(The process of converting glucose into
ATP)

 Both autotrophs and heterotrophs break down glucose to get energy. This energy is used to fuel life processes.
 Review and be familiar with the following terms:

Autotrophs

Heterotrophs

 ATP: A modified nucleotide molecule that powers all cellular work directly.
 Its structure: adenine, ribose and three phosphates are combined by dehydration synthesis

 ATP molecules release phosphate groups to various other molecules. These molecules take in the phosphate by phosphorylation and get excess energy to perform various processes.
 When ATP releases a phosphate + energy it produces ADP (adenosine diphosphate)
 ADP can turn back to ATP by taking in a phosphate and energy by phosphorylation

 There are two different molecules that are used to carry electrons and hydrogen ions to the last step cellular respiration.
 NAD+ carries 2 electrons and a hydrogen ion at a time – NADH
 FAD carries 2 electrons and two hydrogen ions at a time -- FADH



Cellular respiration – releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen.
6 O2 + C6H12O6 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy
 Cellular respiration takes place in small steps to minimize the loss of energy in the form of heat or light.
 Processes that require oxygen to take place are called aerobic .
 Processes that do not require oxygen to take place are anaerobic .

 Cellular respiration consists of three major steps if oxygen is present:

Glycolysis – in the cytoplasm


The Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) – in the mitochondrion
Oxidative phosphorylation – in the mitochondrion
 Cellular respiration is a collection of enzyme catalyzed reactions of oxidation (the loss of electrons or hydrogen from an element, or the gain of oxygen) and reduction (the gaining of an electron, or hydrogen or losing oxygen by an element)

 ATP molecules can be produced in two ways:


Substrate level phosphorylation -when enzymes directly transfer phosphate to ADP during chemical reactions.
Oxidative phosphorylation – When ATP synthesis is fueled by creating a concentration difference of H ions between two sides of the cell membrane.

 The process in which one molecule of glucose is broken in half, producing two molecules of pyruvic acid.
 This process will also produce 2 ATP and 2
NADH molecules.

 http://programs.northlandcollege.edu/biology/Biology1111/animations/glycolysis.html
or http://www.wwnorton.com/college/biology/discoverbio4/animations/main.aspx?chno=ch08p02a

 After glycolysis fermentation will take place if oxygen is not present in the organism.
 Fermentation will recycle the used NADH into
NAD + .
 Fermentation forms a total of 2 ATP molecules from one glucose.

 Types of fermentation:

Alcoholic fermentation – Yeast and other organisms form alcohol and CO following process:
2 by the
Pyruvic acid + NADH
2

→ CO
2
+ ethanol + NAD +
Lactic acid fermentation – Skeletal muscle cells of mammals and some bacteria produce lactic acid. Lactic acid is a harmful chemical than needs to be removed from the muscle cells:
Pyruvic acid + NADH
2
→ lactic acid + NAD http://www.wwnorton.com/college/biology/discoverbio4/animations/main.aspx?chno=ch08p02d
+


Aerobic process that takes place in the matrix of the mitochondrion.
 During this process, pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide and ATP in a series of reactions.
 Requirements:

Electron carriers (NAD + , FAD + )

ADP molecules

Enzymes

 Products:

6 NADH, 2 FADH
2
, 4 CO
2
, 2 ATP from each glucose molecule.
 The first step of this process is to break down pyruvic acid into an acetyl group that binds with a Coenzyme-A the complex that is formed is called Acetyl-CoA. – This is called the intermediate step.
 Acetyl-CoA starts the Krebs cycle that will extract energy and electrons from organic molecules.

 NADH and FADH
2 molecules from the Krebs cycle pass their electrons through an electron transport chain. This uses the high energy electrons to convert ADP into ATP.
 This process takes place on the inner membrane of the mitochondrion (cristae).
 Requirements:


10 NADH, 2 FADH
2
Enzymes


32 ADP
Oxygen (from breathing)

 Products:


6 H
2
O
32 ATP molecules
 The movement of hydrogen ions from the matrix to the intermembrane space of the mitochondrion fuels the movement of high energy electrons and the production of ATP.
We are going to look at the picture on the next slide together and form the steps of the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation together

 http://vcell.ndsu.nodak.edu/animations/etc/movie.htm
http://vcell.ndsu.nodak.edu/animations/atpgradient/movie.htm



While fermentation can take place without oxygen and is a simpler process, it produces only 2 ATP molecules from glucose. It also produces some harmful chemicals (ethanol or lactic acid) that the body needs to break down.
Cellular respiration produces a total of 36
ATP molecules from one glucose. Other producs include CO
2 and H
2
O that are released into the environment.

 When the body needs energy quickly, it starts to break down the available ATP molecules, than glucose. If oxygen is not present fermentation will take place. If enough oxygen is present in the cell, cellular respiration takes place.
 If enough glucose is not available, the body starts to break down the stored glycogen than fats finally proteins.