Turning Point #11: Gandhi and Indian Independence from Great Britain - 1947
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Essential Question for TP #11
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What were the effects of the British colonization of India?
How did Gandhi (and other Indian leaders) seek to remove the British from power in India? Please
highlight their main tactic and provide specific historical examples of this tactic.
World Studies Daily Learning Targets and Entry Tasks –
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TP #11 Vocab Homework
Directions:
Grading:
Please follow the directions given in each section. Much of this homework should be done in the
first 5 minutes of each class period as an entry task. If you are not finished with the homework
by Thursday night you must have it finished before Friday morning.
SCORE:______/1
Vocabulary: Define each word using the text in this packet. Please write the full text of the definition. Do not shorten,
or write a definition from a dictionary.
1. Imperialism -
2. Settlement Colonies –
3. Assimilation -
Ch. 26-1 Guided Reading - “The Roots of Western Imperialism”
Modern Imperialism (662)
The years between 1870 and 1914 were the height of the age of imperialism. Imperialism is when
one country takes control of another country. One country might control the other's government,
trade, or culture. This was not a new idea. Empires had controlled other countries before the 1800s.
What was new was the strength of the modern nations. By 1914 the great powers of Europe, Japan,
and the United States controlled almost the entire world.
In the beginning, major European governments such as France, Germany, and Great Britain did not
plan their imperialism. Often it started when merchants or explorers went to foreign lands.
Sometimes the Europeans were not welcome. Then European soldiers would arrive to protect their
citizens. After a while, engineers and builders would come. They would open mines, build roads, and
make other improvements. The area would be developed, but only for the benefit of the Europeans.
The local people had very little say in this process.
Types of control
In some places Europeans had settlement colonies. These were large groups of people from one
country living together in a new place. For example, Australia was a settlement colony of Great
Britain. In other areas Europeans set up dependent colonies. In these, a few European officials ruled
the non-European people. India, for example, was a dependent colony of Great Britain.
Europeans set up protectorates in some areas. Here, the local ruler kept his title. The Europeans,
however, really controlled the area. Other nations were kept out. Areas that were not colonies or
protectorates were often in spheres of influence. A sphere of influence was an area in which one
nation had a special interest. Other nations agreed to respect those special interests.
National rivals (663)
Nationalism was a powerful force between 1870 and 1914. Nations believed that others would
respect them more if they had colonies. They also saw colonies as places to get troops for bigger
armies. Gurkhas, soldiers from Nepal, joined Australians and New Zealanders in British armies. Troops
from West Africa fought for the French.
Nations thought a large navy was as important as a large army. Navies protected widely scattered
colonies as well as the nation's merchant ships. During this time, steam-powered ships burned coal.
The range of a steamship was "from coal to coal." That made a coaling station, a place where ships
could refuel, very important. Tiny islands with nothing to offer except their strategic locations
became coaling stations or naval bases. Often these islands became objects of fierce competition
among naval powers.
By 1914 there were bitter rivalries among the imperial powers. Nations had colonies all over the
world. They had huge armies and navies. They had also created hatred among the colonized people.
Eventually this led to world conflict.
Economic Motives for Imperialism
Industrialization spurred imperialism. After 1850 technology grew rapidly. There were new kinds
of energy, new machines, and new industries. The industrialized nations needed a lot of raw
materials, such as copper and rubber, to make products. None of the nations wanted to depend on
others for raw materials. Their leaders were afraid that in the event of war their countries would not
be able to fight off an enemy. To protect themselves, the countries tried to control regions that had
the raw materials they needed.
New technology also brought a need for new markets. It was now possible to produce huge
amounts of goods. There was also an increased demand for products, particularly in Europe and the
United States. Even so, Europe and the United States could not use all the goods produced.
Industrialists began to look for new markets in Asia, Africa, and Latin America.
(664) Europeans and Americans believed that if other people knew their goods were available,
they would buy them. Some imperialists went further. They believed they could create new markets
by changing people's habits. For example, they would convince the people of central Africa to wear
shirts and ties. This would create more business for European and American clothes factories. The
factories would hire more people and everyone would make more money.
Industrialists thought they should control their new markets, just as they controlled the sources of
their raw materials. They wanted their governments to give them exclusive rights to sell in these
markets. At the same time, they demanded protective tariffs to ensure that they would not lose their
home markets to foreign competition.
Rapid population growth accompanied industrialism. This provided another economic motive for
imperialist expansion. Some historians estimate that the world's population doubled between 1800
and 1900. Industrial development created many jobs, but in Europe there was not enough work to
employ all the new job seekers. Displaced farmers and laborers often found it necessary or desirable
to go elsewhere. As a result, Europeans left their home countries in record numbers in the 1880s. For
Great Britain, France, and Germany, overseas migration was not a new phenomenon. For such
countries as Italy, Spain, and Austria-Hungary, however, the emigrations of the 1880s marked the first
mass movements of their peoples. The populations of North America, South America, and Australia
swelled with settlers from Europe.
