World Civilization
Quarter 3 Common Assessment
Describe/define the following terms:
Cheka, Fascism, and Isolationism

Cheka: Russian secret police. Helped
Lenin gain control of Russia using terror
tactics against the enemy.

Fascism: A political movement that
promotes an extreme form of nationalism,
a denial of individual rights, and a
dictatorial one-party rule.

Isolationism: A policy of avoiding political
or military involvement with other
countries.
Describe/define the following terms:
The Great Purge, Appeasement, and the Rape of
Nanking/Nanjing



The Great Purge: A campaign of terror in the Soviet Union
during the 1930s, in which Joseph Stalin sought to
eliminate all Communist Party members and other citizens
who threatened his power.
Appeasement: The making of concessions to an
aggressor in order to avoid war. Used by Britain
and France to try and avoid war with Germany in
the build up to WWII.
Rape of Nanking/Nanjing: After the
invasion of China by Japan, Japanese
soldiers killed tens of thousands of
captured soldiers and civilians.
Describe/define the following terms:
Blitzkrieg, Atlantic Charter and Island Hopping



Blitzkrieg: “Lightning War,” German
strategy.
Atlantic Charter: Agreement between Churchill
(England) and Roosevelt (U.S.). Would serve as
the Allies’ peace plan at the end of WWII.
Island Hopping: Strategy used by
MacArthur (U.S.) in the Pacific of seizing
islands that were not well defended but
were closer to Japan.
Communism-Fascism Comparison
COMMUNISM
FASCISM & COMMUNISM
FASCISM
Differences
Similarities
Differences
1. Wants a classless worker society: all
proletariat or all peasants
2. Internationalists: “Workers of the world
unite!”
3. Communist Party rules
4. Command economy-centrally planned
by the gov’t for the good of the people.
5. Limited/no private ownership of the
factors of production.
Examples: USSR
People’s Republic of China
1. Both are ruled by
authoritarians/dictators
2. 1 party rule
3. Both denied individual civil rights
4. State is supreme authority
5. Not a democracy
6. Usually has a charismatic
leader/demagogue
7. aggressive/ militaristic
8. Censorship, indoctrination, secret
police are all used as a means of control
9. Economic functions are controlled by
the state corporations
1. Did not seek a classless society. Each
class has its place & function:
--aristocrats & industrialists
--war veterans
--lower middle class
--lower class
2. Nationalists: their nation FIRST
3. Dominant controlling party
4. Capitalistic
5. Private ownership/state is the biggest
customer
Examples: In the 1930s & 1940s
--Italy(Fascism)
--Spain
--Germany(Nazism)
Now: North Korea
Both Communism and Fascism produce
totalitarian governments
Identify the following people/events/terms:
Mussolini, Emperor Hirohito and Axis Powers

Mussolini: Fascist leader of Italy who
formed a military alliance with Germany
during WWII (part of Axis powers).

Emperor Hirohito: Figurehead leader of
Japan (note: military leaders held power).

Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, and Japan.
Identify the following people/events/terms:
Allies, Genocide, and Dwight D. Eisenhower
Allies: Great Britain (England), United
States, and Russia.
 Genocide: The systematic killing of an
entire people.


Dwight D. Eisenhower: Supreme
Commander of Allied forces in Europe and
leader of the D-Day
invasion.
Why were totalitarian governments able
to rise after World War I?
Totalitarian governments had the support
of the people because they wanted to see
change.
 The major economies of Europe were
bankrupt.
 High inflation.
 Weakness of coalition
governments.

How did Russia’s participation in World
War I affect its empire?

Russia experienced severe economic
hardships because of the war, which
eventually resulted in the downfall of the
czar (and the rise of Communism).
List the causes of the Russian
Revolution.
Bloody Sunday.
 Rapid industrialization.
 Military and economic costs of WWI.

What result of the Russian Revolution had
the greatest influence on World War I?.

Russia pulled out of
World War I (Treaty of Brest-Litovsk).
Which authors make up the “Lost
Generation?”
Ernest Hemingway.
 F. Scott Fitzgerald.

List the various traits of totalitarianism.
Police terror.
 Indoctrination.
 Propaganda and Censorship.
 Religious or Ethnic Persecution.

