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Preview
Ⅰ. Objectives
Ⅱ. Suggested Teaching Plan
Ⅲ. Background Information
Ⅳ. Class Presentation
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Preview
This is the last unit of Book Three. In the Listening and Speaking
section, you will learn how to warn someone of risk and will do some
practical exercises. In the Reading and Writing section, a serious issue
facing today’s world — environmental protection — is discussed. All kinds
of pollution are threatening our lives, Nila Banton Smith, the author of Text
A, warns us. Fortunately, says Caroline Rego, the author of Text B, some
countries in the world are beginning to take measures to protect our
environment. Text C provides answers to questions about the greenhouse
effect in easily understood language.
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Ⅰ. Objectives
After studying this unit, the students are expected to be able to
1. master the basic language for warning;
2. understand the main idea of Text A, Text B and Text C, and master the useful
sentence structures and words and expressions found in the exercises
relevant to the first two texts;
3. know how to use emphasis;
4. know how to write an introduction letter;
5. know how to identify the author’s viewpoint.
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Ⅱ.Suggested Teaching Plan
Suggested Time and Teaching Plan for Unit 1
Time
2 periods
Contents
Preview
Listening and
Speaking
Plan
The teacher begins with the Preview to make
sure that the students have some idea of what
this unit is all about. After that, the teacher
activates Listening and Speaking exercises as
follows:
1) The Language for Warning
A. Give a brief lead-in talk on the language
for warning;
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Time
Contents
Plan
B. Have the students listen to Ex.1 (2-3 times)
and fill in the blanks with the missing words;
C. Ask one student to read aloud the talk to
check the fillings;
D. Tell the class your decision or course of action
and see whether they can warn you of or
against its potential danger(s) or risk(s) using
the language they have picked up in Ex.1.
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Time
Contents
Plan
2) Warning Someone of Risk
A. Go through the new words and expressions
for the conversation in Ex.3;
B. Listen to the conversation twice and fill in the
blanks with the missing words;
C. Ask the students to answer the questions
about the conversation;
D. Now have them look for language used to
warn someone of risk in the conversation;
E. Next, role-play the conversation..
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Time
Contents
Plan
3) Follow-up Practice ( Be Selective )
A. Go through the words and expressions from
the ad in Ex.6 and have the students do
questioning exercises as guided after
reading the ad. Note: One thing can be
expressed in many forms.
B. Listen to the conversation in Ex.7, do the
exercises in it, and ask some students to
speak out their questions. Note: One thing
can be expressed in many forms.
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Time
Contents
Plan
C. Listen to the recording of Ex.8 and ask the
students to respond by interpreting orally the
Chinese messages into English.
D. Assign the students to do Ex.4, Ex.5, Ex.9
and Ex.10 as their homework before they
come to class next time. The teacher tells
them how to do these exercises and
presents any topic-related expressions on
the chalkboard in advance, which can be
used when the students make preparation
for oral presentation.
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Time
3 periods
Contents
Review of the
listening and
speaking skills the
students have
learned
Plan
The teacher begins with the assignment mainly
to have a review of the functional and notional
language the students picked up in the previous
unit. The teacher asks one or two students to
act as a guide to inform his/her tourists of the
message in detail based on the warning notice
in Ex.4, and then invites a few students to tell
class their messages according to the picture in
Ex.9 or present their opinions on the topic of
“Human Beings Are Part of Nature” orally. After
that, the teacher turns to the Reading and
Writing section. (These activities should be
completed in 15 minutes.)
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Time
Contents
Plan
Text A & text-related
exercises
1) Starter
After a brief explanation of the instructions,
the teacher
A. gives the students a few minutes to think
about the questions in the starter;
B. asks some students to answer the
questions. (10 minutes)
2) Text A
The teacher
A. lets the students answer the text-related
questions, helps them identify the main
idea of each paragraph and analyzes some
difficult sentences and some language
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Time
Contents
Plan
points while discussing the whole text with
the students (one and a half periods);
B. guides the students through the exercises,
focusing on certain items or leaving some
exercises as the students homework
according to the students different levels
of English (one period).
1 period
Grammar Review
1) Grammar Review
The teacher talks about the use of emphasis,
and at the same time, asks the students to
do the grammar exercises in class.
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Time
Contents
Practical Writing
Plan
2) Practical Writing
The teacher tells as well as shows the
students how to write an introduction letter
by doing Ex.12 of Practical Writing, and
then requires the students to do Ex.13 as
their homework.
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Time
Contents
Plan
2 periods Text B, Text C & text- 1) Text B
related exercises
While discussing the text with the students,
the teacher calls on the students to pay
attention to the structure of the paragraphs
of the text, asking the students to answer
the questions about the text. Ex.15 and
Ex.16 can be done either in class or after
class.
2) Text C
This text should be read by the students
themselves as their homework or as fastreading in class.
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Time
Contents
Basic Reading Skills
Plan
3) Basic Reading Skills
The teacher tells the students how to identify
the author’s viewpoint, and asks them to do
the exercises in Basic Reading Skills.
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Ⅲ. Background Information
Environmental pollution
Midwest
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Environmental pollution
Environmental pollution is a term that refers to all the ways that human
activity harms the natural environment. Most people have witnessed
environmental pollution in the form of an open garbage dump or an
automobile pouring out black smoke. However, pollution can also be invisible,
odorless, and tasteless. Some kinds of pollution do not actually dirty the land,
air, or water, but they reduce the quality of life for people and other living
things. For example, noise from traffic and machinery can be considered
forms of pollution.
Environmental pollution is one of the most serious problems facing
humanity and other life forms today. Badly polluted air can harm crops and
cause life-threatening illnesses. Some air pollutants have reduced the
capacity of the atmosphere to filter out the sun’s harmful ultraviolet radiation.
Most scientists believe that these and other air pollutants have begun to
change climates around the world. Water and soil pollution threatens the
ability of farmers to grow enough food. Ocean pollution endangers many
marine organisms.
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Many people think of air, water, and soil pollution
as distinct forms of pollution. However, each of the
parts of an environment — air, water, and soil —
depends upon the others and upon the plants and
animals living within the environment. All the living
things in an environment and the nonliving things
with which they interact make up an ecosystem. All
the ecosystems of Earth are connected. Thus,
pollution that seems to affect only one part of the
environment may also affect other parts. For
example, sooty smoke from a power plant might
appear to harm only the atmosphere. But rain can
wash some harmful chemicals in the smoke out of
the sky and onto land or into waterways. (From
Marian R. Chertow, “Environmental Pollution,” World
Book Online Reference Center 2005)
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Midwest
The Midwest is a region of the north-central United States. It is generally
considered to include Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota,
Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, and Nebraska. The area is known for its rich
farmlands and highly industrialized centers.
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Ⅳ. Class Presentation
Listening & Speaking
Reading & Writing
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Listening & Speaking
The Language for Warning
Warning Someone of Risk
Follow-up Practice
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The Language for Offering Encouragement
You are going to listen to an instructor talking about warnings. Listen carefully
and fill in the blanks with the missing words.
Tell the class a recent decision or planned course of action and see whether
your classmates can warn you of or against its potential danger(s) or risk(s).
Try to use the language you have picked up in Exercise 1.
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Follow-up Practice
Read the following words which may be new to you.
Read the above warning notice aloud in class. Then act out the role of a
guide who is informing his/her tourists of the message in detail.
Read the following words and expressions which may be new to you.
Read the following words and expressions which may be new to you.
Listen and, during the timed paused, translate orally into English the
Chinese sentences in each of the following three short conversations.
Take a close look at the following picture. Think about it for one minute. Then
give a two-minute oral presentation in which to tell the class its message.
Have a discussion on the topic given below.
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The Language for Warning
You are going to listen to an instructor talking about reassurance. Listen
carefully and fill in the blanks with the missing words.
Instructor: Life is full of risks. Risks, natural
_________________
or man-made , seem to lurk(潜伏)
everywhere. We
______
live in fearful times where the pursuit(追求) of safety
has become a religion(虔诚的追求). It is instinct for us human beings to
planet .
protect ourselves, our environment and our
________
Warnings are practiced everywhere. We can help
someone _________
avoid risks by warning him or her of or against
them. It is our duty to warn those who are unaware of
lose their heads in their
potential risks, or who tend to _____________
endeavors(努力). Warnings are kind-hearted. A warning is
not to be neglected, but to ______________
be taken seriously . Therefore,
we are expected to appreciate people taking the time to
warn us.
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Be good and honest and warn people of risks using the
following useful language:
— Say no to drugs
____ !
— Stay out of this
___ !
— Watch it! You’ll cut
your fingers .
____________
— Watch out for the
____________
side effects .
— Mind you don’t overeat
______ !
— Take care you don’t put
on weight .
___________
— Whatever you do, don’t lose
your job !
__________
— Don’t get carried away! It’s too soon to be
overjoyed .
__________
— Don’t lose your head! It could turn out to be the
opposite .
__________
— I would be extremely careful not to overdo
_______
it , if I were you.
— In/Under no circumstances should you neglect(忽视) to ____________________
protect the environment .
— On no account should you pollute
the environment .
___________________
— Let that be a warning to you.
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Tell the class a recent decision or planned course of action and see whether
your classmates can warn you of or against its potential danger(s) or risk(s).
Try to use the language you have picked up in Exercise 1.
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Warning Someone of Risk
Before you listen to the upcoming conversation, read the following words
and expression which may be new to you.
lose one’s head
昏了头
Mislead
误导
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Listen to the following conversation twice and fill in the blanks
with the missing words.
Li Ming: I hate it. I find learning English boring.
Wang Ying: Oh do you? It cannot always be fun, you know.
Li Ming: I just want to quit. I’m planning to go to _______________________
an English-speaking country to learn that
language. Who wants to sit in a classroom forever?!
Wang Ying: I did not know that. Are you crazy? Don’t lose
your head !
____________
Li Ming: I know what I’m doing.
Wang Ying: You know whether you can afford
______
it ? Do you think your parents will support you?!
Li Ming: I don’t know.
Wang Ying: Listen, many people are
________
misled as to how much they can achieve with the
language in English-speaking countries.
Li Ming: What am I supposed to do then?
Wang Ying: Whatever
you do , don’t quit school. We need paper qualifications. Keep going.
_____________
Li Ming: How?
Wang Ying: Remember: one well-spent hour __________
on your own is worth more than five in the
classroom. Throw
yourself completely into both its spoken and written forms.
____________________
Li Ming: I don’t know if I can.
.
Wang Ying I would be extremely careful not to ________
lose heart , if I were you.
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Now listen to the above conversation again and answer the
following questions.
1. What has Li Ming been planning to do?
He has been planning to study English in an English-speaking country.
2. What has Wang Ying warned him of?
She has warned him of the cost.
3. Do you think Li Ming’s parents would financially support him?
I don’t think so.
4. What does Wang Ying think of those who go to English-speaking
countries to study the language?
They are misled (as to how much they can achieve with the language
in English-speaking countries).
5. What did Wang Ying warn Li Ming not to do?
She warned him not to lose heart.
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Follow-up Practice
Read the following words which may be new to you.
cute
可爱的
wildlife
野生动物
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Read the following warning notice silently while listening to the recording.
No matter how cute they look,
no matter how hungry you think they are,
REMEMBER…
keep wildlife in the park
healthy and safe.
DON’T FEED THEM
and
KEEP A SAFE DISTANCE AWAY.
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Read the above warning notice aloud in class. Then act out the role of a
guide who is informing his/her tourists of the message in detail.
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Read the following words and expressions which may be new to you.
head start
quarter
permanent
dead end
AA
先起步；领先一步
学季(指一学年的四
期之一)
永久的
死胡同
=Associate in Arts
文科准学士
administration
fashion
commercial
merchandising
interior design
placement
financial aid
管理
时装
商业的
推销, 销售
室内装饰
布局
助学金
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Read the following advertisement for information.
GET A HEAD START ON YOUR CAREER
Begin specialized training at BAUDER COLLEGE next quarter. Start
now — don’t let a “seasonal job” become a permanent dead end!
Earn your AA degree in just 18 months!
□ Business Administration
□ Fashion Design
□ Commercial Art
□ Fashion Merchandising
□ Interior Design
■ Excellent schedule of classes
■ National placement
■ Modern facility & equipment
■ Professional instruction
■ Financial aid available for qualified students
Find Out More — Call Toll Free Today (800) 123-4567
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Ask the registrar(招生人员) three questions over the phone to get further
information (write down your questions first if necessary).
Question 1 about enrollment(入学) requirements:
a. What are the admission requirements?
b. Are there any requirements for enrollment?
Question 2 about tuition fees:
a. How much is the tuition?
b. How much do I have to pay for tuition?
c. Can you give me some information about the tuition fees?
Question 3 about financial aid:
a. What are the guidelines for your financial aid?
b. How do I apply for financial aid?
Act out the above short conversation in class.
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Read the following words and expressions which may be new to you.
flexible
academic year
灵活的
学年
application form
download
申请表
下载
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Listen twice to the taped phone dialogue below between a registrar and a
student whose role you are supposed to play. First, put down your three
questions for the registrar during the timed pauses. Second, speak your
questions out loud.
Registrar: Good morning, Registrar’s Office. Can I help you?
Student: Yes, I am calling to ask for some information about your specialized training
program.
Registrar: Yes?
Student: Do
you have any evening classes ?
___________________________
Registrar: Yes, from 6 to 8:30 p.m. during the weekdays.
