121
Mutations
Protein
Synthesis Writing
Mutations
12/16/14
StarterConnection/Exit:
•What is the true meaning of the
word mutation?
Are mutations bad / harmful?
Application:
122
12/16/14
Notes: Glue Here
Connection
Worksheet
Practice: Watch video and write
five things you learn learn.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G
ieZ3pk9YVo&feature=youtu.be
Exit:
What might happen when
there is a mistake in DNA?
How do mutations affect the
genetic code and the protein
coded for?
DECEMBER 16, 2014
AGENDA
B.6 C
STUDENTS WILL
EXPLAIN THE PURPOSE
AND PROCESS OF
TRANSCRIPTION AND
TRANSLATION USING
MODELS OF DNA AND
RNA. BY READING AND
WRITING DURING AN
ACTIVITY.
1 Starter
2. Activity
3. Ws
4. Exit
Date
11/19
11/20
11/21
12/1
12/2
12/3
12/4
12/5
12/8
12/10
12/11
12/15
12/16
Table of Contents
Lecture/ Activity/ Lab
DNA notes
DNA Model
DNA Writing
DNA Replication Activity
DNA Replication Model
Cell Cycle Notes
Cell Cycle Lab
Cell Cycle Writing
Cell Cycle Activity
RNA Notes
Transcription and Translation
Protein Synthesis Simulation
Mutations
Page
97-98
99-100
101-102
103-104
105-106
107-108
109-110
111-112
113-114
115-116
117-118
119-120
121-122
MUTATIONS
INTROThe mutations in genes was
discovered by Hugo De Vries.
He began this discovery quite by
accident.
Following along the lines of Gregor
Mendel, De Vries crossed primroses
and saw that when they grew, the
varieties were sometimes different.
He called these differences,
mutations.
• Mutations are a change in a gene or a chromosome.
• These are genetic mistakes that can effect the way in
which traits are inherited.
• If a gene or chromosome mutation occurs in a body
cell, for example the skin, the mutation will only effect
the organism that carries it.
• If the mutation takes place in a sex cell, that mutation
can passed on to the offspring.
TYPES OF MUTATIONS
• Like the mistakes people make in
their daily lives, mutations come in
many shapes and sizes. Mutations
that occur in a single cell are called
gene mutations. Those that produce
changes in whole chromosomes are
known as chromosomal mutations.
The are at least nine ways a mutation
can occur.
DELETION
• Genetic material is
removed or deleted. A
few bases can be deleted
(as shown on the left) or it
can be complete or partial
loss of a chromosome
(shown on right).
FRAMESHIFT MUTATIONS
• The insertion or deletion of a
number of bases that is not a
multiple of 3. This alters the
reading frame of the gene and
frequently results in a
premature stop codon and
protein truncation.
INSERTION
• When genetic material is put into
another region of DNA. This may
be the insertion of 1 or more
bases, or it can be part of one
chromosome being inserted into
another, non-homologous
chromosome.
MISSENSE
• A change in DNA sequence that
changes the codon to a different
amino acid. Not all missense
mutations are deleterious, some
changes can have no effect. Because
of the ambiguity of missense
mutations, it is often difficult to
interpret the consequences of these
mutations in causing disease.
NONSENSE
• A change in the genetic
code that results in the
coding for a stop codon
rather than an amino acid.
The shortened protein is
generally non-function or
its function is impeded.
POINT MUTATIONS
• A single base change
in DNA sequence. A
point mutation may
be silent, missense,
or nonsense.
SILENT
• A change in the genetic
sequence that does not change
the protein sequence. This can
occur because of redundancy in
the genetic code where an
amino acid may be encoded for
by multiple codons.
•
SPLICE SITE
A change in the genetic sequence that occurs at the
boundary of the exons and introns. The consensus
sequences at these boundaries signal where to cut out
introns and rejoin exons in the mRNA. A change in these
sequences can eliminate splicing at that site which would
change the reading frame and protein sequence.
• INTRONS-NUCLEOTIDES THAT ARE NOT DNA
SEQUENCING
• EXONS-NUCLEOTIDES USED TO CODE FOR
PROTEINS
TRANSLOCATION
• A structural abnormality
of chromosomes where
genetic material is
exchanged between two
or more non-homologous
chromosomes.
121
Mutations
Protein
Synthesis Writing
Mutations
12/16/14
StarterConnection/Exit:
•What is the true meaning of the
word mutation?
Are mutations bad / harmful?
Application:
122
12/16/14
Notes: Glue Here
Connection
Worksheet
Practice: Watch video and write
five things you learn learn.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G
ieZ3pk9YVo&feature=youtu.be
Exit:
What might happen when
there is a mistake in DNA?
How do mutations affect the
genetic code and the protein
coded for?