Organic Compounds
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Define isomer
Define carbohydrate
Define protein
Define peptide bond
Define enzyme
Define amino acid
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What is meant by organic?
Of and/or pertaining to life
Organic food
Food grown without the use of
chemicals
Role of Carbon
• Usually contains carbon
• Carbon’s electron shell configuration
allow for four covalent bonds
• Usually H, O, N, or another C
• Single, double, or triple bonds
• Can also form chains or rings which
allows for many different arrangements
2 Methanes equal an Ethane
• Monomers- basic units of organic
molecule
• Isomer- same chemical formula but
different arrangement
• Polymer- when two or more monomers
H2O
Four Organic Molecules
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Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates
• Contains carbon, and hydrogen and
oxygen at the same ratio of water
• 1:2:1
• Monosaccharides- simplest sugars
• Disaccharides- when two join together
• Polysaccharides- largest polymers of
sugar
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Short to intermediate energy storage
Starch in plants, glycogen in animals
Cellulose used as structural material
Energy is released when cells break
down glycogen / starch
• Condensation- water taken out (joins)
• Hydrolysis- add water (break apart)
Lipids
• Fats, oils, and waxes
• Contain H, C, and O but contain many
more C-H bonds than O
• That + non-polar = insoluble in water
• Provide the most stored energy
• Important in membrane which regulate
what enter and exit cell
• Many have a backbone of 3 carbon
molecule= glycerol
• Saturated= no double bonds
• Fats; solid at room temp
• Unsaturated= contain double bonds
• Oils; liquid at room temp
• Fat – insulation and energy storage
• Phospholipids – plasma membranes
• Steroids – sex hormones and
cholesterol
• Waxes – function to protect organisms
Protein
• Basic building blocks of all life
• Additionally contain N, S, and others
• Made up of monomers called amino
acids
• 20 essential amino acids form
polypeptide bonds to form protein
• Support – keratin (hair and nails) and
collagen (structure for many organs)
• Transport – channel and carrier
proteins in plasma membrane
• Defense – antibodies
• Hormones – insulin
• Motion – muscle fibers
Enzymes
• Catalysts that
speed chemical
reactions
• Substrate fits into
active site to
produce product
• Lock and Key
Nucleic Acids
• Carry all instruction for cellular
activity
• Polymers of nucleotides
• Contain a base, a simple sugar, and a
phosphate group
• Two forms : DNA and RNA
DNA
• Deoxyribonucleic acid
• DNA forms genetic code passed on
from one generation to the next
• The sugar used in DNA is deoxyribose
• Double stranded
RNA
• Ribonucleic acid
• Allows DNA to work by reading
instruction and carrying them out
• Use ribose as its sugar
• Single stranded
ATP
• Adenosine triphosphate
• Used in cells for energy requiring
processes
• Photosynthesis
• Cellular respiration
• “Energy currency”