AP Human Geography Reader’s Notes // Chapter Three
Name:
Migration (Demography) // Pages 82-110
Due Date: Friday October 18, 2013
PD:
Date:
*Remember, it is permissible to have a study group BUT you are responsible for YOUR OWN studying and for completing the reading and all questions!*
1. What is Migration? 82-85
What forms does human movement take?
What forms does human movement (mobility) take?
What are the three types of movement you will be
studying?
1A. Cyclic Movement 82-83
Describe cyclic movement.
What are activity spaces?
Give an example of an activity space.
What is commuting and why is it cyclic?
Explain seasonal movement and give some examples.
What is nomadism? Give an example.
1B. Periodic Movement 83
Explain periodic movement and give some examples.
Define transhumance. Why is it different from classic
nomadism?
Give an example from the text of transhumance.
Why is going to college away from home considered
periodic?
Why is military service considered periodic?
1C. Migration 83-85
Define migration.
Define international migration.
Explain the difference between emigration and immigration
in terms of population.
Explain internal migration.
What major migration stream did the U.S. experience in
the 20th century due to internal migration?
Where have Americans internally migrated most recently in
large numbers?
What does mobility in the U.S. depend on?
When was mobility in the U.S. the lowest? Why?
How did the passage of Immigration Reform and Control
Act of 1986-change the mobility of immigrants from Latin
America to the U.S.?
2. Why do people migrate? 85-93
Explain forced migration.
Explain voluntary migration.
How does the Irish coming to US during the 1800s serve as
both an example of forced and voluntary migration?
Why does scale have a part in deciding whether a decision
to move is forced or voluntary?
What do the geographic studies of gender tell us about the
complexity of scale in migration decisions?
Give some examples of the role of gender in migration
decisions.
2A. Forced Migration 86-88
What is considered the largest and most devastating
incidence of forced migration in the history or humanity?
Where was the vast majority of Africans sold into slavery?
When did the Atlantic slave trade begin and what countries
were the first to trade Africans as slaves?
Why was there a need for slave workers in the Americas?
What regions of Africa were most affected by the slave
trading of the 16th -18th centuries?
How did the large numbers of African slaves arriving
change the Americas?
How did the large numbers of slaves leaving change Africa?
Where do we see incidences of forced migration in modern
society today?
Give an example of counter-migration from the text.
What is the major complication of repatriating Afghan
refugees back to Afghanistan?
2B.Push and Pull Factors in Voluntary Migration 88-89
What factors serve to intensify voluntary migration flows?
Explain the 5 laws of migration.
Explain Ravenstein’s gravity model in regards to
migration.
What is the equation for the gravity model?
Explain push factors. Explain pull factors.
Complete this sentence. A migrant’s decision to
emigrate from the home country and migrate to a
new country results from….
Explain distance decay.
How does distance decay play into where the migrant is
planning on migrating to?
Explain the phenomenon of step migration.Give an
example from the text.
Explain intervening opportunity.
2C. Types of Push and Pull Factors 89-90
What has research shown regarding the migrants decision
to move or not?
2C-1. Legal Status 89
Explain the difference between legal and illegal status for
migrants.
How does a work visa from another country usually work?
What happens to illegal or undocumented immigrants who
are caught in a country by immigration officials?
2C-2. Economic Conditions 89-90
What is the major economic force behind migration?
What are the consequences of the lower economic
conditions for migrants in their host countries/
What is the name of the UN group that seeks to protect the
rights of migrants?
2C-3. Power Relationships 90
How do power relationships affect the flow of migrants?
Give an example from the book of embedded power
relationships affecting migration flows.
Give an example of how placement agencies use scripted
stereotypes to employ their hires.
Why were there conflicts between African Americans and
Mexican immigrants in North Caroline over housing in the
past 10 years?
2D. Political Circumstances 90
What marks politically driven migration flows?
Give one example from the text.
