Cause and Effect

• Colonists were required to transport goods only on British ships
• Certain goods (sugar, tobacco, indigo, furs) could only go to England.
• Imported goods must be purchased from
England or pay taxes in British port if purchased from a foreign nation.
• Purpose: To make England a wealthy nation

• COLONIAL REACTION:
-many colonists ignored these laws.
Smuggling was prominent.
• BRITISH RESPONSE:
- Passed Sugar Act and Writs of
Assistance

• Pontiac’s Rebellion
• Proclamation for 1763

• WARS COST MONEY
• How about the colonies?

• Prohibited all settlement and fur trapping west of the Appalachian Mountains
• Britain passed this law to pacify the
Indians and to save them the expense of protecting colonists who settled on the frontier.
• It was the cheapest way for the British to prevent conflict.

• The colonists were angry and resented the
Proclamation.
• Many defied the Proclamation and moved anyway.
• Other colonists were upset by the limitation in the scope of their business opportunities.
• Especially after so many colonists died while fighting the French and Indian War

• Legal papers which gave custom officials the right to search any building for any reason.
• They gave the British soldiers and officals the right to search and seize any colonial house or business.
• The writs were an attempt to stop smuggling.

• The colonists complained that these writs violated their rights as English subjects.

• Reduced the tax on sugar/molasses but also provided for stricter enforcement of the Navigation Acts by sending suspected smugglers to England for trial with Crownappointed judges (not jury).
• This law was an attempt to stop smuggling by lowering the tax and give the British government the tools to crackdown on smugglers.

• The colonists felt that this Sugar Act took away their rights of trial by jury and taxation with representation as guaranteed to them as English subjects.
• James Otis a Massachusetts lawyer famous speech, “No taxation without representation!”
• Smuggling increases.

• People in Britain were shocked at the uproar in the colonies.
• Britain had spent a great deal of $$$ protecting the colonists from the
French
• British paid 26 TIMES the taxes of the colonists.

• Britain taxing the colonies went against the long-established British principle of no taxation without representation (see
Magna Carta 1215)
• ONLY the colonists or their elected representatives had the right to pass taxes
• No colonial representation in Parliament =
No British taxes
• Colonists were willing to pay taxes passed by colonial legislatures

• The Stamp Act was a direct tax on the colonies which placed a tax on almost all printed materials.
• It was attempt to raise revenue for Britain.

• In response to the Stamp Act the colonists did the following:
- Formed the Sons and Daughters of Liberty
- protested in the streets, riots
- harassed tax collectors, tar and feathered
- boycotted trade with England
- burning of effigies; paper goods in protest
- Stamp Act Congress

• The Stamp Act crisis brought a sense of unity to the colonies.
• Critic of the law called for delegates from every colony to meet in New York.
• The purpose of this “ Stamp Act
Congress ” was to consider action against the hated Stamp Act.
• Delegates from nine colonies sent delegates.

• Drew up petitions, or letters, to King
George III and to Parliament.
• These petitions rejected the Stamp Act and asserted that Parliament had no right to tax the colonies.
• Parliament paid little attention to these petitions.

• Besides petitions, the colonists took more direct action.
• They called for a boycott (to refuse to buy certain goods or services) of British goods
• The boycott took its toll, trade fell off by
14%.
• British merchants and workers suffered.
• Finally, in 1766 Parliament repealed
(cancelled) the Stamp Act

• In reaction to the protests of the Stamp Act the British government repealed the law.
• In its place, they passed the Declaratory
Act.

• British soldiers were to be housed and fed
(basic provisions of life) in colonial houses.
• The British government would save mone by forcing the colonists to incur the cost of feeding and housing soldiers in America.

• Colonial protests.
• Additional smuggling and fear of privacy rights being invaded.
• Increased distrust of the British forces.
• Overall bad relations.

• The Declaratory Act repealed the Stamp
Act but also asserted British authority to tax the colonists in “all cases whatsoever”.
• The British asserted their authority to tax the colonists whenever they wanted.
• Parliament was the only lawmaking body for the colonies and the colonists were responsible for upholding their rulings.

• Total anger and outrage.
• The Stamp Act Congress had written a nice letter asking for representation and received a smack across the face and a demand to follow Parliament.

“We have… got you excused this one time; pray be a good boy for the future, do what your papa and mama bid you… and then all your acquaintances will love you, and praise you, and give you pretty things.”
An open letter to the colonists from British merchants following the repeal of the Stamp Act

• Placed duties (taxes) on glass, paper, paint, lead, and tea brought into the colonies.
• These duties were to be paid in gold or silver only and paid at the port of entry.
• Also, suspended the New York legislature.
• The Townshend Act was an effort by
England’s new Finance Minister to tax the colonies “without offense”.

• This act challenged the colonists basic notions of taxation without representation and liberty. In response, the colonists renewed their boycotts of British goods.
• Five colonists killed in a clash with British troops in 1770 known as “The Boston
Massacre”.
• The Townshend Act was repealed one month after the Boston Massacre.

• Kept the tax on tea and gave the East
India Company a monopoly over the
American tea trade.
• The British kept the tax on tea to show the colonists it still had the right to tax them.

• In response to the Tea Act the colonials:
- organized Committees of
Correspondence
- The Boston Tea Party was staged by the
Sons of Liberty.
• The King was furious. Parliament passed four new laws (Intolerable Acts) to punish the colonists.

Intolerable Acts (1774) also called the Coercive Acts
• These acts were meant to punish Boston for the
Boston Tea Party and to isolate Boston from the rest of the colonies.
1. Closed Boston harbor until the colonists paid for all the tea they dumped.
2. Greatly restricted colonial government
3. Allowed British commanders to house troops wherever necessary.
4. Allowed British officials accused of crimes to stand trial in England.

• Colonists sent supplies to aid Boston;
Boycotted British goods; Established the
First Continental Congress
• Britain stood firm and tension between
Britain and the American colonies increased; the colonists prepared for war;
Fighting begins at Lexington and Concord
(the shot heard ‘round the world)