Cultural Motives for Imperialism
Many people in the industrialized nations thought they had a duty to spread Western ideas and
knowledge around the world. People were considered lacking if their religion or culture differed from
that of the West.
"The White Man's Burden"
British poet Rudyard Kipling is widely considered to be the most powerful voice in favor of British
imperialism. The title of one of his best-known poems is "The White Man's Burden." This phrase is
often used to sum up the Western attitude toward non-Western people. This is the first stanza of the
poem.
Take up the White Man's burden—
Send forth the best ye breed—
Go bind your sons to exile
To serve your captives' need;
To wait in heavy harness,
On fluttered folk and wild—
Your new-caught, sullen peoples,
Half devil and half child."
—from "The White Man's Burden" by Rudyard Kipling
Many Europeans agreed with Kipling's poem. They thought non-Western people were primitive—
"half devil and half child." These wrong ideas caused Europeans to change the way of life for countless
people. They were "helping" or "improving" them. Europeans also used the idea of their "burden" to
justify imposing their own values and cultural ideas on other peoples.
People who were against imperialism claimed that the only burden the white man wanted to take
up was the burden of colonial wealth. Such opponents, however, had very little effect on the
imperialist policies of Western nations.
Missionaries (665)
Christian missionaries were very active throughout many areas of the world during the age of
imperialism. Churches in Europe and the United States sent a growing number of people to the
colonies. Although they hoped to convert people to Christianity, the missionaries did other work as
well. Many had been trained as teachers. They helped build schools and taught in them. Others had
medical training. They cared for the sick and helped to establish and operate hospitals. Through the
efforts of these missionaries, knowledge of medicine, hygiene, and sanitation spread along with
Christianity.
Citation: World History: The Human Journey. Holt, Rinehart, and, Winston. 2005.
Score: ______/3
Vocabulary: Use the text to give the definition of the following vocabulary words.
1. Protectorates -
2. Spheres of Influence –
Short Answer:
3. Give both the positive and negative effects of imperialism on colonized peoples.
Chart: Please fill out the following chart with full explanations (2-3 bullet points) of each:
Economic Reasons for Imperialism
Cultural Reasons for Imperialism
Raw Materials -
White Man’s Burden -
New Markets -
Missionaries -
Population Growth -
The British in India
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I. THE BEGINNINGS OF IMPERIALISM
A.
B. 1857 – Indian soldiers rebel against company rule in parts of “British India”
C.
II. REASONS FOR CONTROL
A. New markets for British goods
1.
2.
3.
B.
1.
2.
III. BRITISH CONTROL
A.
B.
1.
2.
3. Lets division between Muslim and Hindu continue
C.
EX: Rudyard Kipling’s Jungle Book and Rikki Tiki Tavi
D.
1.
2.
3. Improved Indian farming
E. Believed they were superior to Indians
F.
IV. INDIAN NATIONALISM
A.
B.
1. Gradual independence with many western ideas in Indian government
2.
C.
IV. GANDHI AND INDEPENDENCE
A.
B. Emphasized non-violent resistance to the accepted order of British India
C.
V. INDEPENDENCE
A.
1. India - Hindu
2. Pakistan - Muslim
B.
C.
VI. EFFECTS OF BRITISH RULE
A.
B.
C.
Gandhi Movie Observations
Score: ______/2
1. What instances of non-violent resistance do you see in the movie?
S. Africa
India
2. What are the effects of Imperialism on the non-Europeans of S. Africa and
India? In other words, how do you see these people living and working and
acting because of British rule?
S. Africa
India
To Every Englishman in India
Dear Friend,
I wish that every Englishman will see this appeal and give thoughtful attention to it.
Let me introduce myself to you. In my humble opinion, no Indian has co-operated with the British government more
than I have for an unbroken period of twenty nine years of public life in the face of circumstances that might well
have turned any other man into a rebel. I ask you to believe me when I tell you that my co-operation was not based on
the fear of punishments provided by your laws or any selfish motives. It was a free and voluntary co-operation based
on the belief that the sum total of the activity of the British Government was for the benefit of India. I put my life in
peril four times for the sake of the Empire,- at the time of the Boer War when I was in charge of the Ambulance corps
whose work was mentioned in the General Buller's dispatches, at the time of the Zulu revolt in Natal when I was in
charge of a similar corps, at the time of the commencement of the late War when I raised an Ambulance corps and as
a result of strenuous training had a severe attack of pleurisy, and lastly, in fulfillment of my promise to Lord
Chelmsford at the war conference in Delhi, I threw myself in such an active recruiting campaign in Kaira district
involving long and trying marches, that I had an attack of dysentery, which proved almost fatal. I did all this in the full
belief that acts such as mine must gain for my country an equal status in the Empire. So, late as last December I
pleaded hard for a trustful co-operation. I fully believed that Lloyd George would redeem his promise to the Muslims
and that the revelations of the official atrocities in the Punjab city of Amritsar would secure full reparation for the
Punjabis. But the treachery of Mr. Lloyd George (British Prime Minister) and its appreciation by you, and the
condonation of the Punjab atrocities have completely shattered my faith in the good intentions of the Government
and the nation which is supporting it.
