Review of Sc.10 and
Chapter 5 Earth Science
11
Heath Text
Ghost Notes:
Fill in the blanks on your ghost notes 
Review (Chapter 3 and Science 8/9/10)
Matter is anything that has mass and volume.
All matter is composed of elements
An element is a substance that cannot be broken into simpler
substances by ordinary chemical means. Periodic Table!!!
 An atom is the smallest particle of an element that has all the
properties of that element. Each atom has a nucleus that
contains protons (positively charged), and neutrons (no
charge). The moving charged particles are called electrons and
they orbit the nucleus.
 Isotopes are atoms of the same chemical element with
different mass numbers (different numbers of neutrons).
Compounds are substances that contain two or more
elements chemically combined.
Compounds are formed when atoms bond
Ionic bond: the bond that forms as a result of the
attraction between positively and negatively charged
ions; a transfer of electrons, (Metal + Non-Metal)
Covalent bond: The bond formed from the sharing of
electrons by atoms, (Non-Metal+ Non-Metal)
Metallic bond: atoms become positively charged ions,
sea of electrons
What is a mineral?
 In order for a material to be called a mineral several things
must be true:
 Occurs naturally
 Is a solid
 Has a definite chemical composition (elements combined in
definite proportions
 Has its atoms arranged in an orderly pattern
 Is inorganic (not formed by any process involving plants,
animals, or other organisms.)
 Water is not a mineral because it is not solid.
 Window glass is not a mineral because it does not occur
naturally.
 A pearl is not a mineral because it is formed by an oyster.
 Coal is not a mineral because it is made from plant remains, it
lacks a definite composition, and its atoms are not arranged in
an orderly way.
 Minerals may be elements or compounds
 The two most abundant elements are oxygen and silicon = These
are found in more than 90% of the minerals in the crust.
 The eight most common elements in the Earth’s crust are:
Oxygen, Silicon, Aluminum, Iron, Calcium, Sodium, Potassium,
Magnesium.
 Most minerals are compounds. For example Quartz is a
compound of silicon and oxygen.
 A few minerals are composed of single elements called native
minerals, or native elements. = Gold, Silver, Copper, Sulfur, and
Diamond.
 Minerals can form in several ways:
 Many form out of molten earth material or magma.
 Some form when water containing dissolved ions evaporate.
(Halite forms when salt water evaporates.)
 Minerals can be changed into different minerals by heat,
pressure, or the chemical action of water.
Structure of Minerals:
 All minerals are crystalline. Their atoms are arranged in a particular pattern.
 Minerals are often found as crystals: a regular geometric solid with smooth
surfaces called crystal faces.
 The angle at which crystal faces meet is always the same for each kind of
mineral and is helpful for identification purposes.
 Only 6 basic crystal shapes occur: cubic system, orthorhombic system,
tetragonal system, triclinic system, hexagonal system, monoclinic system (pg.
99 of textbook).
 Not all crystalline substances have crystal faces. Inadequate space to grow.
 More than 90 % of the minerals in Earth’s crust are members of the silicates.
(Compounds of the elements silicon and oxygen + one or more metallic
elements.)
 The basic unit (four oxygen atoms packed around a silicon atom) is held
together by covalent bonds between the silicon atom and oxygen atoms. This
makes a geometric figure called a tetrahedron.
 Silicate minerals are built around the silica tetrahedron.
 The crystal shape, hardness, cleavage, and density of a mineral are
determined by the internal arrangement of its atoms or ions.
Chapter Five.2
Please take notes on the following information…
Identifying Minerals:
 Over 2000 minerals are known. There are common minerals
(quartz, feldspar, mica, calcite…) and rare (gold, diamond)
minerals
 Common minerals that make up the majority of the Earth’s crust
are called rock-forming minerals.
 Most rock forming minerals are silicate minerals.
 Minerals are identified by their physical properties.
 The study of minerals and their properties is called mineralogy
Identification by Inspection and Tests:
 Colour: Obvious but not very useful
 Luster: The way it shines in reflected light. Metallic or
Nonmetallic, pearly, earthy, vitreous (like glass)
 Crystal Shape: Only helpful if they have had time and room to
form giving their atoms or ions (an atom or group of atoms in a
negative or positive charged condition) time to arrange
themselves in patterns.
 Streak: colour of the mineral when it is finely powdered
 Cleavage: breakage along smooth planes. This depends upon
zones of weakness in the crystal structure.