Student: Is
the training program flexible ?
________________________
Registrar: Yes, it is. But you must finish the whole program within three academic years.
Student: Could
you send me an application form, please ?
_____________________________________
Registrar: Oh, you can download the form if you visit our homepage, or you can register
online.
Student: I got it. Thank you.
Registrar: Thank you for calling.
Act out the above conversation in class.
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Listen and, during the timed pauses, translate orally into English the Chinese
sentences in each of the following three short conversations.
1. A male Voice: Yes? Is there anything I can do for you?
You: 我正在为一家新公司作市场调查，要是您不介意的话，我想问您几
个问题。
KEY
Yes. I’m doing a market survey for a new business. I’d
like to ask you a few questions if you don’t mind.
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2. A Female Voice:
You:
KEY
I know a lot of studies have been done on everything from
the way a customer moves through the store to lighting,
music and even color.
对。就拿音乐来说吧，如果你播放的音乐是慢节奏而不是快节奏
的，购物者在商店里走动的速度就较慢，而走动慢的购物者买的
东西就多。
You’re right. Take music for instance. If the music you
play is slow rather than fast, the shopper will move more
slowly through the store, and shoppers that move more
slowly buy more things.
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3. A Male Voice: That is a concern. Have you ever noticed how many fast-food
restaurants are all together in the same area?
You: 我想你会发现，这是因为其中有一家店对最佳地点作过仔细的市场调
查。而其他的店通过调查发现，竞争不仅没有害处，实际上还有助于它
们的生意。
KEY
I think you’ll find it’s because one of those businesses did a
careful market survey on the best location. And the other
businesses found through research that competition is not
armful but in fact helps their business.
Act out the above conversation in class.
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Take a close look at the following picture. Think about it for one minute.
Then give a two-minute oral presentation in which to tell the class its
message.
Dont’t Blame Us There’s No Water to Drink
Suggested Presentation:
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Suggested Presentation:
In Chinese, there’s a popular saying: “Three Buddhist monks have no water to drink.”
When three people all together cannot get the necessary water, we know that each has
left someone else the essential task. Result: no water. This saying describes a human
tendency. People like to shift responsibility onto others. And then nothing gets done.
In the picture, however, this familiar scene is turned upside-down. In fact, the three
monks are very wrongly blamed for the lack of drinking water! All the monks have tried
to get water, since we see them all standing by the river. But their buckets are still empty.
The factory has seriously contaminated the river with tons of waste. So the monks do
not dare fill their buckets.
We cannot live without water. Water makes up about seventy percent of the human
body. But the supply of drinkable water on earth is limited. Without water, we die. At the
same time, once polluted, water can threaten our survival.
Nowadays, it is not the three monks who are to blame for water problems. Instead,
polluters of the rivers have caused the earth’s decrease in drinkable water. We cannot
survive at the cost of the environment in which we live. For the sake of our future, we
must protect our environment. Calling all monks to the rescue!
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Have a discussion on the topic given below.
Human Beings Are Part of Nature.
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Reading & Writing
Text A
What Do We Need for Life?
Text A Exercises
Grammar Review
Practical Writing
Text B
Environmental Protection Throughout the World
Text B Exercises
Text C
The Greenhouse Effect (温室效应)
Comprehension of the Text
Basic Reading Skills
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Text A
Starter
In the area where you live, what kind of pollution do you notice? Discuss the
matter with your classmates and make a list of your observations below.
1.___________________________________________________________
2.___________________________________________________________
3.___________________________________________________________
4.___________________________________________________________
5.___________________________________________________________
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Text A
CH
What Do We Need for Life?
Nila Banton Smith
1
We usually don’t think about the air we breathe, the water we drink,
the land we live on, or the noises we hear. N These things are part of our
environment. The environment includes the land, air, and water around us.
Each of these three parts of the environment is important to our lives and to
our planet. Due to the growth of industries and population, many changes
have taken place in our environment.
N
?
Air Pollution
2
The earth is surrounded by an ocean. There are no fish in this ocean.
It is an ocean of air, almost 6,000 trillion tons of it. Each of us breathes
about 4,000 gallons of air each day. Air has no smell, no taste, and no color.
It is a mixture of several gases. The two most important gases in air are
nitrogen and oxygen. These gases make up over 98 percent of the air we
breathe.
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Text A
CH
3 Substances that make air dirty are known as
pollutants. Air pollutants are caused by many things.
When fuel is burned, poisonous gases and smoke
are released into the air. Automobile exhaust,
factory fumes, and smoke from household
chimneys are examples of air pollutants caused by
the burning of fuel. Pollutants from the burning of
fuel are the main cause of air pollution. Other air
pollutants include smoke from burning garbage,
smoke from forest fires, and chemical sprays.
?
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Text A
CH
4 Air pollutants can irritate the breathing systems of people and animals. Carbon
monoxide and lead fumes from automobile exhaust affect breathing. Poisonous
gases and soot from factory fumes weaken livestock, affect vegetable crops, dirty
the area around the factory, and cause acid rain. Chemical pollutants can ruin
buildings, as well as threaten people’s health. Whatever the causes of air pollution,
the results are always bad.
Water Pollution
5 Water can become polluted in many ways. Chemicals from factories, untreated
sewage, crop sprays, oil spills, and wastes from mines all pollute water. This
makes the water unfit for drinking, swimming, and bathing. N But the damage
doesn’t end there. Polluted water is also unfit for water animals. Water animals that
are not killed by pollutants may hold pollutants in their bodies and then pass them
along food chains. The people and other animals who are the final consumers in
food chains are affected by the pollutants.
?
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Text A
CH
6 Detergents and agricultural fertilizers are two common pollutants in the
water supply. Some water plants thrive on the sub-stances found in these
two pollutants. As a result, these plants grow rapidly and use up most of the
available nutrients in the water environment. Then the plants begin to die
and decay. The oxygen in the water supply is used up as a result of this
decay. Thus, less oxygen is available for fish and other animals living in the
water, and they may die.
?
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Text A
CH
7 Electrical power plants cause another kind of water pollution. Some
power plants use water to cool their generators. As the generators cool,
N
they warm the water. This
water, much warmer now, is returned to the lake
or river, causing heat pollution. Plants and fish living in the water may be
affected by the increase in the water temperature. Water pollution caused
by radiation is also dangerous to living things. Nuclear power plants give off
radioactive materials that warm the water and endanger sea life. Whatever
the causes of water pollution, the results are always bad.
?
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Text A
CH
Land Pollution
8 One cause of land pollution is the dumping of litter. Cans, bottles, papers,
and plastics are just a few kinds of litter. Though some materials may decay,
or break down, many factory-made substances, such as plastics, glass, and
metals, do not decay. Instead, they remain in the environment, often
poisoning it.
9 Another important land pollutant is toxic waste, which is chemicals or
materials that can injure or kill living things. In the past, factories often
dumped or buried their deadly waste products in unprotected landfills. Such
waste can leak out into the soil or into drinking water. Whatever the cause of
land pollution, the results are dangerous.
?
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Text A
CH
Noise Pollution
10 N With the invention of machines to make life easier and more enjoyable,
sound levels around us have increased. Some of the machines are hair-dryers,
air-conditioners, stereos, telephones, and lawn mowers. Unwanted or
disturbing sounds are usually called noise pollution.
11 Noise pollution can have harmful effects on the human body. It can affect
hearing, and the ability to concentrate, to sleep, and to speak. It can create
tension and cause headaches.
12 Noise pollution can also affect animals. Animals affected by noise pollution
may migrate to quieter areas. This can affect the natural balance in the
environment. Whatever the causes of noise pollution, the results can be
dangerous.
?
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Text A
CH
13 All living things have certain needs, such as food, oxygen, water, and a
certain stable temperature. The survival of all living things depends on
meeting these needs. The questions for the future are these: How long will
our environment be able to meet our future needs? How can we protect our
environment?
(830 words)
?
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Title of Text A
Chinese Version
我们需要什么来生活? (奈拉•班顿•史密斯)
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1) What does our environment include?
It includes the land, air, and water around us.
2) What has caused changes in our environment?
The growth of industries and population.
3) What does the air we breathe mainly consist of?
It mainly consists of nitrogen and oxygen. They
make up over 98% of the air we breathe.
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Chinese Version
我们需要什么来生活?
奈拉•班顿•史密斯
我们通常不会去想我们呼吸的空气,我们喝的水,我们赖以生活的土地, 或是我们听
到的噪音。这些东西都是我们环境的组成部分。环境包括我们周围的土地、空气和水。
环境中这三部分的每一部分对我们的生活和我们这个星球都是重要的。由于工业的发展
和人口的增长，我们的环境已经发生了许多变化。
空气污染
地球被一片海洋包围。这一海洋中没有鱼。它是空气的海洋,大约有6 000万亿吨空
气。我们每个人每天呼吸大约4 000加仑的空气。空气没有气味,没有味道,也没有颜色。
它是好几种气体的混合物。空气中最重要的两种气体是氮和氧。在我们所呼吸的空气中，
这两种气体占了98％以上。
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Language Points
Nila Banton Smith :
奈拉•班顿•史密斯
(1889-1976, Ph.D., President of the
International Reading Association and Professor of
Education at New York University)
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Language Points
pollution : n. polluting or being polluted 污染
e.g.
He believes that pollution from cars is the main cause of global warming.
T
他认为来自汽车的污染是全球变暖的主要原因。
They are taking measures to reduce environmental pollution.
T
他们正在采取措施减少环境污染。
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These things are part of our environment:
这些东西都是我们环境的组成部分。
part of sth.意为某种东西中的一部分。该结构中part一词前无冠词。
又如：
Tom spent part of his childhood in Beijing.
T
汤姆童年中有一段时间是在北京度过的
。
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trillion n. [AmE] (the number) 1,000,000,000,000; one million million
[美]一万亿
e.g.
It is estimated that the world has a total of 1 trillion tons of coal reserves.
T
据估计，全世界煤的总储量为一万亿吨。
T
In the United States and France, a trillion is a thousand billion. One trillion
is written 1,000,000,000,000. It has 12 zeros. In the United Kingdom and
Germany, however, a trillion is a billion billion, so it has 18 zeros.
在美国和法国，trillion指一万亿（12个零）。而在英国和德国，trillion指一百亿
亿（18个零）。
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ton : n. unit for measuring weight equal to one thousand kilograms
吨，公吨
e.g.
Every acre of sunflowers produces about half a ton of oil.
T
每一英亩的向日葵可产油半吨左右。
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It is an ocean of air, almost 6,000 trillion tons of it.
它是空气的海洋,大约有6 000万亿吨空气。
almost 6,000 trillion tons of it 可以看作是一个省略句，完整形式应该是
and there are almost 6,000 trillion tons of it。
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gallon : n. unit for measuring liquids equal to 8 pints
加仑（液量单位，等于8品脱）
e.g.
a gallon of water
T
一加仑水
This tank can hold about 25 gallons.
T
这个油箱可装25加仑（汽油）。
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mixture : a. mixing or being mixed; thing made by mixing
混合；混合物
e.g.
We listened to the news with a mixture of surprise and horror.
T
我们怀着惊恐交加的心情听了这则消息。
The town is a mixture of the old and the new.
T
这个城镇是新老共存的混合物。
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oxygen: n. chemical element, a gas without color, taste or smell,
present in the air and necessary for all forms of life on
earth 氧，氧气
e.g.
No one can live without oxygen and food.
T
没有氧和食物，无人能够存活。
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nitrogen : n. chemical element, a gas without color,
taste or smell that forms about four-fifth of
the atmosphere
氮
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4) Where do pollutants come from?
They come from burning fuels, smoke from burning
garbage and forest fires, and chemical sprays.
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Chinese Version
使空气变脏的物质被称作污染物质。空气污染物是由许多东西产生的。当燃料燃
烧时,有毒气体和烟便被释放出来进入空气。汽车废气、工厂的烟雾及家庭烟囱里冒
出来的烟便是燃烧燃料而产生空气污染物质的几个例子。燃烧燃料产生的污染物质是
空气污染的主要原因。其他空气污染物质还包括燃烧垃圾所产生的烟,森林火灾所产
生的烟及化学喷雾剂。
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stance
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substance : n. particular type of matter 物质
e.g.
natural substance
T
自然物质
harmful substance
T
有害物质
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be known as: be popular or famous as; be called publicly
以…闻名；通常被称为
e.g.
Hangzhou is known as a paradise for tourists.
T
杭州被称为旅游者的天堂。
He is known as a walking dictionary.
T
他被人称为活字典。
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fuel : n. material burned to produce heat or power
燃料
e.g.
Coal is one of the cheapest fuels.
T
煤是最便宜的燃料之一。
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automobile : n. = car 汽车
e.g.
the automobile industry
T
汽车制造业
electric automobile
T
电动汽车
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exhaust : n. waste fumes, gases, steam, etc. expelled
from an engine or a machine 废气
e.g.
exhaust pipe
T
排气管
exhaust pollution
T
废气污染
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fume : n. smoke, gas or vapor that smells strongly
（浓烈难闻的）烟，气，汽
e.g.
Petrol fumes from car engines poison the atmosphere.
T
汽车引擎排放的汽油烟气污染大气。
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chimney : n. structure through which smoke or steam is carried
away from a fire, furnace, etc. 烟囱
e.g.
a row of factory chimneys
T
一排工厂的烟囱
He smokes like a chimney.
T
他烟抽得很厉害。
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main : a. most important; chief; principal 最重要的，主要的
e.g.
