Aviation Frequency Spectrum
and the
ITU World Radiocommunication
Conferences (WRC)
Aeronautical Spectrum Workshop
Preparation for WRC-12
Dakar, Senegal, 6 – 7 Oct 2011
Loftur Jónasson
ICAO
Overview
 Aeronautical Spectrum Management (10)
 ITU in brief (Radio Regulations)
(4)
 ITU World Radio Conferences
(WRCs), General Overview
(1)
 WRC-07 Results
(9)
 Preparation for a WRC, General
(8)
 WRC-12 Position and Policy
(2)
 WRC-12 Preparation
(6)
Aeronautical Frequency
Spectrum Management
Quotes by IATA & the Air Transport Action Group:
 Aviation’s top priority is safe operations. In order to
achieve this, aircraft rely on secure airspace,
airports and radio spectrum
 Radio spectrum, the third requirement for
aviation’s safe operations, is the least understood
and the most difficult to protect as this limited
invisible resource has to be shared with other users
Aeronautical Frequency
Spectrum Management
Aircraft contain a number of systems for communications, radionavigation, automatic position reports and datalink. Without
access to Frequency Spectrum these systems wouldn’t work.
Low Gain
Satellite
Antenna
GPS
Antennas
Displays
TCAS II
High Gain
Satellite
Antenna
Mode S
Amplifier
Flt Deck
Displays/
Alerting
Satellite
Data Unit
HFTransceiver
MMR
ILS
GPS
Flight
Management
System
Autopilot/
Flight
Director
Systems
TCAS II
Monitoring
Alerting
System
Flight
Management
System
ACARS
Management
Unit
Audio
Control
Panel
VOR
DME
VOR
IRS
DME
Mode S
ILS
TCAS II Mode S DME
VOR
Antennas Antenna Antenna Antennas Antennas
VHF
Antenna
VHF Transceiver
Radio Tuning
Panel
HF
Antenna
Aeronautical Frequency Spectrum Management
Radio Band
Frequency
Main use
Low Frequency (LF)
30 – 300 kHz
AM broadcast, NDB
Medium Frequency (HF)
300 – 3000 kHz
AM broadcast, NDB
High Frequency (HF)
3 – 30 MHz
SW broadcast, military, maritime com,
aeronautical com
Very High Frequency (VHF)
30 – 300 MHz
FM broadcast, maritime and land mobile
comms, marker beacons, VOR, ILS,
aeronautical comms
Ultra High Frequency (UHF)
300 – 3000 MHz
TV broadcast, cell phone, wireless local
area networks (WLAN/broadband), GNSS,
satcom, DME, primary and secondary
surveillance radar, ADS-B, future
aeronautical comms
Super High Frequency (SHF)
3 – 30 GHz
Fixed satellite links, WLAN/broadband,
PSR, doppler radar, weather radar, radio
altimeters, MLS,
future aeronautical comms
Extra High Frequency (EHF)
30 – 300 GHz
Microwave relays, intersatellite links, high
definition radar, security screening
Aeronautical Frequency
Spectrum Management
Overview of spectrum allocations to aeronautical services utilized by Civil Aviation
Aeronautical Frequency
Spectrum Management
 Scarce natural resource with finite capacity
limits and constantly increasing demands
 Congestion imposes the need for efficient
frequency spectrum management
 Spectrum management:
 combination of administrative and technical procedures
 necessary to ensure interference free and efficient
operation of radio services (e.g. Air/Ground
Communications and Radionavigation)
Aeronautical Frequency
Spectrum Management
The highest level of Spectrum Management takes place
at the ITU World Radiocommunication Conferences
(WRC), held every four years:
 Maintenance of the International provisions for
Spectrum Management, which are contained in
the ITU Radio Regulations (RR)
 This includes maintenance of the Table of
Frequency Allocations
 A consequence of this is that aviation frequency
managers need to develop, and lobby for an
aviation position on frequency spectrum use
Aeronautical Frequency
Spectrum Management
Co-ordination of aviation position for ITU World
Radiocommunication conferences
 At the national level:
 National position is developed and co-ordinated by the National Frequency
Spectrum authority. Aviation is but one of many elements that lobby for
attention
U
A
T
A T
U
 At the regional level:
 National telecommunications authorities co-ordinate their position through
regional organizations. Aviation representatives may not be allowed to speak
up as the National Frequency Spectrum Authority has only “one official
position”. ICAO is allowed to participate
 At the international level:
 National telecommunications authorities (and Regional) co-ordinate their
position through the ITU-R Study Groups. Although aviation may be
represented in the national delegations, they may not be allowed to speak
up, as the national delegation has only “one official position”. States look to
ICAO for guidance on aviation matters
Aeronautical Frequency
Spectrum Management
A slide borrowed from Industry Canada shows a good example of the
many “special interest” groups represented in any national position.
Aeronautical Frequency
Spectrum Management
The ITU Radio Regulations
update cycle
 A very competitive
environment
 Neutral to Aviation
 Those that do their
homework and participate
succeed, others lose.
Definition of Radio Frequency Management:
“Radio frequency management is done by
experts who meld years of experience with a
curious blend of regulation, electronics,
politics and not a little bit of larceny. They
justify requirements, horsetrade, coerce, bluff
and gamble with an intuition that cannot be
taught other than by long experience.”
Vice Admiral Jon L. Boyes
U.S. Navy
ITU in brief
UN Specialized agency, established to
standardize and regulate international radio
and telecommunications.
 Based in Geneva, Switzerland
 Founded on 17 May 1865
 192 Member States, more than 700
Sector members and associates
 865 staff / ~70 nationalities
ITU in brief
Major role (examples)

