Mutations (12.4) State Standard 2D. Describe the relationships between changes in DNA and potential appearance of new traits Chapter 12 Molecular Genetics 12.4 Gene Regulation and Mutation Mutations A permanent ____________ in the nucleotide sequence of a cell’s DNA is called a ____________. Types of mutations ____________ ____________ ____________ Chapter 12 Molecular Genetics 12.4 Gene Regulation and Mutation Causes of Mutation Mutations can either occur ____________ or be caused by ____________. Mutagen – Any agent that can harm DNA, causing a mutation. Examples of Mutagens: chemicals, radiation, ____________, gamma rays, ultraviolet light, ____________, free radicals. Chapter 12 Molecular Genetics 12.4 Gene Regulation and Mutation Effects of Mutations ____________ Disorders (ex – Sickle Cell disease, Cystic Fibrosis) Changes in shape & functionality of ____________. Dysfunctional protein ____________. ____________ Chapter 12 Molecular Genetics 12.4 Gene Regulation and Mutation Types of Mutations Substitution – 1 nucleotide base is ____________ with another. Insertion – an ____________ nucleotide is ____________ in the DNA sequence. Deletion – 1 nucleotide base is ______ ______ of the DNA sequence. Insertions & deletions cause ____________, which throw off the whole DNA code for that section. Chapter 12 Molecular Genetics 12.4 Gene Regulation and Mutation Body-cell v. Sex-cell Mutation ____________ (body) cell mutations are ______ passed on to the next generation. Mutations that occur in _____ _____ are passed on to the organism’s ____________ and will be present in every cell of the offspring.