What do you consider to be the main problem?
T
你认为主要的问题是什么？
There are four main reasons for me to do this job.
T
我干这项工作的理由主要有四条。
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garbage : n. waste material, esp. domestic refuse
废料，(尤指)家庭垃圾
e.g.
There were piles of garbage in the backyard.
T
后院里有几堆垃圾。
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chemical :
1. a. of or relating to chemistry; produced by or using chemistry or
chemicals 化学的；用化学方法（或化学品）产生的（或生产的）
e.g.
chemical structure
T
化学结构
chemical reaction
T
化学反应
2. n. substance obtained by or used in a chemical process 化学(制)品
e.g.
agricultural chemicals
T
农用药剂
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spray : n. 喷雾；喷剂；喷雾器
e.g.
mosquito spray
T
除蚊喷雾剂
hair spray
T
喷发定型剂
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5) What are the harmful effects of air pollution?
It irritates the breathing systems of people and animals, affects
vegetable crops, dirties the area around factories and causes acid rain.
6) What causes water pollution?
Water pollution is caused by chemicals from factories, untreated
sewage, crop spays, oil spills and wastes from mines.
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Chinese Version
空气污染物质能刺激人和动物的呼吸系统。来自汽车废气的一氧化碳和含铅烟
雾影响呼吸。来自工厂烟雾的有毒气体和烟灰使家畜变弱,影响蔬菜产量, 弄脏工厂
周围的地区,并且引起酸雨。除了威胁人的健康外，化学污染物质还能毁坏建筑物。
无论空气污染的起因是什么,结果总是坏的。
水污染
水受到污染的方式可以有多种。来自工厂的化学物质、未经处理的污水、庄稼
喷雾剂、海上漏油、来自矿井的废弃物都会污染水。这使得水不宜饮用、游泳和沐
浴。但危害还不止这些。受污染的水对水生动物也不合适。未被污染物质杀死的水
生动物可能会在体内携带污染物质并顺着食物链把它们传递下去。作为食物链最终
取食者的人和其他动物就会受污染物质的影响。
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irritate : vt. make (sb.) angry, annoyed or impatient; cause discomfort
to (a part of the body); make sore or inflamed
激怒(某人)；使恼怒；使烦躁；使难受；使疼痛
e.g.
The way he puts on that accent really irritates me.
T
他故意操那种口音的样子实在令我恼火。
John’s remarks at the meeting irritated many of the people present.
T
约翰在会上的评论激怒了在场的许多人。
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soot : n. black powder in the smoke of wood, coal, etc. 煤灰，煤烟灰
e.g.
walls black with soot.
T
被烟灰熏黑的墙壁。
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livestock : n. animals kept on a farm for use or profit 家畜，牲畜
e.g.
livestock farm
T
畜牧场
livestock product
T
畜产品
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ruin : vt. cause the destruction of 毁灭，毁坏
e.g.
The explosion ruined the building.
T
爆炸炸毁了那幢大楼。
This illness has ruined his life.
T
这场病毁了他的一生。
His career will be ruined because of this failure this time.
T
这次失败会毁掉他的前程。
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carbon : n. non-metallic chemical element that is
present in all living matter and occurs in
its pure form as diamond and graphite
碳
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monoxide : n. chemical compound whose molecules
contain one atom of oxygen combined
with one or more other atoms
一氧化物
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acid : n. substance that contains hydrogen, which can be
replaced by a metal to form a salt
酸
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spill :
1. (spilt or spilled) v. (allow or cause liquid, etc. to) run or fall over the edge of
a container (使)溢出；(使)泼出
e.g.
I spilt milk on my shirt.
T
我把牛奶打翻在衬衫上了。
The bag split, and sugar spilled everywhere.
T
袋子裂开了，糖洒了一地。
2. n. act of spilling or amount spilt 溢出，泼出；溢出量
e.g.
I wiped up the coffee spill on the table.
T
我擦去了溢出在桌上的咖啡。
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unfit for: not good enough to be used for a particular purpose 不适合
e.g.
The meat is unfit for human consumption.
T
这种肉不适合人食用。
The house is unfit for people to live in.
T
这房子不适合人居住。
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But the damage doesn’t end there.
但危害还不止这些。
句中的there一词指上文提及的“饮用、游泳和沐浴”等方面。
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consumer : n. person who buys goods or uses services
消费者；顾客
e.g.
consumer goods
T
消费品
Last year, consumers spent $2.2 billion buying products over
the Internet.
T
去年消费者在因特网上花了22亿美元买东西。
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chain : n. (length of) connected metal links or rings, used for
hauling or supporting weights or for fastening or
restraining things 链，链条
e.g.
watch chain
T
表链
food chain
T
食物链
chain store
T
连锁商店
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sewage : n. waste material and water from people’s houses
and from industry carried away in large pipes
under the ground
(从下水道排出的)污水
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7) What is the result of water pollution caused by detergents and agricultural
fertilizers in the water supply?
These two pollutants make some plants grow rapidly and use up the
oxygen in the water supply when they decay.
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Chinese Version
洗涤剂和农用肥料是供水中常见的两种污染物质。一些水生植物依靠这两种污
染物中的某些物质旺盛地生长。结果，这些植物快速生长并把水环境中可以得到的
大部分营养物用光。然后这些植物开始死去并且腐烂。这种腐烂的结果是水源中的
氧被消耗光。这样一来，生活在水中的鱼和其他动物可以获得的氧就少了，它们就
可能会死掉。
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agricultural : a. of or referring to agriculture 农业的
e.g.
agricultural production
T
农业生产
agricultural population
T
农业人口
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supply :
1. vt. give (sb.) (sth.) that is needed or useful; provide 供给,供应; 提供
e.g.
This river supplies the whole city with water.
T
这条河给整座城市供水。
The company supplies fish to local shops and restaurants.
T
这个公司给当地的商店和餐馆供鱼。
2. n. supplying or being supplied; thing that is supplied 供应；供应品
e.g.
Supplies of food are almost exhausted.
T
食物供应差不多枯竭了。
Someone has turned off the electricity supply.
T
有人切断了供电。
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nutrient : n. substance serving as or providing nourishment,
esp. for plants or animals 营养品，滋养物
e.g.
Plants absorb nutrients from the soil.
T
植物从土壤中吸取养分。
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decay :
1. vi. become bad; rot 腐烂；腐朽
e.g.
If you eat too many sweets, it’ll make your teeth decay.
T
如果你吃糖过多，牙齿就会蛀掉。
Freezing conditions will stop most things from decaying.
T
冰冻的环境能防止大部分东西腐烂。
2. n. the natural chemical change that causes the slow destruction of
something 腐烂；腐朽
e.g.
At school, these children are taught how to prevent tooth decay.
T
在学校里，孩子们学会了如何防止蛀牙。
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detergent : n. substance that removes dirt from the surface
of clothes or dishes
洗涤剂；去污剂
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fertilizer : n. natural or artificial substance added to soil to
make it more fertile
肥料；化肥
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8) How do power plants cause water pollution?
Ordinary power plants cause water pollution by heating the water in a lake or
river while nuclear power plants give off radioactive materials that both warm
the water and endanger sea life.
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Chinese Version
发电厂产生另一种水污染。一些发电厂用水冷却发电机。发电机在冷却时，使
水变暖。这种比原先热得多的水被送回湖中或河中，造成热污染。生活在水中的植
物和鱼可能会受到水温提高的影响。由辐射引起的水污染对生物也是危险的。核能
发电厂释放出放射性物质，这些物质使水变暖，危及海洋生物。无论水污染的起因
是什么,结果总是坏的。
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generator : n. machine for producing electrical energy
发电机
e.g.
emergency generator
T
应急发电机
alternating current generator
T
交流发电机
direct current generator
T
直流发电机
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Language Points
This water, much warmer now, is returned to the lake or river, causing
heat pollution.
这种比原先热得多的水被送回湖中或河中，造成热污染。
much warmer now 相当于一个非限制性定语从句，即which is much warmer
now，用于说明主语的情况。
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give off: send out (a gas or smell) 散发出(气体)；发出(气味)
e.g.
The detergent gives off a smell of lemons.
T
这种洗涤剂散发出柠檬的气味。
The small radiator in my room doesn’t give off much heat.
T
我房间里的小取暖器发不出多大热量。
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endanger : vt. cause danger to; put in danger
危及，危害；使遭危险
e.g.
Smoking endangers your health.
T
吸烟危害你的健康。
If unemployment continues to rise, social stability may be endangered.
T
如果失业率继续上升，那就可能会危及社会稳定。
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radioactive : a. having atoms that break up and send out
radiation which can penetrate opaque
bodies and sometimes produce harmful
electrical effects
放射性的
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9) What causes land pollution?
Land pollution is caused by the dumping of litter and toxic waste.
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Chinese Version
土地污染
土地污染的原因之一是废弃物。罐头、瓶子、纸张和塑料只是废弃物的几
种。虽然有些材料会腐烂或分解，但工厂制造的许多东西如塑料、玻璃和金属
等，是不会腐烂的。相反，它们留在环境中，常会毒害环境。
另一种重要的土地污染物质是有毒废弃物, 那是化学品或能伤害或杀死生
物的材料。 过去，工厂常常把致命的废弃物倾倒或掩埋在没有保护的垃圾掩埋
场。这类废物会渗漏出来进入土壤或饮用水。无论土地污染的起因是什么,结果
都是危险的。
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litter : n. light rubbish (e.g. bits of paper, wrappings, bottles) left
lying about, esp. in a public place 乱扔的杂物；乱扔的垃圾
e.g.
These streets are full of litter.
T
这些街上满是乱扔的垃圾。
People who drop litter are fined in some cities.
T
在一些城市里，乱扔垃圾者会被罚款。
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plastic :
1. n. any of several chemically produced substances that can be formed into
shapes when heated or made into thin threads and used in textiles 塑料
e.g.
Children’s toys made of plastic
T
孩子们的塑料玩具
2. a. (of goods) made of plastic
塑料的
e.g.
a plastic cup/raincoat/spoon/toy/bag
T
塑料杯/雨衣/调羹/玩具/袋
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metal : vt. any of a class of mineral substances such as tin, iron, gold,
copper, etc. which are usu. opaque and good conductors of
heat and electricity, or any alloy of these 金属
e.g.
a small brown metal box
T
一个棕色金属小盒子。
The gate is made of metal.
T
大门是金属制成的。
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toxic : a. poisonous 有毒的
e.g.
toxic chemicals/substances/fumes/gases.
T
有毒化学品/物质/废气/气体。
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deadly : a. causing, or likely to cause, death 致死的，致命的
e.g.
a deadly poison.
T
致死的毒药。
a deadly weapon.
T
致命武器。
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landfill : n. practice of burying waste under the soil; waste buried in
this way; place where this waste is buried
废渣填埋；填埋的废渣；废渣填埋处
e.g.
Ninety percent of the city’s rubbish is dumped in landfill sites.
T
这座城市的垃圾有90％被倾倒在垃圾填埋处。
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leak : vi. (of a container) allow liquid or gas to get in or out wrongly;
(of liquid or gas) get in or out in this way
(容器)漏；(液体或气体)渗
e.g.
The roof is leaking in several places.
T
屋顶有几处漏了。
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leak out: (of a liquid or gas) pass out through a hole or crack
(液体、气体)漏出；渗出
e.g.
Pure natural gas is odorless and would not be noticed if it leaked out.
T
纯的天然气是无味的，如果泄漏的话，不会被发觉。
Oil leaked out of the car.
T
车漏油了。
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soil : n. upper layer of earth in which plants, trees, etc. grow 土壤
e.g.
It was the first time I had set food on African soil.
T
那是我第一次踏上非洲大地。
If the soil dries out, the tree could die.
T
如果土壤干涸，这棵树可能死掉。
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10) What is the cause of noise pollution?
Unwanted sounds given off by machines are the main cause of
noise pollution.
11) How does noise pollution affect human beings?
It affects their hearing and makes people unable to concentrate,
sleep or speak. It also causes tension and headaches.
12) How does noise pollution affect animals?
It may make animals migrate and break the natural balance in the
environment.
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Chinese Version
噪音污染
随着机器的发明使生活变得更容易，更令人愉快,我们周围的声音级别也增
加了。这些机器包括电吹风、空调、立体声音响、电话和割草机。多余的或烦
人的声音通常被称为噪音污染。
噪音污染会对人的身体产生有害的影响。它会影响听力, 使人不能集中注
意力，失眠，没法说话。它会使人紧张并且引起头痛。
噪音污染也能影响动物。受噪音污染影响的动物可能会迁徙到比较安静的
地区。这会影响环境的自然平衡。无论噪音污染的起因是什么,结果都可能是危
险的。
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With the invention of machines to make life easier and more enjoyable, sound
levels around us have increased.
随着机器的发明使生活变得更容易，更令人愉快,我们周围的声音级别也增加了。
句首的介词with引出产生或影响后面所述情况的某种东西或因素。
又如：
With knowledge and wisdom, these young people will succeed in the end.
T
有了知识和智慧，这些年轻人最终会成功的。
句中的 to make life easier and more enjoyable 为不定 式 短语作定 语用 ，修饰
machines。
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hair-dryer : n. device for drying the hair by blowing hot air over it
(吹干头发用的)吹风机; 电吹风
e.g.
Don’t take the hair-dryer into the bathroom. It’s unsafe.
