict or prohibit the importation, processing, sale,
distribution, use and disposal of chemical substances and
mixtures that present reasonable risk and/ or injury to health or
the environment
prohibit the entry and transit of hazardous and nuclear wastes
and their disposal in the territorial limits of the Philippines for any
purpose
provide advancement and facilitate research and studies on toxic
chemicals and hazardous and nuclear wastes
Toxic and Chemical Substances
Inventory of Chemical Substances:
• An inventory of chemical substances which are
stored, imported, exported, used, manufactured
or transported would be kept, updated, compiled
and maintained by the Secretary of DENR.
• It should contain such information which the Secretary deems
to be relevant to the protection of health and the environment.
• An updated listing of the inventory comprising the chemical
substance’s name and CAS number would also be released
Toxic and Chemical Substances
Notification of a New
Chemical Substance:
A Chemical substance that is not
included in the inventory after
December 31, 1993 would be
considered as a new chemical
substance and should be notified
in accordance with the form and
manner prescribed by the
department
Toxic and Chemical Substances
In formation Required for
the Notification of a New
Chemical Substance:
proper chemical name
trade name
chemical and molecular structure
CAS number
RTECS number (if available)
United Nations number (if applicable)
United Nations class and subsidiary
risk category (if applicable)
physical characteristics (if applicable)
chemical properties (if applicable)
toxicological data (if applicable)
time weighted exposure average (eight hour
working day)
flash point
upper and lower explosive limits (if applicable)
stability and incompatibilities
carcinogenic, teratogenic and mutagenic
properties
name and address of the nominating person
the anticipated volume per annum of the
chemical substance being used, stored,
manufactured, processed, offered for sale or
sold, transported, imported and exported by
the nominating person
Toxic and Chemical Substances
If the use, storage, transport, process, manufacture,
import or export of any new substance poses an
unreasonable risk or hazard to public health or the
environment was determined, the DENR may
prohibit/limit/place controls or conditions on the use,
manufacture, import, export, transport, process,
storage, possession or sale of the chemical substance
Hazardous Wastes
Entry, transit and disposal of hazardous wastes in the
Philippine territorial limits shall be prohibited
Encouragement of proper management of hazardous
wastes
Minimizing the generation of hazardous wastes,
recycling/reusing/treatment of hazardous wastes and
landfill of inert hazardous wastes
Hazardous Wastes
Prescribed Hazardous
Wastes:
plating wastes
acid wastes
organic sludge
organic solvents
organic wastes
textile
alkali wastes
oil
inorganic chemical wastes
Containers
radioactive chemical wastes
immobilized wastes
paints
organic chemical
resins
miscellaneous wastes
Hazardous Wastes
Exempted Wastes:
• domestic wastes
• industrial and commercial wastes disposed through the sewage system
• industrial and commercial solid wastes which do not contain prescribed
hazardous wastes
• materials from building demolition except asbestos
• septic tank effluents and associated sullage wastewaters
• untreated spoils from mining, quarrying and excavation works but not materials in
the nature of tailing, commercially treated materials and mine facility consumables
Hazardous Wastes
Storage and Labelling:
1
• the class of the
hazardous waste
2
• the sub-category of the
hazardous waste
3
• the waste number
4
• the name and address
of the waste generator
5
• the maximum capacity
of volume
Hazardous Wastes
Prescribed Waste Treatment Premises:
Category
Description
A
Premises that conduct on-site disposal of hazardous wastes generated
industrially or commercially other than sewage disposal
B
Commercial or industrial hazardous waste incinerators
C
Landfill or dumps that accept hazardous wastes for disposal
D
Premises that recycle or reprocess hazardous wastes which were not
produced at the said premise
E
Premises that immobilize, encapsulate, polymerize or treat hazardous
wastes which were mot produced at the said premise
F
Premises that store hazardous wastes, which were not generated or
produced at that premise for periods exceeding 30 days
Nuclear Wastes
The government would prohibit the
entry, transit, storage and disposal of
nuclear wastes into the territory of the
Philippines for whatever purpose
The Philippine Nuclear Research
Institute (PNRI) shall be responsible for
the regulation and licensing of nuclear
facilities and radioactive materials
Nuclear Wastes
• Unclaimed or abandoned nuclear waste shall be
subject to the regulations of PNRI
• Importers of scrap metals should certify the DENR
that the scrap metals do not contain any radioactive
metal in any form
• Any person should immediately inform the DENR or
PNRI regarding the existence of unauthorized
radioactive material or nuclear waste anywhere in
the Philippines