International telecoms standardization

Collaboration in international tariff setting

Co-operation in telecoms development assistance

Spectrum allocation

Frequency registration

Co-ordination of national spectrum planning

Distress and Safety provisions

Radio regulatory aspects of the aeronautical
mobile service (chapter VIII of the RR)

…
ITU in brief
Radio Regulations

International treaty:
 Facilitate equitable access to and rational
use of the radio frequency spectrum and
the geostationary orbit
 Ensure availability and protection from
harmful interference of frequencies for
distress and safety purposes
 Assist in prevention and resolution of
cases of harmful interference
 Facilitate efficient and effective operation
of radiocommunications services
 Provide for, and regulate new applications
of telecommunications technology
ITU in brief
Radio Regulations

Contents of the Radio Regulations:
A set of regulatory provisions addressing the major topics of:
 Definitions for services and technical features related to spectrum
and frequency planning
 Frequency Allocations to services
 Procedures for coordination and registration of frequencies
 Provisions for distress and safety communications
 Provisions for individual radio services (including Aeronautical
Services)
 Interference – reporting and clearance
 Administrative provisions, including licensing
Together with:
 Appendices (30) addressing planning, technical parameters and
operational procedures
 Resolutions and Recommendations
ITU WRCs
General Overview
 WRCs update the International Radio Regulations
 Held every 2 - 4 years
 Last was in 2007
 Next in 2012
 Main purposes:
 To revise the Radio Regulations (RR); and
 To address Radiocommunication issues of a worldwide character.
 Radio Regulations: International treaty governing the use of the Radio
Frequency Spectrum
 Why participate at World Radiocommunication Conferences:
 To protect existing services
 To obtain access to spectrum for new services and enhance spectrum
access for existing services
 To facilitate market access for radio equipment manufacturers; and
 To provide regulatory certainty to operators.
ITU WRCs
WRC-07 in numbers
 Participation: 2822 delegates
 Budget of $3.5 million US Dollars
 4 weeks (5 ½ weeks counting RA-07 and CPM)











161 Administrations
5 regional telecommunication organizations
4 intergovernmental organizations
3 UN specialized agencies (ICAO, IMO, WMO)
4 other international agencies
30 recognized operating agencies
23 scientific/industrial organizations
22 regional /international organizations
Over 3100 proposals in 350 documents, 11800 pages translated, 2,380,000 downloads.
Over 1100 meetings, 30 meetings/day. Marathon sessions (9am Wed – 5pm Thu with less than
3 hours break).
Final Acts: ~500 pages
WRC-07 Main Thrust
International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT)
Additional spectrum identified for IMT
- Higher frequencies: to face growth in densely populated areas.
- Lower frequencies to provide, at a reasonable cost, high speed mobile
everywhere, in particular in less densely populated areas.
services
WRC-07: Main results for
Civil Aviation (1)
 Protection of the GNSS
(GPS/GLONASS) improved by
downgrading the Fixed Service operating
in 34 countries in the 1559 – 1610 MHz
band.

By end of 2009, the remaining 9 countries in
the Middle East and Africa will also
downgrade their Fixed Service in this band.