T
不要把吹风机带入浴室。那不安全。
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Language Points
stereo : n. machine for playing records, CDs, etc. that produces
sound from two speakers 立体声装置
e.g.
This stereo has very good speakers.
T
这台立体声音响的喇叭很好。
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Language Points
lawn : n. area of closely-cut grass in the garden of a
house or a public park 草坪；草地
e.g.
I spent all morning playing with my children on the lawn.
T
我整个早晨都在草坪上与孩子们玩耍。
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Language Points
disturb : vt. break the rest, concentration or calm of; cause to worry
打扰，扰乱；使不安
e.g.
Do not disturb!
T
请勿打扰！
Sorry to disturb you, but I need to talk to you immediately.
T
对不起打扰您一下，我需要立即跟您谈谈。
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Language Points
tension : n. mental, emotional or nervous tenseness (精神上的)紧张
e.g.
Exercise is a good way to relieve tension after a hard day.
T
艰苦的一天下来，体育锻炼是解除紧张的好方法。
As the movie progresses the tension builds.
T
随着电视剧情节的发展，气氛越来越紧张。
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Language Points
migrate : vi. move from one place to go to live or
work in another; (of animals, etc.) go from one place to
another with the seasons esp. to spend the winter in a
warmer place 迁居；移居；(动物等)迁徙
e.g.
In this part of the world, birds migrate south in winter.
T
在地球的这个地区，鸟在冬天向南迁徙。
In recent years, many people in this country have migrated from rural
areas to the cities.
T
近年来，这个国家的许多人从农村迁居到了城市。
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Language Points
air-conditioner : n. 空气调节器，空调机
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Language Points
mower : n. machine or person that mows 割草机；割草人
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13) What are the two questions the writer wants us to think about at
the end of the text?
He raises two questions: 1) How long will our environment be able to
meet our future needs? And 2) How can we protect our environment?
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Chinese Version
所有生物都有某些需要，如食物、氧、水和某一稳定的温度。
所有生物的生存都有赖于这些需要的满足。未来的问题是:我们的环
境将能够满足我们未来的需要多久？我们如何才能保护我们的环境?
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Language Points
stable : a. firmly established or fixed; not likely to move or change
稳定的；稳固的；固定的
e.g.
a stable family environment
T
一个稳定的家庭环境。
This chair doesn’t look stable.
T
这把椅子看上去不稳固。
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Language Points
depend : vi. (on, upon) trust; rely; be determined by
信赖，相信；依靠；取决于
e.g.
“How long are you staying?” “I don’t know; it depends.”
T
“你打算住多久？”“我不知道，得看情况。”
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Language Points
depend on: trust (sb./sth.) to do sth.; rely on (sb./sth.) to provide what
is necessary; be determined by 信赖，相信；依靠；取决于
e.g.
You can depend on Tom — he always keeps his promises.
T
你可以信赖汤姆——他总能信守承诺。
Our success depends on you.
T
我们的成功就靠你了。
Whether we can finish the job in time depends on how we do it.
T
我们能否及时完成这项工作得看我们如何去做。
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Text A Exercises
Reading Aloud
Understanding the Text
Reading Analysis
Vocabulary
Structure
Cloze
Translation
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Reading Aloud
Read the following paragraphs until you have learned them by heart.
The earth is surrounded by an ocean. There are no fish in this ocean. It is an
ocean of air, almost 6,000 trillion tons of it. Each of us breathes about 4,000
gallons of air each day. Air has no smell, no taste, and no color. It is a mixture of
several gases. The two most important gases in air are nitrogen and oxygen.
These gases make up over 98 percent of the air we breathe.
Substances that make air dirty are known as pollutants. Air pollutants are
caused by many things. When fuel is burned, poisonous gases and smoke are
released into the air. Automobile exhaust, factory fumes, and smoke from
household chimneys are examples of air pollutants caused by the burning of fuel.
Pollutants from the burning of fuel are the main cause of air pollution. Other air
pollutants include smoke from burning garbage, smoke from forest fires, and
chemical sprays.
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Understanding the Text
Answer the following questions.
Topics for Discussion.
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Understanding the Text
Answer the following questions.
1. What does our environment include?
2. What has caused changes in our environment?
3. What does the air we breathe mainly consist of?
4. Where do pollutants come from?
5. What are the harmful effects of air pollution?
6. What causes water pollution?
7. What is the result of water pollution caused by detergents and agricultural
fertilizers in the water supply?
8. How do power plants cause water pollution?
9. What causes land pollution?
10. What is the cause of noise pollution?
11. How does noise pollution affect human beings?
12. How does noise pollution affect animals?
13. What are the two questions the writer wants us to think about at the end of
the text?
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Topics for Discussion.
1. What kind of pollution exists in the area where you live? Make a list of the
pollutants that are causing pollution in your area.
2. Why is it difficult to do away with the pollutants that are causing the
pollution in your area?
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Reading Analysis
Read Text A again and complete the following table.
Part
Topic
Paragraph
Main Idea
Ⅰ
Introduction
1
Many
____________
changes have taken place in our
environment.
Ⅱ
Air Pollution
2
The air around our Earth is important to us.
3
various pollutants .
Air pollution is caused by _______________
4
Air pollution brings about harmful effects.
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Part
Topic
Ⅲ
Water
_____
Pollution
Paragraph
Main Idea
5
Water pollution results from various pollutants
different kinds of damage .
and causes _____________________
6
______________________________
Detergents and agricultural fertilizers cause
serious pollution.
7
Power plants, including ordinary power plants
and __________________
nuclear power plants , also cause water
pollution.
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Part
Topic
Ⅳ
Land
Pollution
Ⅴ
Noise
Pollution
Paragraph
Main Idea
8
by the dumping
Land pollution is mainly caused _____________
______
of litter .
9
Toxic waste also causes land pollution.
10
______________________________________
Unwanted or disturbing sounds from machines
cause noise pollution.
11
Noise pollution can do a lot of harm to human
beings.
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Part
Topic
Paragraph
12
Ⅵ
__________
Importance
of a healthy
environment
13
Main Idea
affects animals .
Noise pollution also _____________
What can we do to protect the
environment?
Now retell the main idea of the passage by using the information in the table you
have completed.
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PREV.
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Vocabulary
Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the forms where
necessary.
Fill in the blanks with the expressions given below. Change the forms
where necessary.
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Vocabulary
Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the forms where
necessary.
disturb
stable
pollution
consumer supply (n.) decay
mixture substance
ruin
main
soil
chemical
1. In spite of their differences, all living things consist of the same kinds of
chemical reactions.
chemicals and carry out the same kinds of ________
2. Plants combine CO2 with water, energy from sunlight and minerals from the
soil to make more food.
____
______ Georgina — she’s trying to do her homework.
3. Please don’t disturb
mixture of iron and other elements, has a melting point of
4. Steel, which is a _______
1,400℃ to 1,500℃.
substance changes from a
5. The freezing point is the temperature at which a _________
liquid to a solid.
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ruin the natural beauty of the land and provide a
6. Open dumps(露天垃圾堆场) ____
home for rats(老鼠) and other disease-carrying animals.
7. Supermarkets often claim that they are responding to the wants of by
consumers providing packaged(包装的) foods.
__________
stable environment, it can be very rough(波涛
8. Although the sea is overall a ______
汹涌的) sometimes.
pollution is a term that refers to all the ways that human
9. Environmental ________
activity harms the natural environment.
_______
10. Half a month after the natural disaster, they said that their food supplies
were almost exhausted and they needed help immediately.
11. They couldn’t sell all of the apples, so some of them lying on the ground had
decay .
already begun to ______
main source of energy in all industrial countries.
12. In the 1800’s, coal was the _____
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Fill in the blanks with the expressions given below. Change the forms where
necessary.
live on
depend on
be known as
due to
give off
make up
leak out
use up
1. Many people became astonished when 50,000 gallons of radioactive water
_________
leaked out of the nuclear power plant in 1991.
due to weather conditions.
2. The flight has been delayed one hour ______
3. Certain gaseous compounds (气 态化合物 ), such as carbon dioxide,
are
___________
known as “Green House Gases” because they trap solar energy within
the atmosphere.
depend on what you do. What you don’t do is equally
4. Success doesn’t only _________
important.
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5. The police car was on fire, ________
giving off clouds of thick black smoke.
6. Road accident victims ________
make up almost a quarter of the hospital’s patients.
7. $35,000 a year sounds like a lot of money, but it’s scarcely enough to
______
live on in New York.
8. Some experts are worried that by 2100 we may ____________
have used up all our
supplies of natural gas.
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Structure
Use the preposition “with” and the words given in the brackets to complete
the following sentences according to the model given below.
Rewrite the following sentences according to the model given below.
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Structure
Use the preposition “with” and the words given in the brackets to complete
the following sentences according to the model given below.
Model:
With the invention of machines to make life easier and more enjoyable,
sound levels around us have increased. (invention, make life easier, machines,
more enjoyable)
With the completion of the bridge construction , people can get across the
1. _____________________________________
river much faster than before. (construction, completion, bridge)
With the introduction of the new teaching method , it seems that the students
2. ________________________________________
are getting more interested in learning English. (new, introduction, teaching
method)
________________________________
the pollution of their water and land , the people of the
3. Over the years, with
affected region have had to leave their hometown and live elsewhere. (land,
water, pollution)
______________________________
the help of radioactive elements , we can measure the thickness of
4. With
various materials without breaking them. (help, radioactive elements)
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Rewrite the following sentences according to the model given below.
Model:
Instead of decaying, many factory-made substances, such as plastics, glass,
and metals, remain in the environment, often poisoning it.
→ Many factory-made substances, such as plastics, glass, and metals, do not
decay. Instead, they remain in the environment, often poisoning it.
1. Instead of joining the navy(海军), Tom decided to become an actor.
______________________________________________________
Tom did not join the navy. Instead, he decided to become an actor.
2. Instead of going to the library as he had planned, Jack met up with some
friends and went for a drink.
____________________________________________________________
Jack
didn’t go to the library as he had planned. Instead, he met up with
____________________________________________________________
some
friends and went for a drink.
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3. Instead of felling upset, Bob remained happy even after their new car was
stolen.
_____________________________________________________________
Bob didn’t feel upset. Instead, he remained happy even after their new car
_____________________________________________________________
was stolen.
4. Instead of marrying the young man she really loved, Grace became the wife of
a 77-year-old millionaire.
Grace didn't marry the young man she really loved. Instead, she became the
_____________________________________________________________
wife of a 77-year-old millionaire.
_____________________________________________________________
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Cloze
Fill in each of the following blanks with an appropriate word.
Litter in the street, dirty smoke and gases in the air, dangerous chemicals in
rivers and streams — all these are (1) examples
________ of pollution. Pollution results
from the waste products that (2) __________
damage
the air, the land, and the water
around us. It can (3) ___
kill plants and animals, make human beings ill, and (4)
_____ damage old buildings.
even
All over the world, people pour harmful waste (5) ____
into streams, lakes, and
rivers. This water pollution kills fish and the water plants they feed (6) ___
on , and
makes the water unsafe for people to (7) drink
_____.
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The gases from car exhausts (8) ___
fill our cities with soot, smoke, and other
dirt. This dirty air can (9) _____
harm people’s eyes and make it (10)
to breathe. By using cleaner fuel, people can help to (11)
for them
difficult
_______
reducethe level of
______
polluted air.
We can reduce the amount of waste from our homes by recycling it.
Recycling means turning an old product into (12) another
_______ material and using it
again. You can recycle glass bottles and jars, newspapers and cardboard, drink
and food cans, plastic bottles, and old clothing.
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Translation
Translate the following sentences into English.
1. 随着核电厂建成，这座城市现在不用再为自己的电力供应担心了。相反，它可以为附
近的其他城市供电了。
______________________________________________________________
With
the construction of the nuclear power plant, this city now doesn’t have to
worry about its own electricity supply. Instead, it can supply electricity to other
______________________________________________________________
cities nearby.
______________________________________________________________
2. 这些蔬菜放在相对稳定的低温里不会腐败。
These vegetables do not decay when kept at a relatively stable low temperature.
________________________________________________________________
3. 这座城市被称为这个国家的金融中心。其经济的发展在很大程度上倚仗银行业
(banking)和外贸。
This
______________________________________________________________
city is known as the financial center of the country. The development of its
economy
______________________________________________________________
depends heavily on banking and foreign trade.
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4. 这种植物仅生长在某些高山的山顶。它在春天散发出浓浓的芳香。
This
___________________________________________________________
plant only lives on the top of certain high mountains and gives off a
very
___________________________________________________________
sweet smell in spring.
5. 这一地区水污染的主要原因是河边一家造纸厂泄漏的化学物质。
The
__________________________________________________________
main cause of this area’s water pollution is the chemical substance
that
__________________________________________________________
leaks out of a paper mill by the river bank.
6. 他本可以轻松地呆在家里，因为他有足够的财源可以使他不必为医疗费账单操心。
This
__________________________________________________________
kind of litter is made up of a mixture of chemical waste. It has
poisoned
__________________________________________________________
the soil, ruining it completely.
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Grammar Review
强调 (Emphasis)
Rewrite the following sentences, emphasizing the underlined parts of each
sentence.
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Grammar Review
强调(Emphasis)
在英语中，我们要强调句子的主语、宾语或状语等，可以用 It is/was + (强调部分)
that/who…结构；强调动词，用do/does/did, 或用what… do结构；强调整个句子用
what happened was (that) 结构，也可以采取其他的一些形式。
用 法
例
句
1. 用it is/was +
My secretary sent the bill to Mr. Harding yesterday.
