*
* Agenda and Objective:
Students will continue to
write group essay on New
Nation Period.
* For Wednesday:
Read the
article on the election of
1800. You will be quizzed
on it. Focus on if it was a
“Revolution” or not as well
as compare it to the 1796
election.
* Remember contextualization: Set the scene in
your opening paragraph.
* Complex Thesis Statement
* Historical examples to defend argument
* Synthesis: So What? Can you make connections
to other time periods? Other geographic areas?
Or other circumstance?
*
*
* Give examples of ways
Jefferson upheld Federalist
policies
* Give examples of reversing
Federalist policy
* Why was John Marshall
important?
* Why was the Louisiana
Purchase significant? (4)
* Who is this Aaron Burr Guy?
* Agenda and Objective:
through note review,
students will identify major
events and themes during
Jefferson’s Presidency.
* Bell Ringer: Complete
question on the
election of 1800
* Agenda and Objective:
1. Students will peer
edit their group essays
* 2. Through note review
students will identify
key points of
Jefferson’s presidency
*
*Bell Ringer: Read
and analyze
Jefferson’s
Inaugural speech.
What does he
mean when he
says “We are all
Federalists, We
are all
Republicans.”
*
*Agenda and
Objective: Through
note review will
identify key points of
Jefferson’s
presidency (Domestic
and Foreign Policy
issues)
*
*
In 1800, the USA was a new & weak nation sharing North
America with other European powers
Spain controlled the most territory in North America with valuable
cities like Mexico City, New Orleans, St Louis, & Los Angeles
But, Spain’s hold on these territories
was slipping
British Canada was sparsely populated, but its control over the fur
trade & Great Lakes frustrated westward-bound Americans
Francedominated
ruled Haitithe
& gained
Louisiana
from Spain in 1801 during the
Russia
fur trade
in
Napoleonic Wars
Alaska
*
By 1810, 84% of Americans were directly
involved in agriculture
The Southern economy
was dominated by rice &
tobacco cultivation
Cotton production entrenched the South’s “need” for slaves &
expedited Northern industrialism
Cotton quickly became the dominant Southern crop of the 19th century
Eli Whitney’s cotton gin in 1793 allowed
for a cotton boom in the South
*
By 1800, industrialization was just
beginning in America
The Northern economy was more diverse than the South,
but most Americans were involved in cultivating livestock
& grains
By 1810, 84% of Americans were directly
involved
agriculture
Boston,
NY,in
Philadelphia
relied on international trade,
otherwise cities played a
marginal role (only 5% of
Americans lived in cities)
*
Chapter 11
*
* Federalists ran John Adams
* Strong central government and law
and order
* Weakened by Alien and Sedition
Acts, peace with France and split
with Hamilton
* Democratic-Republicans ran Thomas
Jefferson
* Agrarian, states rights, liberty
* Accused of fathering kids with
slaves, being antireligious
* Jefferson wins, but tied with Burr
* 3/5 compromise increased
southern electoral college votes,
with allowed Jefferson to win
* Peaceful transfer of power to
opposing political force was
unprecedented
*
* Electors now required to
specify one candidate for
president and one candidate
for vice president
* Jefferson and fellow
Republican Aaron Burr (the
presumed vice presidential
candidate) tied in
election of 1800
* Constitution specified House
of Representatives had to
break the tie
*
Hamilton threw his weight
behind Jefferson
*
*Liked to dress more informally,
like a common man
*Favored French culture
*Opposed slavery, but didn’t see
how it could be abolished
• Designed his own home,
Monticello
• Was an inventor,
philosopher, scientist
*
* Pursued a moderate course to encourage Federalists to switch
parties
* Tried to unite people across parties “We are all Republicans,
we are all Federalists”
* Sought to downplay formality of government and eliminate
distinctions between class and position
* Effort to be more “democratic” in spirit instead of
monarchical tendencies of Federalists
* First President to give State of Union to Congress
* Wanted to avoid industrialization and urbanization
* Wanted nation based on agriculture
* Wanted very limited central government
* Cut military and spending to eliminate debt
* Secretary of Treasurer Gallatin introduced modern budgeting
to government – left most Hamilton policies intact
* Alien and Sedition Acts were not renewed
* Excise tax on whiskey was repealed
* Bell Ringer: Prepare
for quiz
*
* Agenda and Objective:
After quiz (20 minutes)
students will then
review in groups in
preparation for class
discussion over the
policies of Thomas
Jefferson.
