12A Interpret relationships (predation, parasitism, commensalism, mutualism, competition) among organisms An organisms role in its environment… • An organisms habitat is the area where it lives. • In any environment, every species fills a unique niche. • A niche includes the conditions and resources a species’ needs for survival and how it obtains these resources. Relationships between Organisms COMPETITION THE DEMAND BY TWO OR MORE ORGANISMS FOR LIMITED RESOURCES SUCH AS FOOD, WATER OR SHELTER PREDATION INTERACTION IN WHICH ONE ORGANISM CAPTURES AND FEEDS ON ANOTHER ORGANISM PREDATOR •LION • THE ORGANISM CAPTURING AND FEEDING ON ANOTHER ORGANISM (THE PREY) PREY •HIPPO • ORGANISM BEING EATEN PARASITISM SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP IN WHICH ONE ORGANISM LIVES IN OR ON ANOTHER ORGANISM & CAUSES IT HARM PARASITE •TICK • ORGANISM LIVING IN OR ON ANOTHER ORGANISM CAUSING IT HARM HOST •DOG • ORGANISM BEING HARMED BY PARASITE COMMENSALISM SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP IN WHICH ONE ORGANISM BENEFITS & ANOTHER ORGANISM IS NEITHER HARMED NOR BENEFITS Whale & Barnacle Egrets & Cattle MUTUALISM SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP IN WHICH BOTH ORGANISMS BENEFIT Clown Fish & Anemone Flowers & Bees 12C Analyze the flow of matter & E through trophic levels using various models (food webs, food chains, and ecological pyramids). AUTOTROPH • aka PRODUCER • an organism that captures E from sunlight or chemicals & use it to produce its own food ex: most plants HETEROTROPH • aka CONSUMER • an organism that obtains E from the food it consumes ex: humans, snakes, rhino, jaguar PRIMARY CONSUMER SECONDARY CONSUMER TERTIARY CONSUMER QUATERNARY CONSUMER HERBIVORE • Organism that obtains E from eating plants OMNIVORE • Organism that obtains E by eating both plants & animals CARNIVORE • Organism that obtains E by eating animals DETRITIVORE • aka DECOMPOSER • Organism that feeds on dead plant & animal material & other dead matter SCAVENGER • Animals that eat dead animals Ex: Vultures, Tasmanian devils FOOD CHAIN • the sequence of who eats whom in a biological community (an ecosystem) to obtain nutrition. • starts with the primary energy source • Ends with the top predator FOOD CHAIN Quaternary consumer Tertiary consumer Secondary consumer Primary consumer Producer FOOD WEB • Let’s put some food chains together… Label the organisms in your notes. *organisms can have more than 1 label. ECOLOGICAL PYRAMID • Represents the producers and consumers in an ecosystem in a pyramid shaped-diagram. Where does all E come from? As you go up trophic levels, 10% of Energy is lost. Why? Most of the E is available at what level? Biological Magnification the increasing concentration of toxic substances within each successive link in the food chain As you go up trophic levels, the number contaminants increases. Fill in the boxes with dots to represent the toxic contaminant. Do your boxes look like this?