(强调部分) that → It was my secretary who/that sent the bill to Mr. Harding yesterday.
/who…结构， My secretary sent the bill to Mr. Harding yesterday.
强调主语、宾语 → It was the bill that my secretary sent to Mr. Harding yesterday.
或状语等。强调
My secretary sent the bill to Mr. Harding yesterday.
部分指人时一般
→ It was Mr. Harding that my secretary sent the bill to yesterday.
用who，也可
My secretary sent the bill to Mr. Harding yesterday.
以用that，其他
→ It was yesterday that my secretary sent the bill to Mr. Harding.
情况用that。
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用
法
2. 强调动词，
用do/does/
did,或用
what… do
结构。
例
句
I declined to see his wounds, but asked him what had
gone through his mind as the robbery took place.
→ I declined to see his wounds, but did ask him what had
gone through his mind as the robbery took place. (Unit 1 A,
Book 3)
She writes science fiction.
→ She does write science fiction.
She writes science fiction.
→ What she does is (to) write science fiction.
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用
法
3. 强调整个句
子用what
happened
was (that)
例
句
The car broke down.
→ What happened was (that) the car broke down.
结构。
4. 用其他结构
表示强调。
All I want is a home somewhere.
All I did was (to) touch the window, and it broke.
The only thing I remember is a terrible pain in my head.
The first thing was to make some coffee.
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Rewrite the following sentences, emphasizing the underlined parts of each
sentence.
1. College loans are available only at near-market interest rates.
It________________________________________________________________
is at near-market interest rates that college loans are available. / Only at nearmarket
________________________________________________________________
interest rates are college loans available.
2. At these workshops, instructors teach students various techniques for dealing
with stress.
_______________________________________________________________
It is at these workshops that instructors teach students various techniques for
_______________________________________________________________
dealing with stress.
3. Other rich people are rich because of a combination of inheriting money and
earning it.
It is because of a combination of inheriting money and earning it that other rich
_______________________________________________________________
people are rich.
_______________________________________________________________
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4. College health officials believe that these reported problems represent only the
tip of the iceberg.
College health officials do believe that these reported problems represent only
_______________________________________________________________
the tip of the iceberg.
_______________________________________________________________
5. I realized that it would be necessary to forgive my father.
I did realize that it would be necessary to forgive my father.
_______________________________________________________________
6. I didn’t realize what made Reeve’s Superman the greatest hero of all until I
matured.
It was not until I matured that I realized what made Reeve’s Superman the
_______________________________________________________________
greatest hero of all.
_______________________________________________________________
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7. I didn’t realize its depth until that moment.
_______________________________________________________________
It was not until that moment that I realized its depth.
8. I remembered that I had two choices: I could choose to live, or I could choose to
die. I chose to live.
_______________________________________________________________
What /All I remembered was that I had two choices: I could choose to live, or I
_______________________________________________________________
could choose to die. I chose to live.
9. I saw Jerry about six months after the accident.
_______________________________________________________________
It was Jerry that I saw about six months after the accident.
10.On the way home, I rear-ended another car right at our freeway exit ramp.
_______________________________________________________________
It was on the way home that I rear ended another car right at our freeway exit
ramp.
_______________________________________________________________
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Practical Writing
Introduction Letters
Read the following letters of introduction and answer the questions that
follow.
Write an introduction letter using the information provided.
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Practical Writing
Introduction Letters
An introduction letter can be presented in person or be sent by mail. In the
letter, the writer gives the name and background information of the person to be
introduced, states his/her relationship with the person, abilities and attributes of
the person, and the reason for the introduction.
Below are some expressions for an introduction letter:
I would like to introduce to you Mr. X, our sales representative.
It gives me a great pleasure to introduce to you the bearer of this letter, Mr. X.
This is to introduce Mr. X, who is visiting… for the purpose of… The bearer of
this letter, Mr. X, has been with us for many years.
I am glad to recommend Mr. X to you.
I take pleasure in introducing to you Mr. X.
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Read the following letters of introduction and answer the questions that follow.
Dear Mr. Li Xiaoting,
This will introduce to you the bearer of the letter, Mr. John Smith
of Omni-Optical Company (US), who will be in Shanghai for some
time. Mr. Smith, with whom we have done business for many years,
would like to set up a branch in your city and is visiting Shanghai for
that purpose.
We would consider it a special favor if you would introduce him to
local policies and the procedure for establishing a foreign venture.
Sincerely yours,
David Lee
David Lee
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Dear Mr. Smith,
I am happy to introduce our new sales representative, Mr. Wang Xing, to
you. Mr. Wang will be in charge of serving your account.
Mr. Wang is a graduate of Nanchang Finance College, and majored in
Sales and Marketing. For the last three years he has worked as a salesman for
Johnson & Johnson Ltd. We are proud to have him on our staff and are sure he
will be able to give you the kind of service you have come to expect from our
company.
Please call us if there is anything that we can do for you. Mr. Wang will be
contacting you within the next two weeks to personally introduce himself,
discuss his monthly schedule and answer any questions you might have.
I am sure you will like him and extend your courtesies to him. And I will be
most grateful.
Sincerely yours,
David Lee
David Lee
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1. What is the purpose of Mr. John Smith’s visit to Shanghai?
He
________________________________________________________
would like to set up a branch in Shanghai.
2. What help does he want from Mr. Li Xiaoting?
__________________________________________________________
He would like to know local policies and the procedure for establishing a
__________________________________________________________
foreign venture.
3. Why has David Lee written a letter for Mr. Wang Xing?
_________________________________________________________
He is the new sales representative and will be in charge of serving
_________________________________________________________
Mr.Smith’s company.
4. Which letter is likely to be sent by post?
The second letter.
_________________________________________________________
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Write an introduction letter using the information provided.
你的朋友是某校学生，他为了写论文将去你认识的一个人所在的城市作市场调
查，你给他写一封介绍信。
Suggested Answer:
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Suggested Answer:
Dear Tom,
It gives me great pleasure to introduce to you the bearer of this letter, Mr.
X, a junior student at Nanchang Finance College. He is a personal
friend of mine and is visiting your city to do a market investigation for an
academic paper he is writing.
I should be very grateful if you would give him the benefit of your advice
and experience.
Sincerely yours,
Joyce Cole
Joyce Cole
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Text B
Environmental Protection Throughout the World
CH
Caroline Rego
Introduction
1 In most parts of the world, environmental awareness does not exist. The
great majority of nations concern themselves with economic development,
regardless of its effect on the global ecology. But in recent years, as
environmental damage has increased, signs of change have sprung up in
various places around the world. N The following are a few examples of
countries undertaking new environmental initiatives.
?
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Text B
CH
Canada
2
When European explorers first came to the New World, N the fishing
grounds off what would become eastern Canada and New England held
abundant cod and other species. This area, called the Grand Banks, was the
most abundant fishing ground in the world.
3
Now, 500 years later, excessive fishing has reduced the number of fish
to dangerously low levels. In response, Canada has closed the area to cod
fishing N and set strict limits on catches of other species.
?
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Text B
CH
4
When Canada took similar measures to protect the supply of herring in
the 1970s, the fish eventually recovered. N But experts say that some
species today have been so wasted, they may never recover. The
government also faced protests from Canadian fishermen. About 40,000 of
them are now unemployed as a result of the fishing bans and loss of their
fish supply.
Costa Rica
5
This Central American country has one of the most ambitious programs
in the world to preserve the ecological diversity of its tropical rain forests.
Much of the country has already been clear cut, and soil erosion has been
extensive. But a series of new environmental laws, together with the creation
of parks and nature preserves that cover one quarter of the country, are
aimed at protecting Costa Rica’s remaining forests.
?
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Text B
CH
Brazil
6 N Brazil is the home of the world’s largest tropical rain forest, the Amazon.
For decades, the government sought to develop the Amazon, bringing severe
environmental disaster to the area and its people.
7
But in 1991, under pressure from environmentalists around the world,
Brazil reversed course. It ended tax favors that had encouraged the clearing
of the Amazon rain forest, and agreed to a plan to finance new forest
protection projects.
?
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Text B
8
CH
Cattle farmers, miners, and settlers have protested the move and
continue to destroy the forest, although at a slower
pace than before. The conflict enlarged last year
when miners killed a group of Amazon Indians in
order to seize their land. The government promises it
will protect the region’s native people, but questions
remain as to its true level of commitment.
Eastern Europe
9
The nations of Eastern Europe, including Poland, Hungary, and the
Czech and Slovak Republics, are considered the most polluted of all the
world’s industrialized countries. Heavy metals from coal mining have
polluted much of the area’s waters. Rivers, land, and forests are so
contaminated that many are now biologically dead.
?
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Text B
CH
10
In a special series of treaties, Eastern European countries and other
nations, including the United States, N have set up special funds for
environmental cleanups and the improvement of the region’s power plants. In
addition, Germany and the Czech Republic have signed a treaty to protect
the Elbe River from further pollution. Experts say the treaty could serve as a
model for protecting other rivers in the region, including the Oder and
Danube.
Ghana
11
Ghana’s population has been growing by 3.2 percent a year. This
explosive growth has led to the removal of forests in much of the country,
and excessive use of existing farmland. Forests have been cut down at the
rate of 278 square miles a year.
?
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Text B
CH
12 In response, the government has urged local villagers to create more
shared farmland. It has sponsored the growing of cash crops such as
cassava, maize, cotton, and the planting of trees to regenerate waste land.
Observers say the program has succeeded in strengthening the country’s
agricultural base and bringing a new source of wealth to villagers. N But it
remains to be seen whether these measures will have enough impact to
slow the rate of the forests’ removal.
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?
Indonesia
13 Indonesians have traditionally favored large families, and their major
religion, Islam, frowns on birth control. But with 188 million people, the country
is now struggling to provide enough food, shelter, and employment for its
people. In recent years, the government has waged a massive campaign to
encourage birth control, offering inducements such as free trips to Mecca, the
birthplace of Islam in Saudi Arabia.
14 The government has succeeded in increasing the use of birth control from
10 percent of the population 20 years ago to 49 percent today. As a result, the
average number of births has been cut from 5.6 children per woman to 3. The
government hopes to reduce this average to 2.1 children per woman by 2005.
But with such a large population base, the country must still convert millions
more to the idea of birth control if it is to reach its population targets.
(777 words)
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1) What is the usual practice of most countries in terms of environmental
awareness?
Most countries concern themselves with economic development regardless
of its effect on global ecology.
2) What change is taking place in recent years as far as environmental
protection is concerned?
Some countries have begun to undertake new environmental initiatives.
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Chinese Version
世界各地的环境保护
卡罗琳·雷古
引言
在世界的大部分地区，环境意识是不存在的。大多数国家只关注
经济发展，而不顾其对全球生态的影响。但近年来,随着环境损害的加
剧,世界各地出现了一些变化的迹象。以下是开始着手新的环境治理行
动的一些国家的例子。
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Title of Text B
Chinese Version
世界各地的环境保护（卡罗琳•雷古）
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Language Points
throughout : prep. in, to, through, or during every part of; all through
遍及，贯穿
e.g.
throughout the country
T
遍及全国
The road is kept open throughout the year.
T
这条路全年开通。
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introduction : n. act of introducing or being introduced; the
first part of sth. such as a book, which explains
the rest 介绍；(书等的）引言；导言；序
e.g.
a letter of introduction.
T
介绍信。
After an introduction by the chairperson, we went on with our discussion.
T
主席作了开场白后，我们继续进行讨论。
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majority : n. the greater number or part; most 多数；大多数
e.g.
People from Asia make up a majority of the city’s residents.
亚洲人构成了这座城市的大多数居民。
T
The majority of students like the film very much.
T
大多数学生非常喜欢这部电影。
great/vast/overwhelming majority: 绝大多数
e.g.
The great majority of the people here come from Shanghai.
T
这里绝大多数人都来自上海。
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nation : n. a large group of people living in one country usu. with an
independent government, and sharing the same history
国民；国家；民族
e.g.
the world’s leading industrial nations .
T
世界上主要的工业国。
the Chinese nation
T
中华民族
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concern oneself with: be busy with; interest oneself in 忙于;关心
e.g.
concern oneself with public affairs
T
关心公众事务
You shouldn’t concern yourself with girls at your age; you’ll have plenty
of time when you’re older..
T
你这个年龄不该对女孩子感兴趣；等你再大点有的是时间。
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economic : a. of economics, or of an economy 经济(学)的
e.g.
economic aid
T
经济援助
economic growth
T
经济增长
economic prosperity
T
经济繁荣
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undertake : vt. (start to) make oneself responsible for (sth.)
承担；担任
e.g.
undertake a task/project/research, etc.
T
承担一项任务/一个项目/一项研究等。
I undertook to teach the children English.
T
我答应教孩子们英语。
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initiative : n. action taken to resolve a difficulty; capacity to see
what needs to be done and enterprise enough to do it
e.g.
主动的行动；主动性；进取心
Everyone was standing around in silence, so I took the initiative and asked
the guest of honor a question.
T
大家都站在那儿不做声，所以我便主动问了贵宾一个问题。
He took the initiative in trying to solve the problem.
T
他采取主动，试图解决这个问题。
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The following are a few examples of countries undertaking new
environmental initiatives.
以下是开始着手新的环境治理行动的一些国家的例子。
句中the following之后的动词使用单数还是复数形式，需依动词be之后
的名词确定。本句中a few examples为复数，所以使用复数形式。
又如：
The following is a sample of our students’ compositions.