Fixed Service to be terminated in this band by
2015.
WRC-07: Main results for
Civil Aviation (2)
 9 GHz bands used by the Aeronautical
Radionavigation Service (ARNS) will now share their
primary allocation with the Radiolocation Service, the
Earth Exploration Satellite Service (active) and the
Space Research Service (active)
 However, as per the ICAO Position, ARNS has been
provided regulatory protection over the new primary
services sharing those bands.
WRC-07: Main results for
Civil Aviation (3)
 New allocations to the Aeronautical Mobile (route) Service
(AM(R)S) in support of future requirements

The band 108 - 117.975 MHz was allocated to the AM(R)S with some
limitations to the band below 112 MHz.

The band 960 - 1164 MHz was allocated to
the AM(R)S

The band 5091 - 5150 MHz was allocated to the
AM(R)S limited to surface applications at airports.

The bands 112 - 117.975 MHz and 960 - 1164 MHz cannot be used
until sharing studies with existing systems have been completed.
Regulatory provisions for these bands should be reviewed at the next
WRC.
NextGen
&
SESAR
 All the above bands share an allocation with the ARNS
WRC-07: Main results for
Civil Aviation (4)
 The band 5000 - 5030 MHz should be studied with
respect to the possibility of assigning it to the
aeronautical mobile (R) service limited to surface
applications at airports and that these studies should
be reviewed at the next WRC.
WRC-07: Main results for
Civil Aviation (5)
 New ITU recommendation in support of
infrastructure development in underdeveloped
regions:
Toulouse
 Aimed at facilitating the licensing of VSAT
(very small aperture terminal) satellite
ground stations in support of aviation
communications infrastructure
Lisbonne
Sante Maria
Tunis
Alger
Casablanca
Tripoli
Las Palmas
Le Caire
Bir-Mogreïn
Tessalit
Nouadhibou
Atar
Dirkou
NKT
Faya
Agadez
Gao
Sal
Dire
Khartoum
NMY
Bamako
NDJ
Ouaga
AmTiman
Kano
Maiduguri
Conakry
Garoua
Lagos
Abidjan
Accra
Bria
Lome
 Recognizes that VSAT networks
operating in the fixed satellite
service can be used to carry
aeronautical safety related
traffic
Zinder
Tamba
Bouar
Bangui
Douala
Malabo
Ouesso
RECIFE
Nairobi
Libreville
Dar es Salaam
Brazzaville
Pointe Noire
Moroni
Kinshasa
Dzaoudzi
Antsirana
Luanda
Station B (11 M)
Mahga
Station F2 (7m30)
Maurice
Station F1 (3m60)
Toamasina
Links via AFISNET network
St Denis
Tana
Beira
Links via CAFSAT network
Links via SADC network
Toliara
Planned links
JOHANESBURG
Aeronautical Communication VSAT Links
WRC-07: Main results for
Civil Aviation (6)
 Inclusion of an agenda item for WRC-11 to
ensure long-term spectrum availability for the
Aeronautical Mobile Satellite (route) Service
 At WRC-97 the exclusive AMS(R)S allocations in
the L-band were replaced by a generic allocation to
the Mobile Satellite Service (MSS). Priority and
pre-emption was afforded to AMS(R)S through a
footnote. Studies have identified that these
methods are insufficient to ensure long-term
spectrum availability to aviation
 This agenda item affords aviation the opportunity to
conduct technical, operational and regulatory
studies of existing and future spectrum
requirements for aviation
WRC-07: Main results for
Civil Aviation (7)
In general, conference results conformed to the ICAO
Position. Major factors contributing to this include:
 Early development and dissemination of the draft ICAO Position
 Active participation by ICAO and national aviation experts in the
preparatory work of the ITU, including the relevant meetings of the
ITU-R
 Increased participation by ICAO experts (from HQ and regional
offices) in meetings of the regional telecommunication organizations
 Increased awareness in the Regions through ACP WG-F meetings
and ICAO Radio Frequency Seminars in the Regions
 Active Participation of the ICAO Delegation at WRC-07 allowed
ICAO to counter and refute proposals which would have adversely
impacted aeronautical spectrum
Preparation for a WRC
ICAO Strategy (1)
Strategy for establishing and promoting the ICAO position for future
ITU World Radiocommunication Conferences. Developed by ANC
and adopted by Council in 2001 (Doc 9718, Att E):
 Basis for the ICAO position
 Includes ICAO frequency spectrum Policy
 Proscribes the development of the ICAO position
 Guidance for the promotion of the ICAO position
 Discusses new trends, including the economic value of spectrum
 Incorporates Assembly Resolution A36-25 (attribution of necessary
resources to the WRC process, by States and ICAO)
Preparation for a WRC
ICAO Strategy (2)
 Basis for the ICAO Position
 Current and future aviation requirements for radio
frequency spectrum
 Long term implementation strategy contained in the
Global Air Navigation Plan (Doc 9750)
 ICAO policy on radio frequency spectrum
requirements, as approved by Council
 Framework for development and support of ICAO
Position is contained in Assembly Resolution A36-25
Preparation for a WRC
ICAO Strategy (3)
 Guidance for the development of the ICAO Position (1)
 Established as early as possible after the agenda for that WRC is