2E. Armed Conflict and Civil War 90
What examples does the text give regarding refugee
migration flows due to conflict and civil war?
2F. Environmental Conditions 90-91
How was the environmental conditions exacerbated by
British political policies in Ireland during the potato famine?
Complete this sentence. Understanding Great Britain’s
colonial role in Ireland before, during, and after the
potato famine reminds us….
What 3 countries were altered demographically by the
potato famine??
What types of environmental crisis can cause huge
migration flows?
How much did the population of New Orleans fall after
Hurricane Katrina in 2005 and the economic recession that
followed?
What is significant about the movement of children within
New Orleans between 2000 and 2007?
Why was it impossible for many of the refugees in
Montserrat to return after volcanic eruption in 1995?
How many people migrated off the island of Montserrat
after the volcanic eruption?
2G. Culture and Traditions 91-92
What happened when the British partitioned South Asia into
a mostly Hindu India and an exclusively Muslim Pakistan?
What happened to the Jewish migrants from Soviet Union
in the 1990s?
What happened in South Africa when the minority white
power no longer ruled over black South Africa?
2H. Technological Advances 92-93
How do modern forms of communication and transportation
actually encourage migration?
Explain kinship links.
How does chain migration increase migration flows?
Explain immigration waves.
3. Where do people migrate? 93-108
What are the reasons for people migrating?
3A. Global Migration Flows 93-95
Explain global-scale migration. (Glossary A-22)
Define explorer and give an example. (Glossary A21)
Explain colonization.
Give some examples of European colonizers.
In the past five centuries which group of people generated
the most migration?
When did the rate of European emigration increase
sharply?
Where were most of the Europeans migrating to? Why?
Why do South Asians control a disproportionate share of
commerce and wealth in eastern and southern Africa?
3B. Regional Migration Flows 95-98
Explain regional scale migration.
3B-1. Economic Opportunities 96-97
What is the best way to understand and analyze migration
flows from one poor country to another?
What are islands of development?
Where are the islands of development in West Africa?
What sorts of migrants were attracted to the port cities in
coastal Nigeria when the oil economy was good?
How did the Nigerian government deal with these foreign
workers when the oil economy collapsed world-wide?
Define remittances. (Glossary A-27)
How did European colonization have an impact on regional
migration flows in Southeast Asia?
Where is the largest cluster of Chinese located in Southeast
Asia?
3B-2. Reconnection of Cultural Groups 97-98
Why is the flow of Jewish immigrants considered a
migration stream of enormous consequence?
What is the current population of Israel today?
3B-3. Conflict and War 98
Why did Germans flee Germany after World War II?
Where did the Germans migrate to?
Approximately how many Germans migrated from Europe
permanently after WWII?
Why did Cubans flee to the USA after Fidel Castro came
into power in Cuba?
Explain the Cuban Airlift.
Explain the wet-foot, dry-foot policy aimed at stemming
the migration flow from Cuba in 1995?
3C. National Migration Flows 98-100
Describe the first national migration flow in the U.S. before
1950.
After the Civil War and during WWI what was the next big
national migration in the U.S.?
When and why did the trend of African American migration
to the north and Midwest change?
Describe the major west to east internal migration in
Russia during the 1800-1910s and 1920s-1980s.
Explain Russification.(Glossary A-28)
How did the Soviets push Russification?
Describe the massive internal migration flows in Mexico.
3D. Guest Workers 100-101
Describe the two flows of migration to Europe to fill the
labor shortage created by World War II.
Define guest worker. (Glossary A-22)
What happened with the guest workers who migrated to
Europe after WWII?
How did the demographic population change in Germany as
a result of the Turkish guest workers?
What industries do the majority of guest workers find
employment?
What often happens when the need for guest laborers
declines in host countries?
How has the cultural landscape in Europe changed as the
result of guest workers who stayed?
3E. Refugees 101-107
What is the destination of 83% of refugees?
What law did the Refugee convention establish regarding
refugee status? When was this passed?