 Hardness: Mohls’ scale. Resistance to being scratched.
 Fracture: the broken surface is irregular and not in a flat plane.
 Specific gravity: the ratio of the weight of a mineral to the
weight of an equal volume of water.
 The acid test: Hydrochloric acid
Special Properties of Minerals:
Magnetic: Magnetite-an iron ore, Lodestone
Taste: Halite=Rock Salt
Fluorescence: fluorite, calcite (glow under UV)
Phosphorescent: (glows after UV exposure)
willemite and sphalerite
Radioactive: uranium (harmful)
Double refraction: (splitting the light ray into
two parts.) Iceland Spar – a type of Calcite
Silicates: From Silica Tetrahedrons
 Silica tetrahedron = nature’s most important building block for
minerals.
 Quartz: hardest (7) of the common minerals, glassy or greasy
luster, fracture is shell-like or irregular, colour varies. It is the
second most abundant mineral in Earth’s crust. (Important part
of granite)
 Feldspar: the most abundant family of minerals in Earth’s
crust. (60%)
 Feldspar’s have three major properties: two directions of
cleavage, a hardness of 6, and a pearly luster.
 Two major groups of Feldspars: potassium feldspars and sodium
calcite feldspars. (based upon the ionic structure)
 Potassium Feldspar: Orthoclase
 Sodium-calcite feldspars are called plagioclase feldspars: Albite
and oligoclase.
Silica Tetrahedrons continued….
 Mica: soft silicates
 Talc: softest mineral #1 on Mohls’ scale
 Amphiboles are a family of complex silicate minerals =
Hornblende long needle-like crystals
 Hornblende is also a Ferromagnesian silicate
 Ferromagnesian silicates all contain atoms of iron and
magnesium AND they are always dark in colour.
 Pyroxenes: Augite (Awjyte) is the most common member
of this family. (Cleavage surfaces meet nearly at right
angles.) (shorter, stouter crystals)
 Olivine, Garnets, and Kaolinite “oh my”…page 55
Non-Silicates:
 Carbonate group: made of one carbon atom combined with
three oxygen atoms and has a negative charge of two.
 A carbonate mineral = carbonate groups joined with various
metal ions. (limestone and marble)
 Most common = Calcite (ACID TEST)
 Colourless transparent calcite is called Iceland spar =
properties of double refraction 
 Dolomite is calcium magnesium carbonate
 Copper carbonates = malachite (green) and azurite (blue)
 Iron carbonate = siderite (brown or yellow-brown)
Iron Oxides and Sulfides:
 Minerals that contain large amounts of the metal element
iron.
 ECONOMICALLY IMPORTANT…(will be discussed later)
 Iron tends to be combined with either oxygen or sulfur to
form an oxide or sulfide.
 Oxide: a mineral consisting of a metal element combined
with oxygen.
 Sulfide: a metal element combined with sulfur.
 Each iron-bearing mineral has its own identifying
properties.
 Hematite: most common. ALL leave a red-brown streak on
the streak plate.
 Magnetite: attracted to a magnet. Lodestone is a highly
magnetic variety of magnetite…natural magnet.
 Pyrite: iron sulfide…fool’s gold
Dioptase: Image by Rob Lavinsky
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minerals_D_(co
mplete)#mediaviewer/File:Dioptase-36918.jpg
Hornblende: this is a sample from the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History.
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/minerals/hornblende.html
Feldspar: The most abundant family of minerals in the Earth’s crust
http://www.beg.utexas.edu/mainweb/publications/graphics/feldspar.htm
Pure Quartz
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pure_Quartz_at_Senckenberg_Natural_H
istory_Museum.jpg
Muscovite from Mitchell County North Carolina
http://geology.com/minerals/muscovite.shtml
Garnet: These share a
common crystal
structure.
http://geology.com/min
erals/garnet.shtml
Calcite: Carbonate
Azurite and malachite from Morenci, Arizona: a deep blue copper
carbonate.
Pyrite with hematite from Rio Marina, Isle of Elba, Italy Fool’s Gold
Fluorite in normal light and under short
wave ultraviolet light
http://geology.com/articles/fluorescentminerals/\
Fluorescent rocks and
minerals
Dolomite crystals from Penfeld, New York
Cinnabar: a toxic mercury sulfide mineral
http://geology.com/minerals/cinnabar.shtml
The End…
Homework
Complete “5.2 Section Review” on page 102 of your textbook
Coming up…
Section 5.3 Identifying Minerals & Lab