*
John Marshall, Marbury v. Madison, 1803
“And if this court is not authorized to issue a write of mandamus [order from a court to an
inferior government official ordering the government official to properly fulfill their official
duties]…It must be because the law is unconstitutional and therefore absolutely incapable of
conferring the authority…
Certainly, all those who have framed written constitutions contemplate them as forming the
fundamental and paramount law…and consequently…and act of the legislature repugnant to
the constitution is void…
If, then, the courts are to regard the Constitution, and the Constitution is superior to any
ordinary act of the legislature, the Constitution, and not such ordinary act must govern the case
to which they both apply.
The judicial power of the United States is extended to all cases arising under the Constitution…
Thus, the particular phraseology of the Constitution…confirms and strengthens the
principle…that a law repugnant to the Constitution is void and that courts, as well as other
departments, are bound by that instrument.”
Question: Explain the significance of Marshall’s opinion presented as Jefferson became the
third president of the United States.
Explain how TWO of the following people would either support or question Marshall’s view:
- William Marbury
- John Adams
- Thomas Jefferson
- Alexander Hamilton
* Through Note review, students will analyze
major events of Jefferson’s Presidency to
determine if Jefferson truly followed his own
philosophy on government.
*
*
*
*
* Judiciary Act 1801 created 16 judgeships
* Federalists tried to keep control of judicial branch by appointing
many judges just before Adams left office “midnight judges”
* Jeffersonians saw this as Federalist attempt to keep control of
judicial branch also would allow judges to ignore will of people
* Jefferson wanted to fill positions from people in his party
* Did not deliver notices of appointment after he was sworn in
* Patronage is practice of appointing loyal party members as a
reward and to build party strength
* Democrat-Republicans tried to impeach several judges
* In 1802, Republicans repealed the Judiciary Act of 1801 &
abolished these new federal courts
*
* Marbury was a midnight judge who did not
receive his commission
* Sued Secretary of
State James Madison to
force delivery of commission
* Chief Justice Marshall
* Used case to establish power of
Court
Supreme
* Ruled section of Judiciary Act was
unconstitutional
* Established the precedent of judicial review
* Supreme Court has authority to review acts
of Congress and declare unconstitutional
* States tried to claim right to determine
constitutionality in Kentucky resolutions
(1798)
*
* Jeffersonians attempted to impeach
Chase as retaliation for Marbury
decision
* Was acquitted because Congress ruled
that an official can only be impeached
for treason, bribery or other high
crimes or misdemeanors
* Made sure that impeachment could not
be used as a political tool to get rid of
judges
*Alien and Sedition Acts
*Excise Tax
*The Budget
*Bank of U.S.