established
 Position presents ICAO views on all agenda items of interest to
international civil aviation on the agenda of the WRC, with particular
regard to the impact on safety, regularity and efficiency of flight
 Focal point on all aspects related to the development of the ICAO
Position is ACP Working Group F
 Proper co-ordination with regional offices
Preparation for a WRC
ICAO Strategy (4)
 Guidance for the development of the ICAO position (2)
 Position reviewed by ANC, sent to States and relevant International
Organizations for comments, and a consolidated ICAO Position is
submitted to ANC and Council for approval
 Position is sent to States for use in coordination process when
developing national positions
 Following development of the Position, consequential amendments to
policy statements are developed for approval by the Council
 Subsequent developments arising from ICAO and ITU activities in
preparation for the WRC are considered by the Council with a view to
update the Position as necessary
Preparation for a WRC
ICAO Strategy (5)
 Guidance for the promotion of the ICAO position
 Assembly Resolution A36-25 shall be fully implemented so as to secure
support from States to the ICAO Position and ensure that the resources
necessary to support increased participation by ICAO to international
and regional spectrum management activities are made available.
 ICAO contributes to the WRC preparatory activities conducted by ITU
and Regional Telecommunications Organizations, by submitting
additional technical papers supporting the ICAO Position
 ICAO maintains close co-ordination and co-operation with other aviation
organizations participating in the Conference, such as IATA
 Regional ICAO co-ordination meetings to present and discuss the ICAO
Position should be organized as required. These meetings to be held in
conjunction with meetings of ACP WG-F
Preparation for a WRC
ICAO Strategy (6)
 New trends in spectrum management may affect
the availability of adequate and protected spectrum
for aviation
 Increased role of the private sector in the work of the ITU
 Increased economic value of spectrum for certain applications
 Increased availability of radio devices that do not require
licensing
 Increased pressure for sharing aeronautical spectrum with
non-aeronautical services
Preparation for a WRC
Assembly Resolution A36-25 (A32-13) (part 1)
✓ Urges Contracting States and International Organizations to
support firmly the ICAO position at WRCs and in regional and
other international activities conducted in preparation for
WRCs by the following means:
a)undertaking to provide for aviation interests to be fully integrated in the
development of their positions presented to regional
telecommunications fora involved in the preparation of joint proposals to
the WRC;
b)including in their proposals to the WRC, to the extent possible, material
consistent with the ICAO Position;
c)supporting the ICAO position and the ICAO policy statements at ITU
WRCs as approved by Council and incorporated in the Handbook on
Radio Frequency Spectrum Requirements for Civil Aviation (Doc 9718);
Preparation for a WRC
Assembly Resolution A36-25 (A32-13) (part 2)
d) undertaking to provide experts from their civil aviation authorities to
fully participate in the development of States’ and regional positions
and development of aviation interests at the ITU; and
e) ensuring, to the maximum extent possible, that their delegations to
regional conferences, ITU study groups and WRCs include experts
from their civil aviation authorities or other aviation officials who are
fully prepared to represent aviation interests;
✓ Requests the Secretary General to bring to the attention of
ITU the importance of adequate radio frequency spectrum
allocation and protection for the safety of aviation; and
✓ Instructs the Council and the Secretary General, as a matter
of high priority within the budget adopted by the Assembly, to
ensure that the resources necessary to support increased
participation by ICAO in international and regional spectrum
management activities are made available.
WRC 2012 Position
and Policy (1)

Initial draft of the ICAO Position was developed by ACP,
reviewed by the ANC (Nov 2008) and sent to States for
comments (28 Nov 2008)

Position reviewed a second time by the ANC (May 2009),
and by Council (June 2009), now including the following
material:


Results of the consultation with States on the initial draft
ICAO position (42 replies received)

Updates to the Policy Statements in the “Handbook on Radio
Frequency Spectrum Requirements for Civil Aviation
including Statement of Approved ICAO Policies” (Doc 9718)
SL-09/61, containing the approved ICAO Position, sent to
all 190 ICAO Contracting States and relevant International
Organizations (30 June 2009)
WRC 2012 Position
and Policy (2)
ICAO Policy Statements

A WRC is limited to certain issues and certain frequency bands.
The ICAO position only addresses spectrum usage in context with
issues identified in the pre-set WRC agenda.