以下是我们学生作文的样本。
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ecology : n. (scientific study of) the relation of plants and living
creatures to each other and to their surroundings
生态；生态学
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3) What is the Grand Banks famous for?
It was once the most abundant fishing ground in the world.
4) What has the government of Canada done to protect the fishing
resources in the Grand Banks?
It has closed the area to cod fishing and set strict limits on catches of
other species.
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Chinese Version
加拿大
当欧洲探险家最初来到新世界的时候,在后来成为加拿大东部和新英格兰的那片土
地外面的捕鱼场，有大量的鳕鱼和其他鱼类。这个被称为大浅滩的区域是世界上最大
的渔场。
500年之后的今天，过度捕鱼已将鱼的数量减到了危险的低水平。为应对这一情
况，加拿大已经禁止在该区域捕鳕鱼并对捕捉其他鱼类也作了严格限制。
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Canada: a country in North America, north of the U.S., which is made up
of ten provinces. Population: 31,593,000 (2001). Capital: Ottawa.
Canada is the second largest country in the world.
加拿大 (人口：31593000; 首都：渥太华;全球第二大国)
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European : a. of Europe
欧洲的
e.g.
European countries
T
欧洲国家
the European Union
T
欧盟
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explorer : 1. vt. travel into or through (a place) in order to learn about it;
examine (sth.) thoroughly in order to test or find out about it
对…进行勘探；在…探险；探索，研究
e.g.
explore (sth.) for oil/minerals/gold, etc.
勘探石油/矿藏/黄金等。
T
We explored all the possibilities before coming to a decision.
T
我们在作出决定之前研究了所有的可能性。
2. n. one that explores, especially one that explores a geographic area
勘探者，考察者
e.g.
an Arctic explorer
T
北极探险家
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the New World: North, Central, and South America
新大陆，西半球（指北美洲、中美洲和南美洲）
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… the fishing grounds off what would become eastern Canada and New
England…：
……在后来成为加拿大东部和新英格兰的那片土地外面的捕鱼场……
句中介词off意为“在离开…以外海面上的”。what从句既作介词off的宾语
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abundant : a. more than enough; plentiful 丰富的；充裕的
e.g.
an abundant harvest
T
丰收
an abundant year.
T
丰年
The country is abundant in natural resources.
T
这个国家天然资源丰富。
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grand : a. magnificent; splendid; big 宏伟的；壮丽的；大的
e.g.
a grand view.
T
壮丽的景色。
a grand house .
T
大房子
the Grand Canyon .
T
(美国)大峡谷。
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excessive : a. greater than what is normal or necessary; extreme
过分的；过度的；极度的
e.g.
Tom’s wife left him because of his excessive drinking.
T
汤姆的妻子因为他酗酒而离开了他。
This kind of pollution happens from excessive use of the same chemicals.
T
这种污染是因为过分使用相同的化学品而导致的。
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in response: in answer; as a response 作为回答；作为一种回应
e.g.
I am writing in response to your letter of June 12.
T
我这是回复你6月12日的来信。
Twice I put the request to him, but he said nothing in response.
T
我两次向他提出这个请求，但他均未作答复。
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… and set strict limits on catches of other species.
……对捕捉其他鱼类也作了严格限制。
a limit on 解释为“对…的限制”。
e.g.
There’s a limit on the time you have to take the test.
T
你考试所用的时间是有限制的。
My wife and I set a limit on how much we spend on clothes.
T
我和妻子对衣服的花费作了限制。
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cod : n. 鳕鱼
BACK
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5) What has Costa Rica done to preserve the ecological diversity of its tropical
rain forests?
It has made a series of new environmental laws and created parks and
nature preserves that cover one quarter of the country.
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Chinese Version
当加拿大在20世纪70年代采取类似的措施保护鲱鱼资源时，这种鱼终于恢复到了
正常的数量。但是专家们说，现今有些鱼种已捕捞殆尽，可能再也无法恢复了。加拿
大政府还得应对渔民的抗议。由于禁渔及鱼资源的丧失，目前约有4万渔民失业。
哥斯达黎加
这个中美洲国家有世界上最雄心勃勃的计划之一，用以保护它热带雨林生态的多
样性。这个国家许多地方的树木已被全部砍光，对土壤的侵蚀已非常广泛。但一系列
新的环境法律,连同覆盖全国四分之一土地的公园和自然保护区的建立，其目的都是要
保护哥斯达黎加剩余的森林。
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take measures: take action 采取措施
e.g.
All departments must take measures now to reduce costs.
T
所有部门现在都必须采取措施削减费用。
Measures are being taken to protect the environment of the city.
T
正在采取措施保护这座城市的环境。
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But experts say that some species today have been so wasted, they may
never recover :
但是专家们说，现今有些鱼种已捕捞殆尽，可能再也无法恢复了。
在so… that…（如此…以致…）的句型中，有时候that可以省略。
又如：
Everything happened so quickly I hadn’t time to think.
T
一切都发生得那么快，我都没有时间思考。
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Canadian : a. of Canada 加拿大的
e.g.
the Canadian government
T
加拿大政府
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ban :
1. n. order that bans; prohibition 禁令；禁止
e.g.
The city has imposed a ban on smoking in all restaurants.
T
这个城市禁止在任何饭店里抽烟。
2. vt. officially forbid (sth.) 命令禁止
e.g.
Smoking is banned in schools here.
T
这里的学校禁止抽烟。
The government banned the citizens from carrying guns.
T
政府禁止居民携带枪支。
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Costa Rica :
a country in Central America between Nicaragua and Panama.
Population: 3,773,000 (2001). Capital: San José.
哥斯达黎加（拉丁美洲国家，在中美洲南部）(人口：3 773 000;
首都：圣何塞)
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ambitious : a. a. full of strong desires, esp. for success or money;
showing or requiring ambition
有雄心的；有抱负的；野心勃勃的；显示(或要求)雄心(或
野心)的
e.g.
I was very ambitious when I was young.
T
我年轻时雄心勃勃。
Don’t be too ambitious in the early stages.
T
开始阶段要求不要太高。
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preserve :
1. vt. keep or maintain (sth.) in an unchanged or perfect condition; retain
e.g.
保护，维护；保持，维持
preserve forests
T
保护森林
Ice helps to preserve food.
T
冰有助于保存食物。
We must try our best to preserve our environment from pollution.
T
我们必须竭尽全力保护我们的环境不受污染。
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preserve :
2. n. area of land in which wild animals and vegetation are protected
野生动植物保护区
e.g.
No hunting is allowed in the preserve.
T
保护区内不准打猎。
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ecological : a. of ecology 生态(学)的
e.g.
ecological balance
T
生态平衡
ecological disaster
T
生态灾难
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diversity : n. state of being varied; variety 多种多样；多样性
e.g.
biological diversity
T
生物多样性
Jim has a great diversity of interests.
T
吉姆有多种多样的兴趣。
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tropical : a. of, like or found in the tropics 热带的；产于热带的
e.g.
tropical fruit
T
热带水果
tropical flowers
T
热带花卉
This tree can reach 25 feet in tropical areas.
T
这种树在热带可以长到25英尺高。
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erosion : n. process of eroding or being eroded 侵蚀，腐蚀
e.g.
wind erosion
T
风蚀
the erosion of the coastline
T
对海岸的侵蚀
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extensive : a.
wide-ranging; large in amount; large in area;
extending far 广泛的；大量的；广大的；广阔的
e.g.
extensive knowledge
T
广博的知识
extensive funds
T
大笔经费
The house stands in extensive grounds.
T
这座房子矗立在广阔的场地上。
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series : n. number of things, events, etc. of a similar kind, esp.
placed or occurring one after another 一系列，连续
e.g.
a series of events
T
一系列事件
a series of books
T
丛书
a series of lectures
T
一系列讲座
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together with: as well as; and also; along with 同…一起，和；连同
e.g.
Together with his wife, he helped to educate the children in the
neighborhood.
T
他跟妻子一起帮助教育居民区的孩子们。
Professor Lee gave me the textbook together with the teacher’s book.
T
李教授将教材连同教师用书一起给了我。
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nature : n. the whole universe and every created, not man-made,
thing; typical qualities and characteristics of a person
or an animal 大自然，自然界；人(或动物)的本性，天性
e.g.
the laws of nature
T
自然法则
human nature
T
人性
We grew up in the countryside, surrounded by the beauty of nature.
T
我们在农村长大，周围是大自然的美景。
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aimed at: try or intend to achieve 旨在
e.g.
a proposal aimed at reducing road accidents
T
一项旨在减少道路事故的提议
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herring : n. 鲱鱼
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6) What change in the Brazilian government ‘s attitude towards the Amazon
rain forest took place in 1991?
The government stopped its plan to develop the Amazon. Instead of
encouraging the clear cutting of the rain forest, it agreed to a plan to
finance new forest protection projects.
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Chinese Version
巴西
巴西是世界上最大的热带雨林——亚马逊热带雨林——的所在地。数十年来，
政府一直在试图开发亚马逊热带雨林，给该区域及其人民带来了严重的环境灾难。
但在1991年，在全世界环保人士的压力之下，巴西彻底改变了做法。它
中止了鼓励清除亚马逊热带雨林的税收优惠，并通过了一项向新的雨林保护项目
提供资金的计划。
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Brazil :
the largest country in South America. Population: 174,469,000
(2001). Capital: Brasilia.
巴西（南美洲国家）（人口：174 469 000；首都：巴西利亚）
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Amazon : n.
1. The Amazon rain forest is the world’s largest tropical rain forest. It covers
approximately 2 million square miles (5.2 million square kilometers) in the
Amazon River Basin of South America. About two-thirds of the rain forest
lies in Brazil. The forest also occupies parts of Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador,
Colombia, and Venezuela. The Amazon rain forest receives an average
annual rainfall of 50 to 175 inches (130 to 445 centimeters). Temperatures
average about 80℉ (27℃). 亚马逊热带雨林
2. 亚马逊河（世界最大河流之一，源出秘鲁安第斯山，东流经亚马孙平原，在巴西马拉
若岛附近注入大西洋）
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Brazil is the home of the world’s largest tropical rain forest, the Amazon.
巴西是世界上最大的热带雨林——亚马逊热带雨林——的所在地。
本句中the Amazon指亚马逊热带雨林，并非仅指亚马逊河。
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severe : a. strict; not gentle or weak; very strong or bad and therefore
causing a lot of damage, pain, etc.
严格的；严厉的；严重的；剧烈的
e.g.
a severe master
T
严厉的主人
severe pain
T
剧痛
a severe storm
T
猛烈的风暴
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under pressure: in a condition of being forced or hurried 在压力下；在强制下
e.g.
I’m working under pressure every day.
T
我每天都在压力下工作。
I was under pressure from my parents to become a teacher.
T
我父母强制我成为教师。
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Brazil reversed course. 巴西彻底改变了做法。
本句中，course 意为“行动方向，进程，做法”。
e.g.
change the course of history
T
改变历史的进程
They discussed several possible courses and decided to follow a
middle course.
T
他们讨论了几种可能的途径，决定采取折中的办法。
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tax : n. (sum of) money to be paid by people or businesses to a
government for public purposes 税；税额
e.g.
income tax
T
所得税
interest tax
T
利息税
One third of Jack’s wages go in tax.
T
杰克的工资有三分之一用于纳税。
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favo(u)r :
1. n. act of kindness; approval; treatment that gives or shows preference
(sometimes unfairly) 恩惠，善意的行为；赞同；特殊照顾，优惠；偏袒，偏爱。
e.g.
Can you do me a favor?
T
你能帮我一个忙吗？
win sb.’s favor
T
赢得某人的欢心
He showed favor towards neither party
T
他对双方都不偏袒。
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favo(u)r :
2. vt. approve of; support; prefer 赞成；支持；喜爱
e.g.
Fortune favors the brave.
T
[谚]天助勇者。
a tax cut that favors rich people
T
对富人有利的减税
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finance : 1. vt. provide money for 为…提供资金
e.g.
The government uses money from taxes to finance higher education.
T
政府用税收得来的钱为高等教育提供资金。
2. n. (science of the) managing of money; money for a business,
nation, person 财政(学)；金融；财源；(国家的)岁入；资金
e.g.
international finance
T
国际金融
the Ministry of Finance
T
财政部
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7) What conflict exists between the newcomers and the native people of
the Amazon?
The newcomers want to take the land from the native people and thus
there has been fighting and bloodshed in this area.
8) Which part of Europe is the most polluted?
Eastern Europe, including countries such as Poland, Hungry, the Czech and
Slovak Republics.
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Chinese Version
牧场工人、矿工和移居者抗议这一措施并继续破坏森林，不过速度已比从前放慢。去
年，一些矿工杀了一群亚马逊印第安人以夺取他们的土地，致使冲突扩大。政府允诺它将保
护这一区域的土著人，但该承诺的真实程度如何尚存疑问。
东欧
东欧国家,包括波兰、匈牙利及捷克共和国和斯洛伐克共和国，被认为是全世界工业国
家中污染最为严重的。来自采煤过程中的重金属已经污染了该地区的许多水域。河流、土地
和森林遭到严重污染，从生物学的意义上讲，它们中有许多现在已经消亡。
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cattle : n. [pl.] cows, bulls, oxen, etc. esp. when on a farm
[用作复数]牛
e.g.
a herd of cattle
T
一群牛
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settler : n. person who comes to live in a new place; colonist
移居者；殖民者，早期开拓者
e.g.