*Tariffs
*
*
*
* Jefferson had eliminated most military
spending to save money and follow
republican ideas
* Distrusted standing armies – feared it
could lead to dictatorships
•
•
•
Barbary States of North Africa sent out
pirates to attack ships
• Kidnapped ships and held them for
ransom
Jefferson sent navy to fight pirates to
stop pirates
• US gets peace treaty in 1805
Demonstrated America’s ability to
defend itself
*
* Napoleon takes Louisiana back from Spain in a
secret treaty in 1800
* Made Americans worried
* Right of deposit was rescinded in 1802 and
began to charge Americans for passing
through New Orleans
* Westerners depended on access to
Mississippi for trade and survival
* Jefferson wanted to encourage expansion
of farm land in the west
* Jefferson sent James Monroe to France to
help Robert Livingston buy New Orleans for
$10 million
* US was not afraid of
power of France
Spain, but feared
* Jefferson warned France that the US
would ally with England if France denied
access to New Orleans
*
Haitian Revolution (1791-1803)
* Haitians (Santo Domingo) revolt against France
during French Revolution
* Led by Toussaint L’Ouverture
* Haitians fight off
French armies and mosquitos
with yellow fever killed troops
* Napoleon believed he needed Haiti to control
Louisiana
* Also did not want to encourage America to ally
with Britain while France was fighting Britain
Louisiana Purchase (1803)
* Napoleon preferred US becoming legitimate global
power to help keep Britain in check
* Since Napoleon lost Haiti, he decided to sell
Louisiana
* Monroe and Livingston were not authorized to
make purchase
* Decided to buy it anyway for $15 million ($233)
on April 13, 1803
* Some believed land was worthless
*
* Constitution does not say if
land
Congress can buy
* Jefferson believed that Congress can only
do what is said in Constitution (strict
construction)
* Jefferson decided to support the purchase
anyway
* Discouraged his supporters from talking
about constitutional issues in hopes that it
wouldn’t be brought up
* Didn’t want to wait for amendment for fear
offer would be withdrawn
* Louisiana doubled the size of
the United
States
* Guaranteed access to Mississippi
* Believed it insured success of America and
democracy
* Allowed for expansion of states across the
continent
* 13 new states would be made from the
territory (828,000 acres)
*
Effects of Purchase
* Precedent established that US can purchase additional land
* New lands would create states admitted on equal footing
* Allowed Louisiana to keep Napoleonic Code instead of British
common law
* Allowed America to disengage from Europe because no European power
left on North America
Significance
* Doubled size of U.S. w/ richest river valley in the world
* Guaranteed Mississippi waterway to Gulf of Mexico
* Paved the way for westward expansion and tragic Indian removal
* Effectively ended European expansion in North America
-- Helped reduce threats on U.S. western frontier
*The Louisiana Purchase,
1803
*
Lewis and Clark Expedition (Corps of Discovery)
* Americans did not know
what was within
Louisiana Purchase
* led by Meriwether Lewis
and William Clark
* to find all water route
to Pacific, study Indian
tribes, nature and the
environment
*Lewis and Clark
left spring 1804
arrived at Pacific
December 1805
*US claimed
Oregon
*Expedition gave
details of what
was in Louisiana
*
* Federalists feared new western
states would favor farmers and
debtors and hurt commercial and
banking interests of east
* Some New Yorkers and New
Englanders wanted to secede and
have Aaron Burr as their President
* Hamilton opposed Burr’s
attempts to be elected governor
of NY
* Burr killed Hamilton in a duel on
July 11, 1804
*
* Burr went west to gain control over
a territory that he could lead (1806)
* Went to England and Spain for
support
* Wanted to establish independent
country in West
* Governor James Wilkinson of
Courthouse of Trial
Louisiana turned Burr in as a traitor
* Burr was acquitted of treason
* Chief Justice Marshall limited
definition of treason to only
people who make war against the
US
* Limits governments ability to use
treason accusations against
political opponents
Chief Justice Marshall
Verdict sheet
*
* Britain and France resume war in 1803
* Battle of Trafalgar established Britain as dominant
naval power
* Battle of
Austerlitz established France as dominant
land power
* US had made money trading with both sides and
Europe as a neutral
* Both countries try to stop trade
* 1806 – Orders in Council passed by Britain that
closed all European ports to trade (including
American)
* Stop and attack American ships
* France ordered seizure off all ships from British
ports (including American)