But though my faith in your good intentions is gone, I recognize your bravery, and I know that what you will not yield
to justice and reason, you will gladly yield to bravery.
See what this Empire means to India :
- Exploitation of India's resources for the benefits of Great Britain,
-
an ever increasing military expenditure, and a civil service the most expensive in the world, extravagant
working of every department in utter disregard of India's poverty,
-
disarmament and consequent emasculation of a whole nation lest an armed nation might imperil the lives
of a handful of you in our midst,
-
traffic in intoxicating liquors and drugs for the purpose of sustaining a top heavy administration,
-
progressive repressive legislation in order to suppress an ever-growing agitation seeking to give expression
to a nation's agony,
-
degrading treatment of Indians residing in your dominions and you have shown total disregard of our
feelings by glorifying the Punjab administration and flouting the Muslim sentiment.
I know you would not mind if we could fight and wrest scepter from your hands. You know that we are powerless to do
that, for you have ensured our incapacity to fight in open and honorable battle. Bravery on the battle field is
impossible for us. Bravery of the soul still remains open to us. I know you will respond to that also. I am engaged in
evoking that bravery. Non-co-operation means nothing less than training in self- sacrifice. Why should we co-operate
with you when we know that by your administration of this great country we are being daily enslaved in an increasing
degree? This response of the people to my appeal is not due to my personality. I would like you to dismiss me, and for
the matter the Ali brothers too, from your consideration. My personality will fail to evoke any response to anti-Muslim
cry if I were foolish enough to raise it, as the magic name of the Ali brothers would fail to inspire the Muslims with
enthusiasm if they were madly to raise an anti-Hindu cry. People flock in their thousands to listen to us because we
today represent the voice of a nation groaning under your iron heels. The Ali brothers were your friends as I was, and
still am. My religion forbids me to bear any ill towards you. I would not raise my hand against you even if I had the
power. I expect to conquer you only by my suffering. The Ali brothers will certainly draw swords, if they could in
defense of their religion and their country. But they and I have made common cause with the people of India in their
attempt to voice their feelings and to find a remedy for their distress.
You are in search of a remedy to suppress this rising ebullition of national feeling. I venture to suggest to you that the
only way to suppress it is to remove the causes. You have yet the power. You can repent the wrongs done to Indians.
You can compel the viceroy to retire favor of a better one, you can revise your ideas about Sir Michel O' Dwyer and
General Dyer. You can compel the government to summon a conference of the recognized leaders of the people, duly
elected by them and representing all shades of opinion so as to revise means for granting Swaraj (Self-Rule) is
accordance with the wishes of the people of India.
But this you cannot do unless you consider every Indian to be in reality your equal and brother. I ask for no patronage,
I merely point out to you, as a friend, an honorable solution, namely repression, is open to you. I prophesy that it will
fail. It has begun already. The government has already imprisoned two brave men of Panipat for holding and
expressing their opinions freely. Another is on trial in Lahore for having expressed similar opinions. One in the Oudh
District is already imprisoned. Another awaits judgment. You should know what is going on in your midst. Our
propaganda is being carried on in anticipation of repression. I invite you respectfully to choose the better way and
make common cause with the people of India whose salt you are eating. To seek to thwart their aspirations is
disloyalty to the country.
I am,
Your faithful friend,
M. K. GANDHI
Citation: Gandhi, Mohandas K. "To Every Englishman in India." Letter. 27 Nov. 1920. Mahatma Gandhi
Complete Information Website.
Famous Gandhi Quotations
1. A civilization is to be judged by its treatment of minorities.
2. Journalist: Mr. Gandhi, what do you think of Western Civilization?
Gandhi: That would be a good idea.
3. I am an uncompromising opponent of violence, even to serve the noblest of causes.
4. He alone is truly nonviolent who remains nonviolent even though he has the power to strike.
5. A nonviolent revolution is not a program of “seizure of power.” It is a program of transformation of
relationships ending in a peaceful transfer of power.
6. With Gandhi, nonviolence was always a creed, with Congress [The Indian Political Party] it “was
always a policy.” Congress adopted nonviolence for the expected gains. Gandhi wanted nonviolence
irrespective of its fruits.
- Louis Fischer
Citation: Frank, Leonard R., ed. Quotationary. New York: Random House Webster, 1999.
Score: _____/2
1. Was Gandhi a faithful servant of the British Empire in his early life? Give an example that proves your
answer one way or the other.
2. Why does Gandhi have no faith anymore in the good intentions of the British government? Explain the
Amritsar Massacre (which you saw in the film Gandhi) in your own words.
3. In your own words explain what Gandhi means when he says that Great Britain promotes the “Exploitation
of India's resources for the benefits of Great Britain.”
4. What does Gandhi intend to get Indians to do since they will not beat Great Britain on the battlefield?
5. What does Gandhi ultimately want Great Britain to give to the people of India? Give the Indian term and
tell me what it means.