The ICAO Policy Statements however, indicate overall ICAO policy
for each and every frequency band used by aviation safety services

The Policy Statements are “Official ICAO Policy”, approved by
Council. Latest revision of the policy statements was done together
with the development of the ICAO Position.

Included in Doc 9718, the “Handbook on Radio Frequency
Spectrum Requirements for Civil Aviation” (latest revision is Rev 5,
published in 2010)
WRC 2012 preparation (1)
✓ Beyond the ICAO Position, Project: Secure and
maintain the ICAO Position at ITU WRC 2012

ACP Working Group F to meet in the Regions / Regional
Aviation Frequency Spectrum Seminars, 2 two-week missions
per year

ICAO Secretariat (HQ) to participate in ITU-R Study Groups
(SG-5 / WP5B & SG-4 / WP4C), 4 two-week missions per
year

ICAO Secretariat (HQ / Regional) to participate in meetings of
regional telecommunications organizations, 2 – 4 one-week
missions per year

In 2012, participation in WRC-2012, 3 ICAO Officers, 4
weeks.
✓ Dependency: Mission Travel Budget
WRC 2012 preparation (2)
WRC 2012 Agenda Items
•
30 Agenda Items total
•
6 standing Items, some of which affect aviation
•
24 specific Agenda Items, 13 of which affect aviation
•
3 support the development of aviation spectrum
•
10 pose a threat to aviation spectrum allocations
WRC 2012 preparation (3)
Agenda Items supporting the Development of Aviation Spectrum:

Agenda Items 1.3:


Agenda Item 1.4:


To consider spectrum requirements and possible regulatory actions, including
allocations, in order to support the safe operation of unmanned aircraft
systems (UAS), based on the results of ITU-R studies
To consider, based on the results of ITU-R studies, any further regulatory
measures to facilitate introduction of new aeronautical mobile (R) service
(AM(R)S) systems in the bands 112-117.975 MHz, 960-1 164 MHz and 5 0005 030 MHz
Agenda Item 1.7

To consider the results of ITU-R studies in order to ensure long-term spectrum
availability and access to spectrum necessary to meet requirements for the
aeronautical mobile-satellite (R) service, and to take appropriate action on this
subject, while retaining unchanged the generic allocation to the mobile-satellite
service in the bands 1 525-1 559 MHz and 1 626.5-1 660.5 MHz
WRC 2012 preparation (4)
Direct threats to Aviation Spectrum:

Agenda Item 1.12


Agenda Item 1.19


To consider a primary allocation to the radiolocation service in the band 15.4-15.7 GHz,
taking into account the results of ITU-R studies.
Agenda Item 1.22


To consider regulatory measures and their relevance, in order to enable the introduction
of software-defined radio and cognitive radio systems, based on the results of ITU-R
studies
Agenda Item 1.21


To protect the primary services in the band 37-38 GHz from interference resulting from
aeronautical mobile service operations, taking into account the results of ITU-R studies
To examine the effect of emissions from short-range devices on radiocommunication
services
Agenda Item 1.23

To consider an allocation of about 15 kHz in parts of the band 415-526.5 kHz to the
amateur service on a secondary basis, taking into account the need to protect existing
services
WRC 2012 preparation (5)
Potential threats to Aviation Spectrum:

Agenda Item 1.5


Agenda Item 1.9


To consider requirements for new applications in the radiolocation service and review
allocations or regulatory provisions for implementation of the radiolocation service in the
range 30-300 MHz
Agenda Item 1.15


To revise frequencies and channelling arrangements of Appendix 17 to the Radio
Regulations in order to implement new digital technologies for the maritime mobile
service
Agenda Item 1.14


To consider worldwide/regional harmonization of spectrum for electronic news gathering
(ENG), taking into account the results of ITU-R studies
To consider possible allocations in the range 3-50 MHz to the radiolocation service for
oceanographic radar applications, taking into account the results of ITU-R studies
Agenda Item 1.25