Many of the earliest settlers here died from disease and hunger.
T
最早迁居于此的许多人都死于疾病和饥饿。
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conflict : n. (example of a) disagreement or fight over an important
matter; (of opinions, desires, etc.) opposition; difference;
clash; fight, war
冲突;争执；(意见、欲望等)不合,分歧;战斗;战争
e.g.
an armed conflict
T
武装冲突
economic conflict
T
经济矛盾
Can this peace settlement bring an end to years of conflict?
T
这一和解方案能结束多年的战争吗？
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Language Points
region : n. big part of a country or of the world地区；区域
e.g.
a desert region
T
沙漠地区
a mountainous region
T
山区
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Eastern Europe:
Eastern Europe is, by convention, a region defined geographically as
that part of Europe covering the eastern part of the continent. Generally
this means that it lies between the Ural (乌拉尔河) and Caucasus (高加索)
mountains and the western border of Russia, or alternatively also
includes those countries adjacent to Russia’s western border. 东欧
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Poland :
a country in central Europe, east of Germany and west
of Belorussia. Population: 38,634,000 (2001). Capital:
Warsaw.
波兰 (人口：38 634 000; 首都：华沙)
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Language Points
Hungary :
a country in central Europe, east of Austria and west
of Romania. Population: 10,106,000 (2001). Capital:
Budapest.
匈牙利 (人口：10 106 000; 首都: 布达佩斯)
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Language Points
Czech :
a country in central Europe, between Germany, Poland,
Slovakia, and Austria. Population: 10,264,000 (1994).
Capital: Prague.
捷克 (人口：10 264 000; 首都：布拉格)
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Slovakia :
a country in Eastern Europe between the Ukraine and
the Czech Republic that was formed in 1993 when
Czechoslovakia was divided. Population: 5,415,000
(2001). Capital: Bratislava.
斯洛伐克 (人口：5 415 000; 首都：布拉迪斯拉瓦)
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Language Points
republic : n. (country with a) system of government in which supreme
power is held not by a monarch but by the (elected
representatives of the) people, with an elected President
共和国；共和政体
e.g.
The People’s Republic of China
T
中华人民共和国
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industrialized : a. 工业化的
e.g.
The cities of most industrialized nations serve as manufacturing centers.
T
大多数工业化国家的城市都起着制造业中心的作用。
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9) What have Easter European countries and other nations done to protect
the environment?
They have set up special funds and signed treaties to protect the environment.
10) What has led to the reduction of forests and the excessive use of existing
farmland in Ghana?
Overpopulation.
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Chinese Version
在一系列的特别条约中，东欧国家与其他国家, 包括美国, 已经设立了一些
特别基金来进行环境清理及该地区发电厂的改进。此外，德国和捷克共和国已经
签署了一个条约来保护易北河免受进一步的污染。专家们说，该条约可以作为保
护该地区包括奥得河和多瑙河在内的其他河流的一个范例。
加纳
加纳的人口一直以每年3.2%的速度在增长。这一爆炸式的增长已经导致这个
国家许多地方的森林被砍光，现有农田被过度使用。砍伐森林的速度已经达到每
年278平方英里。
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treaty : n. formal agreement between two or more countries
(国家间的)条约，协定
e.g.
an international treaty
T
国际条约
a treaty of friendship
T
友好条约
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Language Points
… have set up special funds for environmental cleanups and the
improvement of the region’s power plants.
……已经设立了一些特别基金来进行环境清理及该地区发电厂的改进。
介词for用于表示基金的用途。environmental cleanups和improving the region’s
power plants并列为介词for的宾语。
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Ghana :
a country in West Africa. Population: 19,894,000 (2001).
Capital: Accra.
加纳 (人口：19 894 000; 首都：阿克拉)
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explosive : a. able or likely to explode; increasing suddenly or
rapidly in amount or number
e.g.
能爆炸的，爆炸性的；激增的，迅速扩大的
explosive chemicals
T
易爆炸的化学品
an explosive epidemic
T
迅速蔓延的流行病
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cut down: cause (sth.) to fall down by cutting it at the base 砍倒
e.g.
cut down a tree with an axe
T
用斧头把树砍倒
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Language Points
at the rate of: 以…的速度
e.g.
According to one report, the water is rising at a rate of 10 cm a day.
T
根据一项报告，水正以每天10厘米的速度上升。
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11) What has the government of Ghana done to protect its forests and land?
It has urged local villagers to create more shared farmland. Also, it has
sponsored the growing of cash crops and the planting of trees.
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Chinese Version
为应对这一情况，政府已敦促地方村民开垦更多的共有农田。它资
助种植经济作物，如木薯、玉米、棉花等,还资助种树以重新生成荒地。
观察家们说，该计划已成功地加强了该国的农业基础，并给村民们带来
了新的财源。但是这些措施是否会产生足够的影响来减缓森林遭砍伐，
尚有待观察。
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urge : vt. try very hard to persuade (sb.) to do sth. 力劝；催促
e.g.
He urged me to take measures immediately.
T
他催我立即采取措施。
She urged her father into retirement at an early age.
T
她力劝她的父亲早早退休。
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sponsor :
1. n. person who makes himself responsible for another; person who puts
forward or guarantees a proposal; person or firm that pays for a radio or
TV program, or for a musical, artistic or sporting event, usu. in order to use
it for advertising 担保人；发起者；倡议者；赞助人，赞助商
e.g.
He’s glad that his company has been named as the sponsor of the contest.
T
他很高兴他的公司被提名为竞赛的赞助商。
2. vt. act as a sponsor for 发起；赞助
e.g.
The bank is sponsoring an art exhibition.
T
这家银行正在发起举办一个艺术展览会。
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cash : n. money in coins or notes; money in any form 现金，现款；钱
e.g.
I don’t have any cash with me today, may I pay by check?
T
今天我没带现金，可以用支票支付吗？
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cotton : n. soft white fibrous substance round the seeds of a tall plant,
used for making thread, cloth, etc.; this plant when growing
棉，棉花；棉树；棉株
e.g.
a shirt made of cotton
T
棉布衬衫
cotton mill
T
纺纱厂
cotton thread
T
棉线
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regenerate : vt. give fresh strength or life to; restore 使新生；使恢复
e.g.
an armed conflict
T
武装冲突
economic conflict
T
经济矛盾
Can this peace settlement bring an end to years of conflict?
T
这一和解方案能结束多年的战争吗？
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observe : vt. see and notice; watch carefully 看到；注意到；观察
e.g.
I didn’t observe anything out of the ordinary about her behavior that day.
T
我没注意她那天的行为有什么不同寻常的地方。
I love to observe people at work
T
我喜欢观察人们工作。
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Language Points
But it remains to be seen whether these measures will have enough impact to
slow the rate of the forests’ removal.
但是这些措施是否会产生足够的影响来减缓森林遭砍伐，尚有待观察。
本句真正的主语是以whether引导的主语从句，句首的it是形式主语。
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cassava : n. tropical plant with starchy roots 木薯
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maize : n. tall cereal plant bearing yellow grain on large ears 玉米
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12) What has made the government of Indonesia encourage its people to
practice birth control?
Problems with providing enough food, shelter and employment for its people.
13) What must the government of Indonesia do to reach its population targets?
The government must convert millions more people to the idea of birth control.
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Chinese Version
印度尼西亚
印尼人有喜欢大家庭的传统,他们的主要宗教，即伊斯兰教,不赞成计划生育。但
这个拥有1亿8 800万人口的国家现在正艰难地在努力为其人民提供足够的食物、住所
和就业机会。 近几年来，政府已发起了一场大规模的宣传运动来鼓励计划生育，提
供各种奖赏，如免费去伊斯兰教的诞生地、位于沙特阿拉伯的麦加朝圣。
政府已经成功地将20年前10%的计划生育率提高到今天的49%。结果，每个妇女的
平均生育率已从5.6个孩子降到了3个。政府希望到2005年能把这个平均数降到2.1。
但由于人口基数太大，如果这个国家要实现其人口目标，还必须再让数百万的人接受
计划生育的观念。
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Indonesia :
a country in the southeast Indian Ocean consisting of more
than 13,000 islands. Population: 228,438,000 (2001).
Capital: Jakarta. In population, it is the fourth largest country
in the world, and its official religion is Islam.
印度尼西亚 (人口：228 438 000; 首都：雅加达)
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frown on:
disapprove of 不赞成
e.g.
John always frowns on those who get up late in the morning.
T
约翰总是对那些早晨起床晚的人皱眉头。
Even though divorce is legal, it is still frowned upon.
T
尽管离婚是合法的，但依然有人不赞成。
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shelter : n. fact of state of being protected (from rain, danger,
attack, etc.); place where one can get such protection
掩蔽；保护；掩蔽处，躲避处
e.g.
an air-raid shelter
T
防空洞
Trees are a shelter from the sun.
T
树可以蔽太阳。
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massive : a. large, heavy and solid; substantial; very large
大而重的；结实的；大量的；大规模的
e.g.
The bell is massive, weighing over 40 tons.
T
这口钟又大又重， 重量达40多吨。
Because of the earthquake, there have been massive increases in
the number of homeless people.
T
由于地震，无家可归的人数大幅上升。
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inducement : n. that which persuades; incentive 引诱物；刺激
e.g.
They offer every inducement to foreign businesses to invest in their
country.
T
他们提供了一切诱人的条件让外国企业到他们国家投资。
They provided each customer with a free toothbrush as an
inducement to go shopping at their store.
T
他们向每位顾客免费提供一把牙刷以吸引人们到他们的店里购物。
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induce : vt. persuade or influence (sb.) to do sth. 劝；引诱
e.g.
Nothing would induce me to go to the desert again.
T
我无论如何也不会再去那个沙漠了。
What induced you to do such a foolish thing?
T
是什么诱使你做了这样的傻事？
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Saudi Arabia: an oil-producing country in the Middle East, ruled by a
king. Population: 22,757,000 (2001). Capital: Riyadh.
The city of Mecca, the holiest place in the religion
of Islam, is in Saudi Arabia.
沙特阿拉伯 (人口：22 757 000; 首都：利雅得)
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reduce this average to 2.1: 把这个平均数降到2.1
reduce… to…意为“把…降到…”。
e.g.
All the shirts were reduced to $10.
T
所有的衬衫都降到了10美元。
The new bridge has reduced traveling time from 50 minutes
to 15 minutes.
T
这座新桥使旅行时间从50分钟降到了15分钟。
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convert : v. persuade (sb.) to change his belief; change one’s
beliefs, esp. one’s religion
使(某人)改变信仰；改变信仰；皈依
e.g.
She managed to convert him to her opinion.
T
她终于设法说服他接受了她的意见。
She wanted to convert her brothers to Buddhism.
T
她想说服她的兄弟们皈依佛教。
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religion : n. belief in one or more gods or powers that are
outside our physical world; particular system
of faith and worship based on such a belief
宗教信仰；宗教
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Text B Exercises
Answer the following questions.
Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the forms where
necessary.
Fill in the blanks with the expressions given below. Change the form where
necessary.
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Exercises
Answer the following questions.
1. What is the usual practice of most countries in terms of environmental
awareness?
2. What change is taking place in recent years as far as environmental
protection is concerned?
3. What is the Grand Banks famous for?
4. What has the government of Canada done to protect the fishing
resources in the Grand Banks?
5. What has Costa Rica done to preserve the ecological diversity of its
tropical rain forests?
6. What change in the Brazilian government’s attitude towards the Amazon
rain forest took place in 1991?
7. What conflict exists between the newcomers and the native people of the
Amazon?
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8. Which part of Europe is the most polluted?
9. What have Easter European countries and other nations done to protect
the environment?
10. What has led to the reduction of forests and the excessive use of existing
farmland in Ghana?
11. What has the government of Ghana done to protect its forests and land?
12. What has made the government of Indonesia encourage its people to
practice birth control?
13. What must the government of Indonesia do to reach its population targets?
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Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the forms where necessary.
majority
preserve
urge
economic
extensive
sponsor
excessive
severe
throughout
ambitious
conflict
undertake
1. The wish for excitement led them to undertake
________ a long and dangerous journey over
mountains and deserts.
2. The disease spread rapidly _________
throughout Europe and killed thousands of people in
a short period of time.
3. Three companies jointly sponsored
________ the English contest. It has been held annually
since 2000.
4. Emerson _____
urged his listeners to learn directly from life, know the past through
books, and express themselves through action.
5. There is always a conflict
______ between good and evil in the plays that he wrote.
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6. Himalayan climbing is extremely difficult because of the high altitudes(海拔高度),
severe weather.
extreme cold, and ______
7. The vast majority
______ of people have realized the importance of limiting population
growth.
8. Agriculture is the leading economic
________ activity in Africa, but most farmers use
outdated tools and methods to farm thin, poor soil.
9. Most farmers in this country know that excessive
________ use of fertilizer can contribute
to water pollution.
10. He is basically a very ambitious
________ person and, whatever he does, he always
wants to get to the top.
11. In order to protect the environment, the government of this African country has
set aside land to _______
preserve unique mountains and lakes, dense forests, and
unusual wildlife.
12. Despite the extensive
________ use of computers nowadays, some people prefer to live
a quiet life without such machines.
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Fill in the blanks with the expressions given below. Change the form where
necessary.
concern oneself with
in response
take measures
together with
under pressure (from)
serve as
a series of
frown on
1. This handbook is supposed to serve
_______
as a guide for interior designers.
