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Definition- the domination by one country of
the political, cultural, or economic life of
another country.
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Colonies- most expensive + most control
(ex. India was a colony of Great Britain>
Protectorates- leave local rulers in place but
tell them what to do ( ex. Egypt was a
protectorate of Great Britain)
Spheres of Influence- an area in which an
outside power claimed exclusive investment
or trading privileges + least restrictive (ex.
China)
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Other ideas:
◦ America opened trade
with Japan
◦ MissionariesChristianize the people
of Africa and Asia
◦ Suez Canal-shortcut
between Europe and Asia
◦ Industrial Revolutioncreated a new need for
markets and raw
materials
◦ Armed Conflicts- Boxer
Rebellion + Opium War
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Imperialism- competition for the colonies
Militarism-European countries competed with one
another to see which one could have the best army
and navy
Alliances- Central Powers (Austria-Hungary,
Germany, Bulgaria, and Ottoman Empire) vs. Allies
(France, Britain, and Russia)
Nationalism- people of the same ethnic
background want a homeland
Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand-spark to start
the war
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Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand- spark
that started the war
U.S. enters the war (1917)- unrestricted
submarine warfare and Zimmerman note
Russia exits the war (1917)- Russian
Revolution
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Woodrow Wilson- President of the U.S.
(Fourteen Points/League of Nations)
Kaiser Wilhelm II- leader of Germany
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Colonies participated in the war- Increased
demands for independence (ex. India wanted
independence from Great Britain)
End of Russian, Ottoman, German, and
Austro-Hungarian Empires
Lots of destruction, lives lost, and social
disruption
Treaty of Versailles- forced Germany to
accept guilt for war and loss of territory+ pay
reparations+ limited German military
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Peacekeeping organization established to
prevent future wars
Failed organization- could not enforce its
decisions
U.S. never joined League of Nations
(isolated)- did not sign Treaty of Versailles
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France and Great Britain became mandatory
powers in the Middle East
Divided Ottoman Empire into new countries
(Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, and Palestine)
British controlled Iraq, Palestine, and
Transjordan and France controlled Syria and
Lebanon
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Defeat in war with Japan in 1905
Landless peasantry
Incompetence of Tsar Nicholas II (absolute
monarchy)
Losing in World War I
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Led Russian Revolution
New Economic Policy- goal (improve Russia’s
economy) – socialism (meant to be
temporary)
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Five Year Plan- make Soviet Union a modern
industrial power- command economy, production
improved while standard of living remained poor
Collectivization of Farms- no more private
ownership-government farms or collectives (work
as a group)- did not improve farm output (grain
production grew slightly while meat, vegetables,
and fruits remained in short supply)
Secret Police+ Great Purge ( destroy enemies)