Identify the areas of United States
military, economic, and political
involvement and influence.
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Markets and Raw Materials
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New markets for American goods
Americans needed raw materials from abroad
Sea Power
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A. T. Mahan’s Influence of Sea Power Upon History
 Modern fleet needed to remain powerful/gain power
 Naval bases would be needed in the Caribbean
 Canal would be needed in Panama
 Pacific Islands for fueling stations
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U.S. built naval base at Pearl Harbor
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1867 Secretary of State William Seward
negotiated the purchase of Alaska from Russia.
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Most people in the U.S. viewed the territory as
useless.
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$7.2 million
Referred Alaska as “Seward’s Folly/Seward’s Icebox”
Alaska was a tundra of snow and ice
Alaska was actually rich in timber, oil, and other
natural resources
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Purchase expanded America’s reach across the Pacific
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American interest in Hawaii began because it
was a good stopping place on the way to China
(East Asia).
Missionaries were also interested in converting
the native Hawaiians to Christianity.
American businessmen were interested in the
sugar cane plantations.
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Hawaiians lost control of the islands because
plantations owners wanted closer ties with the
U.S.
Hawaiian-born white businessmen forced King
Kalakaua to change the constitution so that
only men who owned land or had a certain
income could vote.
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Therefore, control of the government passed into the
hands of businessmen of American descent.
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Faced two crisis:
New tariff law made Hawaiian sugar more expensive than
sugar produced in the U.S. Growers feared decrease in
sales and profit
 King Kalakaua died, his successor was his sister, Queen
Liliuokalani-resented the increasing power of white
planters-she abolished the constitution that gave political
power to the white minority.
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With help from U.S. troops, the plantation owners
seized the islands and Queen Liliuokalani was
deposed.
August 12, 1898- Hawaiian islands became a
territory of the U.S.
1959- became the 50th state
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The U.S. had been interested in Cuba since the early 1800s.
Cuba fought two wars-in 1868 and again in 1895-for
independence from Spain.
The war of 1895 was led by Jose Marti, a journalist, who
used guerrilla tactics of hit-and-run raids against Spanish
forces.
The Spanish were led by General Valeriano Weyler, who
relocated many Cuban people to concentration camps.
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Tens of thousands died from disease and starvation.
Newspaper publishers William Randolph Hearst and
Joseph Pulitzer played up the conflict to boost the
circulation of their newspapers. Both papers emphasized
Spanish “atrocities”, calling Weyler “the Butcher.” (Yellow
journalism)
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The Cuban condition (concentration camps set up by
Valeriano Weyler)
Yellow journalism (Hearst and Pulitzer)
De Lome Letter (1898): a personal letter written by De
Lome, a Spanish Minister, in which he referred to
President McKinley as weak. The letter was published
in the NY Journal
Jingoism: Sentiment that called for a tougher stance
toward Spain and a more aggressive foreign policy
U.S.S. Maine- sent to Havana harbor to protect
American citizens in Cuba exploded while anchored in
Cuban harbor
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Navy was poorly trained and supplied
Most officers were Civil War veterans.
Theodore Roosevelt led Rough Riders and 2
African American Regiments charge up Kettle
and San Juan Hills.
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This became the most famous incident of the was and
helped the U.S. achieve victory over Spain
Dec. 1898, U.S. and Spain signed the Treaty of
Paris, 1898, which officially ended the war.
 War lasted only a few months.
 Spanish-American War nicknamed
“Splendid Little War” by John Hay.
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Cuba was to become independent.
U.S. gained control over Puerto Rico and
Pacific Islands of Guam.
U.S. took over Spain’s role as the ruler of
the Philippines.
U.S. promised to pay Spain $20 million
for the Philippines.
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This amendment declared that Cuba was
independent from Spain and authorized the
U.S. to use military force to secure Cuba from
any other country attempting to control Cuba.
This amendment also declared that United
States would not annex Cuba territory.
1900’s Cuba began drafting their own
constitution.
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Cuba was not to make treaties threatening its
independence.
Cuba was not to permit any foreign power to
control any part of its territory.
U.S. had the right to intervene in Cuba’s
internal affairs.
Cuba was not to go into debt.
U.S. could buy and lease land on the island for
coaling or naval stations. (Guantanamo Bay)
The result was that Cuba became a protectorate
of the U.S.
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Cuba becomes a protectorate: a country whose
affairs are controlled by a stronger power
(United States)
America’s military responsibilities: gave food
and clothing; built roads, railroads, dock
facilities; helped farmers; reopened University
of Havana and organized elementary schools
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By 1898, the U.S. had the third largest navy in
the world – behind only Great Britain and
France.
The U.S. obtained naval bases in the Caribbean
after the Spanish-American War.
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U.S. made large loans to Cuba.
American corporations invested heavily Cuba’s
sugar plantations and refineries, public
utilities, and railroads.
The bulk of Cuba’s foreign trade was with the
United States.
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Guerrilla warfare breaks out in the Philippines.
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President Taft served as the civilian governor of
the Philippines, 1901-1904.
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Is a strategy in which a weaker army/force often strikes
quickly, inflicting damage, then retreats before its
stronger enemy can fully retaliate.
Battle lasted for more than two years
1916- Jones Act pledged that the U.S. would leave
so that the Philippines could become an
independent nation.
1946-Philippines became an independent republic
Why would a nation founded on democratic
principles want to take possession of another
country or territory?
Get new markets, new sources of raw materials, spread
democracy
 How might a nation acquire new territory?
War, peaceful takeover, treaties, economic pressure
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Page 129 #1-3
 Restate the question.
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#1 MUST be in complete sentences.
Add this assignment to Goal 6
EOC review questions
 Will collect all EOC reviews
when we complete Goal 6
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