Biomolecules
1
Macromolecules in Organisms
There are four major classes of
macromolecules found in living things:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
2
Carbohydrates
• Used for immediate
and stored energy,
and as a building
material in the cell.
• Contain elements
C,H,O
3
Three Groups of Carbohydrates
•Monosaccharides - “one sugar”
•Disaccharides - “two sugars”
•Polysaccharides - “many sugars”
4
Monosaccharides:
• “One Sugar”
• Simplest of all sugars
• Can vary in the # of carbon (C)
atoms, but the ratio of 2H:1O is
always present.
5
Glucose
• Glucose – 6 carbon
monosaccharide that
is the preferred
energy source for
most organisms
including humans.
• Chemical Formula is
C6H12O6
6
Disaccharides
•Two monosaccharides
covalently bonded
together
•Examples
1) Sucrose - table sugar
2) Lactose - milk sugar
3) Maltose - grain sugar
7
Polysaccharides
 Many monosaccharides
covalently bonded together.
 Divided into 2 groups
based on function:
*Energy storage
polysaccharides and
structural
polysaccharides
8
Examples of Polysaccharides
Glucose Monomer
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
9
Storage Polysaccharides
•Long polymers of glucose
broken down as needed for
energy.
•
EXAMPLES
- Glycogen
- Starch
10
Glycogen
• Storage form of
glucose in animals
• Stored in liver
and muscle cells in
humans.
**Glycogen & starch are similar in structure
because BOTH are made of glucose monomers*
11
Starch
• Storage form of
glucose in plants
• Plant cells store starch
for energy
• Potatoes and grains are
major sources of starch in
the human diet
*Glycogen & starch are similar in structure
because BOTH are made of glucose monomers*
12
Structural Polysaccharides
• Used as a building material in many
organisms
EXAMPLES
- Cellulose
- Chitin
13
Cellulose
•It is a major component of plant
cell walls
•Polymer made up of glucose
monomers
14
Cellulose
Humans & other animals cannot break
down cellulose for energy.
Still important
as a source of
fiber.
Bacteria have
enzymes to
break down
cellulose
15
Chitin
• Major component of fungi cell walls as
well as the exoskeleton of arthropods
& insects.
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TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE!!!!
1. Which of the following is NOT one of
the 4 biomolecules?
A) Nucleic Acids
B) Lipids
C) Nutrients
D) Carbohydrates
TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE!!!!
2. What is the name of the preferred
energy source of most organisms?
A) Sucrose
B) Lipids
C) Lactose
D) Glucose
TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE!!!!
3. Polymers make up monomers.
A) True
B) False
Lipids
• Known for their insolubility in water.
• Known as hydrophobic –”water fearing”
• Made up of C,H,and O
• Our bodies need lipids for energy,
storage, insulation, and cushioning
20
Function of Lipids
• Fats store
energy,
• Insulate the
body,
• Cushion and
protect organs,
• Serve as a
component of the
cell membrane.
21
Three Groups of Lipids
• Fats & Oils
• Phospholipids
• Steroids
22
Fats & Oils
•Made up of
glycerol + 1
or more
fatty acid
tails.
23
Fats & Oils
• Referred to as fat if
lipid is solid at room
temp. Usually from
animal source.
• Referred to as an oil
if lipid is liquid at room
temp. Usually from a
plant source.
24
Fats & Oils
•Classified as
saturated or
unsaturated
•Saturated
fats have
been linked
to heart
disease.
25
Phospholipids
• Primary component of all
cell membranes.
• Have a head that is polar
•
& attracted to water
(hydrophilic)
Have 2 fatty acid tails
that are nonpolar and do
not attract water
(hydrophobic)
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Steroids
Ex: Cholesterol
- found in cell
membranes of
animal cells
Cholesterol
Estrogen
Used for hormone
production & animlal
cell structure.
Testosterone
27
Four Types of Proteins
Storage
Structural
Contractile
Transport
28
Proteins
• Molecular tools of the cell
• Functions include: structure (building cells),
•
support, movement, hormones, enzymes, and
metabolism.
Contain C,H,O, and N
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Proteins
•Amino
Acids
–
–
Monomers of proteins are amino acids
There are 20 amino acids that combine in
different numbers, orders, and arrangements to
form proteins.
Proteins as Enzymes
• One very impt function of proteins is to
serve as enzymes
•Enzymes trigger chemical reactions by
serving as a catalyst
•A catalyst triggers chemical reactions
without being used up in the process.
•Organisms could not maintain homeostasis
without functioning enzymes
31
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic Acids
•Nucleic acids are polymers of
monomers called nucleotides
33
Nucleic Acids - Nucleotides
•Store and carry out the genetic code.
•Contain information for heredity and for making
all the body’s proteins.
•Contain the elements C,H,O,N, and P
34
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
•DNA
–Contains
the genetic
code for
the cell.
35
Ribonucleic Acid
•RNA
–Carries out
the
instructions
in DNA.
36
Adenosine Tri-Phosphate
•ATP
– Provides usuable energy in all cells.
37
Macromolecules
Concept Map
Section 2-3
Carbon
Compounds
include
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Proteins
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
Sugars and
starches
Fats and oils
Nucleotides
Amino Acids
which contain
which contain
Carbon,
hydrogen,
oxygen
Carbon,
hydrogen,
oxygen
which contain
which contain
Carbon,hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen,
phosphorus
Carbon,
hydrogen,oxygen,
nitrogen,
38
TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE!!!!
1.Which of the following is NOT a
function of lipids?
A) Transport
B) Insulation
C) Energy
D) Cushioning
TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE!!!!
2) The monomers of protein are
A)
B)
C)
D)
Nucleotides
Amino Acids
Enzymes
Steriods