* British sailors became naturalized Americans for
better pay, food and treatment
* British would board American ships and force
American sailors into British navy (impressment)
* US claimed more than 6,000 Americans had been
taken between 1808-1811
Battle of Copenhagen
1807
*
* British ship Leopard demanded America
surrender 4 sailors; Chesapeake
Commander James Barron refused
* British ship Leopard fired at American
ship Chesapeake ,
* Killed 3 and wounded 18
* boarded ship and took 4 American
sailors off the coast of Virginia
* Jefferson demanded apology for
Chesapeake incident
* British apologized, but kept right to
search and impressment of sailors
*
* US too weak to fight either France or England
* Jefferson’s opposition to military spending left America
too weak to fight either Britain or France
* Embargo Act passed to stop American trade with Europe
* US hoped Europe’s need for American raw materials and
food would force France and England to change policies
* Jefferson was trying to show new way of
without fighting
diplomacy
* Hurt American economy more than France or England
* Britain traded with Latin America, France supplied from
Europe
* Westerners wanted US to go to war with England
* Embargo hurt Democrat-Republican political power
* Opponents believed law was tyrannical. Federalists
increased in power
* Was very unpopular
* Encouraged local manufacturing, not Jefferson’s base
* March 1809 Act was repealed replaced by Non-intercourse
Act
* forbade trade only with England and France until they
respect US neutrality
*The road to the War
of 1812
*
* Kept notes of Constitutional Convention
* Adviser to George Washington
* Helped build Democrat-Republican party with Thomas
Jefferson
* Elected President 1808
* Non-intercourse Act expired in 1810
Macon’s Bill No. 2
* Bill allowed President to cut off
trade with either Britain
or France if the other lifted trade restrictions
* Madison opposed it because he believed it made US
look weak
* Napoleon agrees to lift restrictions
* Madison forbid trade with Britain but allows with France
in hopes that it would force Britain to repeal the Orders
of Council reopening Atlantic trade
* Britain did not repeal Orders of
needed British trade
Council, they knew US
* US forced into reestablishing Embargo, which ended US
neutrality in Anglo-France Napoleonic war.
*
* Typically were new members of
West
Henry Clay (KY)
John C Calhoun
(SC)
government from South and
* Very Nationalistic
* Favored military response over diplomacy
* Favored US government purchasing lots of cheap land
* easier to farm with
* Would force Indians off land
* Believed Indian resistance was led by Britain and Spain
* US government bought land, then forced Indians off
* Led to fights between whites and Indians
* Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa
* Attempted to create a confederation of
the Mississippi
land
all tribes east of
* Tenskwatawa seen as prophet, argued against Indian
assimilation of white ways
* led Shawnee resistance to white settlement in Northwest
Territory
* Offered to join Americans against British if
Shawnee land, US said no
US give back
*
* William Henry Harrison defeated
Indians in a battle at Tippecanoe
and burned Tecumseh’s village in
Indiana
* Attack led to general war
between Indians and
Americans
* led to British gave Indians
weapons and support
* Led to War Hawks call for war
against Britain and to take
Canada
*
* Sectional differences about war
* East didn’t want war because it would hurt trade
* supported Britain, not France
* Did not want more agrarian states created from Canada
* New England bankers loaned money to Britain and Governors would not
send militia
* South and West supported
* West wanted Canada, South wanted Florida (Spain was allies with
Britain)
* Democrat-Republicans supported war, Federalists opposed it
* President Madison declares war June 1, 1812
* Fought because of British impressments, blockades and inciting Indians
* Needed war to prove viability of US nation and democracy as
government
* Believed US needed to eliminate Canadian support for Indians
* Expected a quick war
*Avoidable War
*British economy was beginning to suffer from the
American boycott and Napoleon’s blockade of
Britain
*America declared war when Britain was finally
ready to repeal Orders of Council
*US thought war would be short
* US had bigger population than Canada
* Britain was fighting France
*Britain was stronger than US thought
* Canadian army same size as American
* British Naval forces significantly stronger
*
* Bell Ringer….Share your
thesis statement with your
neighbor.
* FOR MONDAY: causes and
effects of war of 1812,
Importance of the Monroe
Doctrine