2. She gave a________
series of lectures at Oxford University last year on contemporary
Chinese writers.
3. On Mother’s Day, she sent her mother some flowers together
with a beautiful
__________
card.
4. Leaders of all countries of the world must concern
___
______ themselves with
environmental protection.
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5. During all those years, most of the people who went to church frowned
_________
on
those who spent Sunday mornings in bed.
6. Under
pressure from the public, many regional governments cleaned up
________________
their beaches before summer came.
7. The company decided to expand their service in
response to market demand.
_________
8. In the past few years, he has written several articles urging the government
to take
measures to preserve the country’s natural resources.
___________
PREV.
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Text C
CH
The Greenhouse Effect(温室效应)
Nila Banton Smith
What Is the Greenhouse Effect?
1
The atmosphere(大气层) is a blanket(层) of gases around Earth. It is
more than 300 miles deep. Nitrogen and oxygen are the main gases in
the atmosphere. They make up 99 percent of the total. Carbon dioxide(二
氧化碳) and a few other gases are also part of the atmosphere. They make
up less than 1 percent of the atmosphere. Still, they are important. These
gases trap the sun’s heat when it is reflected off Earth, warming the land
and oceans. This trapping of heat by gases in the atmosphere is called
the greenhouse effect.
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Text C
温室效应
奈拉•班顿•史密斯
什么是温室效应?
大气层是包围地球的气体层。它的厚度超过300英里。氮和氧是大气层中的主要
气体。 他们占到总量的99%。二氧化碳和其他一些气体也是大气层的一部分。它们占
的比例不足1%。但是它们还是很重要。当太阳的热量从地球反射回来时，这些气体能
够留住它，使大地和海洋变暖。这一气体把热量留在大气层中的现象就叫温室效应。
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Text C
CH
2
In a way, carbon dioxide acts like a car window on a summer day. The
glass in the windows lets sunlight in. The heat cannot get out, though. So the
car gets very hot inside. The glass in a greenhouse acts in the same way to
trap heat, which protects plants from the cold. The greenhouse effect makes
life on Earth possible. We need carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Otherwise,
Earth’s temperature would be below freezing.
3 Other planets have a greenhouse effect, too. Venus( 金 星 ) has an
atmosphere thick with carbon dioxide. The atmosphere traps so much sunlight
that Venus’s temperature is 896℉! Mars(火星) has a thin atmosphere with only
a little carbon dioxide. The temperature on Mars is about -76℉, which most
scientists think is not warm enough for life.
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Text C
在某种程度上，二氧化碳的作用就像夏日的汽车车窗一样。窗玻璃让阳光射进
来。然而,热量却出不去。因此汽车里面就非常热。温室玻璃以同样的方式留住热量，
保护植物免受寒冷。温室效应使地球上的生命变成可能。我们需要大气层中的二氧
化碳。否则，地球的温度就会在冰点之下。
其他行星也有温室效应。金星有一个厚厚的二氧化碳大气层。该大气层留住了
如此多的日光以至金星的温度为896℉! 火星有一个薄薄的大气层，只有一点儿二氧
化碳。火星上的温度约为-76℉。大多数的科学家认为这个温度不够温暖，无法产
生生命。
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Text C
CH
What Is Global Warming?
4
During the past 200 years,
humans have been adding carbon
dioxide to the air. Every time we
burn fossil fuels(矿物燃料) such as
coal and gasoline we put more
carbon dioxide into the air. A car,
for example, pumps out(排出) four
tons of carbon dioxide each year!
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Text C
什么是全球变暖?
在过去200年期间，人类一直在往空气中增加二氧化碳。我们每
次燃烧矿物燃料,如煤和汽油，我们便是在往空气中增加二氧化碳。
举例来说，一辆汽车每年就排放出4吨二氧化碳!
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Text C
CH
5 The factories that people have built also burn fuel and give off carbon dioxide.
So carbon dioxide levels keep increasing. Another activity that leads to rising
carbon dioxide levels is the cutting down of forests. Growing trees take carbon
dioxide out of the air every day. They use that carbon dioxide to make food. So
when the trees are cut down, more carbon dioxide stays in the air. Today, the
carbon dioxide level in the atmosphere is at an all-time high. It is about 25 percent
higher than it was in 1860. The blanket of gases around Earth is getting thicker.
6 This steady increase in carbon dioxide will trap more and more heat. Some
scientists believe that, as a result, Earth’s temperature will rise. Over the last 120
years, scientists have tracked Earth’s average temperature. They have made
graphs(图表) that show the temperature of Earth has increased about 1℉in the last
century. Many scientists believe this warming will soon speed up and consider an
increase of 2-6℉ over the next century quite possible. This trend is called global
warming.
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Text C
人们建成的工厂也燃烧燃料并排放二氧化碳。因此，二氧化碳的水平一直都在增加。
另一个导致二氧化碳水平上升的活动是砍伐森林。成长中的树木每天都从空气中吸取二氧化
碳。他们用二氧化碳制造养料。所以，当树木被砍伐时, 停留在空气中的二氧化碳就增多。
现今，大气层中的二氧化碳水平已达到空前的高度。它比1860年时高了大约25%。包围地
球的气体层正在变厚。
这种二氧化碳的稳定增加将会留住越来越多的热量。 一些科学家相信,地球的温度将会
因此上升。在过去的120年中，科学家们跟踪了地球的平均温度。他们制成图表，这些图表
表明在上一个世纪，地球的温度已经增加了大约1华氏度。许多科学家相信这种变暖将会很
快加速，并认为下一世纪中增加2-6华氏度是完全可能的。这个趋势便叫作全球变暖。
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Text C
CH
Why Is Global Warming a Problem?
7 A few degrees may not sound like much. Experts generally agree, however,
that global warming could have serious effects. Such changes would be greatest
near the North Pole and South Pole, for the ice in these areas might melt. This
polar ice holds more than 95 percent of the world’s fresh water.
8
Fed by melting ice, the sea would rise. A rise in sea level of several feet
could wash away beaches(海滩) and submerge(淹没) cities along the coast(海岸).
The cities would then be under water. Great harm would be done.
9 Global warming could also cause changes in the weather. Soils, rivers, and
lakes could dry up through evaporation(蒸发). As water evaporated, it could form
more clouds, causing more rain and snow to fall on Earth. However, some areas
would get much more rainfall, while others would get less. The amounts would
depend on where the winds blew the clouds formed by evaporation.
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Text C
为什么全球变暖是个问题?
听起来几度也许没有多少。然而，专家们普遍认为，全球变暖会造成严重后果。这种
变化在靠近南北两极的地方最大，因为在这些地区的冰可能会融化。这两极的冰含有占世界
总量95％以上的淡水。
融化的冰注入海洋会使海平面上升。海平面上升几英尺就可能冲走海滩并会淹没沿海岸
的城市。这样就会造成巨大的损害。
全球变暖还可能引起天气的变化。土壤，河流和湖泊可能由于蒸发而干涸。当水蒸发时，
它可能形成更多的云，使更多的雨和雪落到地球上。然而，一些地区会得到太多的降雨，而
其他一些地区则得到较少的降雨。雨量将取决于蒸发形成的云被风吹往什么地方。
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Text C
CH
10 Some scientists think that the American Midwest would get much less rain.
That could turn fertile(肥沃的) Midwestern farms into deserts, seriously affecting
our food supply. Changes in the weather could affect plants and animals all over
the world. Many animals could adapt to the changes, altering their way of life.
Trees and other plants, however, would have trouble.
11
Scientists use computers to try to predict what the effects of global
warming will be. However, no one can know exactly what will happen next.
Many things affect our weather, including winds, clouds, oceans, pollution, and
geography(地形). Different scientists often make different predictions because
there are so many facts to consider and interpret(解释).
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Text C
一些科学家认为美国中西部得到的雨会少得多。这可能会把中西部肥沃的农场
变成沙漠，严重影响我们的食物供应。天气变化可能影响全世界的植物和动物。许
多动物能够适应变化，改变它们的生活方式。然而，树和其他植物却会遇到麻烦。
科学家们用计算机来试着预测全球变暖的结果。然而，没有人能确切知道接下
来会发生什么。影响我们天气的东西很多,包括风、云、海洋、污染及地貌。因为有
那么多的事实需考虑和解释，不同的科学家常常会作出不同的预测。
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Text C
CH
What Can We Do?
12 We must act now to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the air. To solve
the problem, we need to find new sources of energy that do not put carbon
dioxide into the air. In the meantime(与此同时), we can save energy. For instance,
burning less gasoline in our cars would keep a great deal of carbon dioxide out of
the atmosphere. In addition, we need to preserve the forests we have now and
plant new ones as well. Trees take large amounts of carbon dioxide out of the
atmosphere. They also add oxygen.
13 As a worldwide problem, global warming affects us all. All the countries of
the world need to work together to solve it.
(782 words)
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Text C
我们能做什么?
我们现在必须行动起来，减少空气中二氧化碳的数量。为了解决这一问题，
我们需要找到不把二氧化碳排入空气的新的能源。与此同时，我们可以节省能源。
例如，我们的汽车少烧一些汽油就会阻止大量二氧化碳进入大气层。此外，我们
需要保护我们现有的森林并栽种新的森林。树可以吸收大气层中大量的二氧化碳。
它们还能增加氧。作为一个世界范围的问题，全球变暖对我们大家都有影响。世
界上所有的国家需要共同努力来解决它。
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Comprehension of the Text
Choose the best answer for each of the following multiple choice questions.
1. Carbon dioxide creates the greenhouse effect because ________ .
KEY
A) it makes the air difficult to flow
B) it traps the sun’s heat in the atmosphere
C) it is the main gas in the atmosphere
D) it reflects off the sun’s heat of the Earth
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2. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a factor that contributes
to global warming?
KEY
A) The cars running on the roads.
B) The cutting down of forests.
C) Fuel-consuming factories.
D) Live volcanoes(活火山).
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3. According to the writer, global warming can do serious damage to coastal
cities ________.
KEY
A) when the sea level rises
B) when people are short of fresh water
C) when there is less rain
D) when people in some areas are short of food supply
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4. What do changes in the weather affect most?
KEY
A) Animals.
B) Plants.
C) Oceans.
D) Deserts.
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5. Scientists find it difficult to predict what effects global warming bring about
because __________.
KEY
A) few of them have sufficient data to do the job
B) their predictions are often challenged by others
C) such predictions are totally impossible
D) there are so many facts to consider and interpret
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6. To solve the problem of global warming, the writer suggests ________.
KEY
A) burning less fuel
B) planting more trees
C) joint efforts by countries all over the world
D) taking all of the above-mentioned measures
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Basic Reading Skills
Identifying the Author’s Viewpoint
Read the following paragraphs and write down which words indicate the
author’s opinion.
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Basic Reading Skills
Identifying the Author’s Viewpoint
我们在阅读时除了要分清作者所写的是客观事实还是主观看法之外，还应该从字里行
间推断出作者对某一事物的看法，是赞同还是反对，或是对某一事物采取了一种中立、公
正、不带倾向的态度。作者通常会用一些词表示对某些事物的看法。比如，作者用 I
think/believe, in my view, in my opinion, I believe, as far as I am concerned等表
示要表达自己的看法或观点;用像luckily, unfortunately等这样的词语对某些事情表示满
意或不满意；用像surprisingly, to my shock, unexpectedly, regrettably, it’s a pity
that, it’s desirable that等这样的词语或表达法表达自己的惊奇、遗憾、同情等情感；用
像 certainly, obviously, undoubtedly, naturally, always, often, likely, probably,
maybe, unlikely, hardly, rarely, never等这样的词语表达不同程度的可能性。即使是对
客观的事实，作者也会用一些词加以评说，表明自己的态度。如 ：Only 30% of the
members are female. 和 As much as 30% of the members are female.它们所传
递的信息就是不同的。
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Read the following paragraphs and write down which words indicate the
author’s opinion.
1. He was a unique manager because he had several waiters who had
followed him around from restaurant to restaurant. The reason the
waiters followed Jerry was because of his attitude. He was a natural
motivator. If an employee was having a bad day, Jerry was there
telling the employee how to look on the positive side of the situation.
(Text A, Unit 1)
2. What holds people back from pursuing their dreams and acting on
their great ideas? I believe it’s fear of failure. Someone once said
“there are a lot of ways to become a failure, but never taking a
chance is the most successful way.” I’ve also heard it said that
“people don’t plan to fail… they fail to plan.” (Text B, Unit 2)
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3.
Last Sunday, the world lost one of its greatest on- and off-screen heroes .
Christopher Reeve. Superman . My childhood hero.
Christopher Reeve left us on October 10, 2004, after slipping into a coma
a day after he suffered cardiac arrest. Mankind is a little sadder with him
gone, but so much richer for having had him in it.
For some, it may seem unusual to cry over the loss of someone you
haven’t personally known, but I couldn’t help but break down in grief. While
there are no words to describe how truly heartbroken I am, I wanted to make
a serious address about our collective loss this past weekend. (Text A, Unit 4)
4. Climbing to its summit became an irresistible goal for adventurers. When a
reporter asked George Mallory, a British mountaineer, why he wanted to
climb Everest, he famously replied, “Because it is there.” Mallory’s final
attempt to reach the top ended in his death in 1924. At least 175 climbers are
known to have died on Everest since 1920. Nearly 1,200 others made it to
the top. (Text C, Unit 4)
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