To consider possible additional allocations to the mobile-satellite service, in accordance
with Resolution 231 (WRC-07)
WRC 2012 preparation (6)

A Potential future item, for the WRC-15/16 Agenda

Agenda Item 8.2

To recommend to the [ITU] Council items for inclusion in the
agenda for the next WRC and to give its views on the
preliminary agenda for the subsequent conference and on
possible agenda items for future conferences, taking into
account Resolution 806 (WRC-07)
Definition of Radio Frequency Management:
“Radio frequency management is done by experts who
meld years of experience with a curious blend of
regulation, electronics, politics and not a little bit of
larceny. They justify requirements, horsetrade, coerce,
bluff and gamble with an intuition that cannot be taught
other than by long experience.”
Vice Admiral Jon L. Boyes
U.S. Navy
Thank You!
Overview
Aeronautical Spectrum Management
(10)
ITU in brief (Radio Regulations)
(4)
ITU World Radio Conferences (WRCs),
General Overview
(1)
WRC-07 Results
(9)
Preparation for a WRC, General
(8)
WRC-12 Position and Policy
(2)
WRC-12 Preparation
(6)
End
23/03/2016
44
Four backup slides on overall spectrum
challenges ahead – not only WRC
23/03/2016
45
ACP WG-F
The spectrum challenges ahead
 Overall share of spectrum used by aviation is 10 – 15% of all
available spectrum in the range 0 – 15.7 GHz
 Pressure on spectrum increasing
✓ Main drivers:
• Mobile Phone services
• Broadband wireless networking
✓ Many others
 High yield to State/government from leasing spectrum to
commercial providers
 Administrative Incentive Pricing for Spectrum
✓ Philosophy: Estimate the “opportunity cost” of denying alternative users
access to the spectrum. Users of the spectrum then pay a license fee equal
to this opportunity cost. The intention with AIP is to promote the best social
and economic use of the spectrum resource.
23/03/2016
46
ACP WG-F
The spectrum challenges ahead
 Safety Services (ARNS/AM(R)S/AMS(R)S), unpopular neighbours
due to stringent access requirements
(6dB safety margin, super primary)
 Old/Proven technologies used in aviation CNS systems,
spectrum inefficient?
 Long lifespan and high cost of aircraft, avionics and ground
infrastructure
 Technical or equipage SARPs normally not retroactive
 Recent aviation updates to the Table of Frequency Allocations in
the ITU Radio Regulations have been for increased flexibility of
existing allocations.
23/03/2016
47
ACP WG-F
The spectrum challenges ahead
 One or two regions have spectrum congestion issues. A global or
a regional challenge?
✓ Some arguments for a regional challenge
• NextGen and SESAR programmes define regional requirements in
the two busiest regions only
• Cost with limited benefit in other regions?
• Strong demands within a single region for more efficient use of
spectrum resource, due to pressures from non-aviation for access
to existing aviation spectrum, less pressure in other regions
✓ Some arguments for a global challenge
• Due to interregional mobility, global interoperability is required
• Pressures on the spectrum resource are mounting in all regions,
unlikely that aviation will get new spectrum to cater for new
requirements
• Spectrum efficiency is a global responsibility
✓ Obviously a bit of both.
23/03/2016
48
ACP WG-F
The spectrum challenges ahead
 Spectrum pressure as a driver for future technology development,
as well as ATM requirements
✓ Mounting pressures on aviation safety spectrum allocations
✓ New systems tailored for new ATM requirements will be required
✓ Systems will have more stringent spectrum efficiency demands than
before
HF
Antenna
✓ Systems will have to share spectrum with
older technology, a challenge on several levels
✓ Older technology will have to be phased out.
Low Gain
Satellite
Antenna
GPS
Antennas
Displays
TCAS II
High Gain
Satellite
Antenna
Mode S
Amplifier
Flt Deck
Displays/
Alerting
Satellite
Data Unit
HFTransceiver
MMR
ILS
GPS
Flight
Management
System
Autopilot/
Flight
Director
Systems
TCAS II
Monitoring
Alerting
System
Flight
Management
System
ACARS
Management
Unit
Audio
Control
Panel
VOR
DME
Radio Tuning
Panel
VOR
IRS
DME
VHF Transceiver
Mode S
ILS
TCAS II Mode S DME
VOR
Antennas Antenna Antenna Antennas Antennas
VHF
Antenna
 To date, global agreement on technology updates or replacements
has always been difficult. Can this be changed? How?
23/03/2016
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