Economic results of WWI

Severe economic depression in European
countries!
Why were Mussolini and Hitler able to
come to power?

Note: Both used terror tactics against
their opponents..
Identify which countries were acquiring
territory during the 1930s.
Japan Manchuria and China.
 Germany Rhineland, Austria,
Sudetenland, and Czechoslovakia.
 Italy Ethiopia (1935) and Albania.


Note: All three countries (Japan, Germany,
and Italy) wanted to expand their empire.
Why did Germany, Japan, and Italy want
to expand prior to World War II?

Pride (Mussolini Ethiopia), Unification of
German people (Hitler), and economic
expansion (Japan, Italy, and Germany).
How did appeasement and isolationism
add to the outbreak of World War II?
Appeasement strengthened Hitler’s power
and prestige.
 Appeasement also encouraged Hitler to
conquer more land because other nations
did not try to stop him or avoided political
ties to countries in need (isolationism).

"He was given a
choice between
war and
dishonor. He
chose dishonor
and he will have
war anyway."
Why did Germany sign a non-aggression
treaty with Russia?
So Germany could invade Poland without
Soviet opposition.
 Russia also wanted to take part of Poland
for themselves.

List the causes of WWII.
German invasion of Poland caused Britain
and France to declare war on Germany.
 Bombing of Pearl Harbor caused the U.S.
to enter WWII.
 Rise of Totalitarian leaders (Hitler and
Mussolini).

The defeat of what nation remained a priority
to the nations of the U.S. and Great Britain?

GERMANY!
What was the significance and outcome of the
following battles: Battle of Stalingrad, Battle of the
Bulge, and the Battle of Midway?



Battle of Stalingrad: Battle between Russia and
Germany, eventually won by Russia (at the cost
of over 1 million soldiers!). Put Germans on the
defensive. A decisive factor in the German defeat
was the harsh winter.
Battle of the Bulge: Battle between the United
States and Germany, won by the United States.
Was the last German offensive.
Battle of Midway: Battle between the United
States and Japan, won by the United States.
Turned the tide of the war in the Pacific (in the
U.S.’s favor).
Where were the atomic bombs dropped?
Hiroshima.
 Nagasaki.

In what order were the Axis powers
defeated?

Italy, Germany, and then Japan.
What ideas were presented by Hitler in
his book Mein Kampf ?
Germans were the “master race.” Other
races were inferior (especially Jews).
 The Versailles Treaty was an outrage, and
he (Hitler) vowed to regain lost land.
 Germany needed more living space
(lebensraum). He (Hitler) would conquer
eastern Europe and Russia.

Why was Kristallnacht significant?

It marked a major step-up in the Nazi
policy of Jewish persecution. Jewish
homes and businesses were destroyed.
List the events of the Holocaust. What
was the goal of the Final Solution?





1.Nuremberg Laws (1935): deprived Jews of their
rights to German citizenship and forbade
marriages between Jews and non-Jews.
2.Kristallnacht (1938): See question #21.
3.Ghettos (post Kristallnacht): Segregated Jewish
areas, sealed off with barbed wire and stone
walls.
4.Final Solution: A program of genocide, the
systematic killing of an entire people (people the
Nazis considered inferior).
5.Liberation: Freeing Jews from the camps.
What three crimes were Nazi leaders charged
with during the Nuremberg Trials?
Waging a war of aggression.
 Committing “crimes against humanity.”
 Violating the laws of war.

Describe Europe and Japan after WWII. What did
the cities look like? How was the government and
military different?





Cities were in ruin.
Large civilian and military losses.
Political discontent and change.
Military expansion forbidden
New Japanese constitution was created using the
ideas of the U.S. Constitution (political power
rested with the people).
This statement reflects the British belief that
what policy would prevent another war?
“My good friends, for the second time in
our history, a British Prime Minister has
returned from Germany bringing peace
with honor. I believe that it is peace for
our time…Go home and get a nice quiet
sleep.

Neville Chamberlain, April 30, 1938
 APPEASEMENT

What source did the post World War II Japanese
Constitution use for these ideas?

We , the Japanese people…determine that
we shall secure for ourselves and our
posterity…and the blessings of liberty
throughout the land…

The U.S. Constitution