Cell Reproduction
cell specialization
specialized cells
Mitosis produces cells
that are exact duplicates
of parent cells
multicellular organisms
are not usually made of a
single type of cells
Specialized cells
organelles in eukaryotic cells have structures
and functions related to their function
Most multicellular organisms are made up of
different kinds of specialized cells
red blood cell
Nerve cell
sperm cell
Nerve cells
send information from one area of the body to
another
long, thin structure well suited to function
Red Blood Cell
contain hemoglobin for transporting oxygen
small, flat, disk shape
allow easy movement through thin blood
vessels
Sperm Cell
gamete or sex cell
used only for
reproduction
carries genetic
information of male
parent
function is to travel and
penetrate egg cell
Muscle Cells
common to animals
specialized to allow movement
proteins (myosin) for contraction
Plant cells
plants a fungi also have specialized cells
Plant cells
xylem - carries water up
phloem - carries nutrients up and down
DNA packaging
genetic information and
instruction for cell activities
are carried in DNA
multicellular organisms have
DNA bundled into
chromosomes
Chromosomes are made
into smaller sections called
genes
Genes contain specific traits
Cell Differentiation
nearly all cells have
the same set of
genes
cell differentiation is
process that
produces
specialized cells
with different
structures and
functions
zygotes
Most multicellular
organisms start as
zygotes
DNA serves as
instructions for
whole organism
all cells receive
same DNA
Differentiation
though each cell has the
same DNA, each cell
uses only what it needs
cells read what they
need
cells ignore other parts
differentiation animation
stem cells
differentiation occurs in
embryos
each cell starts with the
ability to differentiate
once a cell differentiates, it
cannot be reversed
When cells divide by
mitosis, it produces an
exact copy
Stem cells cont’d
stem cells are unspecialized
cells that can differentiate
into many cell types
2 types
embryonic- from embryos
(developing offspring)
adult - from mature
organisms (for growth and
repair)
stem cells
gene expression
genes control protein
production
organism’s traits depend on
the kind and number of
proteins it makes
how the DNA information is
used to make proteins is
gene expression
gene regulation
gene regulation
determines which genes
are turned on or off
on = producing coded
protein
off = not producing
coded protein
not all genes expressed
Cell Reproduction
Cell cycle
Cell division
cells divide to form 2
or more cells
growth and
reproduction
original cell = parent
cell
each new cell =
daughter cell
Cell Cycle
cell cycle is a process where individual cells
grow, make copies, and divide to form
daughter cells
3 phases
interphase
mitosis
cytokinesis
interphase
most of the cell cycle
growth and DNA replication
3 stages
growth 1 (G1)
synthesis (S)
growth 2 (G2)
G1 phase
increases in size
synthesis of proteins
organelles double
new cytoplasm forms
S phase
synthesis phase
duplication of chromosomes
G2 phase
cell continues to grow
all structures and proteins needed for mitosis
form
mitosis
2nd phase of the cell cycle
Mitosis: Animation
nucleus divides into 2 nuclei with full DNA sets
4 phases
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
prophase
chromatin condenses into chromosomes
sister chromatids (paired strands of duplicated
chromosomes) are attached
attached at centromeres
nuclear membrane breaks down
centrioles move to opposite poles
spindle fibers form
metaphase
sister chromatids line up at cell center along
spindle fibers
attach to spindle fibers on centromeres
anaphase
spindle fibers pull sister
chromatids apart at the
centromere
chromatids are pulled
toward opposite polls
each chromatid is an
exact duplicate of its
parent
telophase
chromosomes reach opposite polls and uncoil
spindle fibers break down
nuclear membrane reforms
cytokinesis begins
cytokinesis
follows telophase
division of cytoplasm into 2
separate cells
different in plants and animals
animals have a central groove cleavage furrow
plants have have a cell plate
that forms between cells
mitosis
Asexual reproduction
multicellular eukaryotes use mitosis to make new cells
production of offspring by a single parent
genetically identical to parent
mitosis is an important process of asexual reproduction
Resources
http://www.internethealthandfitnessdatabase.com/human_body_organ_diagram.ht
ml
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8JTw2RpDo9o
blood-cells/
http://weartfestival.com/video-art/weartmag-letter-of-the-editor/attachment/red-
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/body/how-cells-divide.html
http://www.123rf.com/photo_7149022_nerve-cell--close-up.html
http://www.citruscollege.edu/lc/archive/biology/Pages/Chapter08-Rabitoy.aspx
http://humanspermcell.tumblr.com
http://emt.bu.edu/em610/em610_ol_spring_2008/yanti/interphase.html
http://fourthingsabout.blogspot.com/2011/06/nervous-and-sensory-systems.html
https://biologyeoc.wikispaces.com/Mitosis
http://www.scripps.org/articles/1154-cbc
http://www.protopage.com/eukaryotic.mysteries
http://www.abpischools.org.uk/page/modules/celldiv_cancer/cancer3.cfm
http://www.evh.k12.nf.ca/rbaker/Bio%203201/The%20Cell%20Cycle/mitosis.htm
http://heartmusclehealthcare.com/content/only-accept-cardiac-muscle-cells
http://www.biologycorner.com/worksheets/mitosis_key.html
http://www.riversideonline.com/health_reference/Tools/DS00549.cfm
http://www.yvonnebraden.com/Mitosis%20Flip%20Book%20Warm-up.htm
http://www.systembio.com/stem-cell-research/differentiation-reporters/overview
http://mrsdlovesscience.com/asexualrepro.html
http://www.answering-christianity.com/man_created_from_speeding_sperm.htm
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VlN7K1-9QB0
http://outreach.mcb.harvard.edu/animations/preloaderStemCells.swf