What was the main goal of the Refugee convention in
1951?
Define refugee. (glossary A-27)
Define repatriation (glossary A-27)
What group made up the majority of the 2.9 million
refugees recorded in 1970? Why?
What agency monitors and supports refugees throughout
the world?
How does the 1951 Refugee Convention define a refugee?
What are IDPs? Give an example.
Roughly, how many IDPs did the UNHCR estimate were
currently refugees?
Complete this sentence. The UN and international law
distinguish between…
How is a refugee treated once they meet the official criteria
for refugee status?
Define asylum.
3E-1. Regions of Dislocation 102-107
What generalizations (8) can be made about the overall
geography of refugees?
3E-1a. North Africa and Southwest Asia 103
What country accounts for the largest refugee flow for the
past 30 years?
What region accounts for the second largest refugee flow in
the world since 1991?
What two wars in the Persian Gulf region have generated
millions of refugees?
What did the U.S. do for these particular refugees?
What country invaded Afghanistan in the 1980s?
Approximately how many Afghans were displaced and
where did they go?
What group emerged out of this conflict in Afghanistan to
take control in 1996?
How did the Afghan people respond to the harsh Taliban
environment?
What happened to the country of Afghanistan under the
Taliban?
3E-1b. Africa 103-108
What exacerbates the impact of refugees and IDP flows in
sub-Saharan Africa?
What happened in sub-Saharan Africa in 1997 to create
refugee flows into Guinea and the Ivory Coast?
Where do the largest refugee flows in Sub-Saharan Africa
come from today?
Describe the second civil war in the Sudan in 1983?
What groups are the Janjaweed waging a genocidal war
against today?
What happened in 2005 in Sudan?
What happened in July 2011 in the Sudan?
What is the African Union?
Who are the major supporters of the African Union outside
of Africa?
What has been happening in the Democratic Republic of the
Congo since 1998?
3E-1c. South Asia 107
Why is South Asia ranked third in refugee numbers?
What happened in Sri Lanka to create a refugee problem
for South Asia?
Approximately how many IDPs are there on the island of
Sri Lanka today?
3E-1d. Southeast Asia 107
Why did Indochina experience a refugee crisis in the
20th century?
Where is the largest refugee camps located in the region
today? Why?
Why are we unable to access the amount of refugees
located in camps in Myanmar?
3E-1e. Europe 107
What caused the largest refugee crisis in Europe since the
end of WWII? How many?
3E-1f. Other Regions 107
Where is the trouble spot for refugees in the western
hemisphere? How many and why?
Complete this sentence. Refugee and internally
displaced persons population are…
4. How do governments affect migration? 108-110
What are the reasons ancient China built the Great Wall?
What other barriers to migration were constructed in the
20th century after WWII?
What are all these barriers evidence of?
4A. Legal Restrictions 108
When was the first immigration legislation passed in the
U.S. and why?
Define immigration laws. (glossary A-23)
What type of immigration laws were passed in 1901 by the
Australian government?
What was the “White Australia Policy” ?
4B. Waves of Immigration in the United States 108-109
Where did most of the immigrants to the USA come from in
the first major wave of immigration during the 1800s?
Explain isolationism in the USA after WWI?
What did the restrictive legislation passed in 1921 do?
Define quotas. (glossary A-27)
Why did US immigration slow down during the 1930s?
Approximately how many immigrants entered the U.S. as
refugees from 1945-1970?
Explain selective immigration.(glossary A-28)
4C. Post-September 11 (110)
What is the new concern with immigration after 911?
Prior to 911 what was the focus of the U.S. border patrol?
What groups are affected most by the security conscious
immigration policies post 911?
How have post 911 government policies affected illegal
immigrants to the U.S.?
How does the US government fence building respond to
post 911 security concerns?
How are legal immigrants affected by post 911 immigration
policies?
What supranational organizations are opposed to the new
US immigration policies post 911?