Bellwork 10-8-14
• Name as many muscles as you can
III. Types of movement
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
Flexion
Extension
Rotation
Abduction
Adduction
Circumduction
Flexion
• A bending
movement around
a joint in a limb (as
the knee or elbow)
that decreases the
angle between the
bones of the limb
at the joint
Extension
• An unbending movement
around a joint in a limb (as
the knee or elbow) that
increases the angle between
the bones of the limb at the
joint
Rotation
• turning around as on an axis
Abduction
• To draw away
from the midline
of the body or
from an adjacent
part or limb
Adduction
• Moving of a body part
toward the central axis
of the body
Abduct – Take away
Adduct – Add it to your body
Circumduction
• Movement of a
limb or extremity
so that the distal
end describes a
circle while the
proximal end
remains fixed
Seven Golden Rules of Muscle Activity
1. Muscles get smaller as they contract.
2. Muscles cross at least one joint.
3. The bulk of the muscle lies proximal to the joint
crossed.
4. All muscles have an insertion and origin.
5. During contraction, the insertion moves toward the
origin.
6. Muscles only pull; they never push.
7. Muscles work in pairs.
1.Muscles Get …..
Smaller
as they Contract.
Try it with your bicep!!!
2.Muscles Cross at Least One Joint
• Think drawbridge!!
• How can muscles effect
movement if they don’t
cross a joint?
• Where does the bulk of
the muscle lie? 
Muscle Attachment Sites: Origin &
Insertion
• Skeletal muscles produce movements by exerting force on
tendons
– Tendons pull on bones or other structures such as skin
• Skeletal muscle contraction pulls one articulating bone
towards the other
– Origin (usually proximal): attachment of a muscle tendon to the
stationary bone
– Insertion (usually distal): attachment of the muscle’s other tendon to
the movable bone
– Action/s: main movements that occur when the muscle contracts
All Muscles Have an Insertion and an Origin
• Insertion = More moveable attachment
• Origin = Less moveable attachment
• Insertion is usually distal.
• Origin is usually proximal.
• Insertion moves toward origin during muscle
contraction.
Muscles Only Pull
So how do they effect flexion AND extension?
Abduction AND Adduction?
Because they work in PAIRS!!!!
Prime Mover = the muscle with major responsibility for
effecting a movement.
Antagonist = the opposing muscle responsible for the
opposite movement.
Naming the Skeletal Muscles
• Location: example the frontalis is located over frontal bone
• Shape: example the deltoid (“triangular) is triangular
• Relative size: maximus, minimus, and longus
– Example: gluteus maximus and gluteus minimus
• Direction of fascicles and muscle fibers: direction that fibers run
– Example: rectus (straight or parallel) abdominis and transversus (perpendicular)
abdominis
• Location of attachments: reveals point of origin and insertion
– Example: sternocledomastoid = origin on sternum and clavicle with insertion on
mastoid
• Number of origins: two, three, or four origins
– Indicated by the words biceps, triceps, and quadriceps
• Action: part of the muscle’s name indicates muscle movement
– Flexor, extensor, adductor, or abductor
Bellwork 10-9-14
• What are two ways in which muscles are
named? Give examples?
Superficial Muscles of the Body—Anterior View
Shoulder
Trapezius
Deltoid
Head
Temporalis
Masseter
Arm
Triceps brachii
Biceps brachii
Brachialis
Forearm
Pronator teres
Brachioradialis
Flexor carpi radialis
Palmaris longus
Pelvis/thigh
Iliopsoas
Pectineus
Thigh
Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis
Leg
Fibularis longus
Extensor digitorum
longus
Tibialis anterior
(a)
Facial
Epicranius, frontal belly
Orbicularis oculi
Zygomaticus
Orbicularis oris
Neck
Sternohyoid
Sternocleidomastoid
Platysma
Thorax
Pectoralis minor
Serratus anterior
Pectoralis major
Intercostals
Abdomen
Rectus abdominis
Internal oblique
Transversus abdominis
External oblique
Thigh
Tensor fasciae
latae
Sartorius
Adductor longus
Gracilis
Leg
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Figure 11.8a
Superficial Muscles of the Body—Posterior View
Arm
Triceps brachii
Brachialis
Forearm
Brachioradialis
Extensor carpi radialis
longus
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Extensor digitorum
Iliotibial tract
Leg
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Fibularis longus
Calcaneal
(Achilles) tendon
(b)
Neck
Epicranius, occipital belly
Sternocleidomastoid
Trapezius
Shoulder
Deltoid
Infraspinatus
Teres major
Rhomboid major
Triangle of auscultation
Latissimus dorsi
Hip
Gluteus medius
Gluteus maximus
Thigh
Adductor magnus
Gracilis
Hamstrings:
Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Figure 11.8b
Muscle Movements
• http://www.getbodysmart.com/ap/musculars
ystem/menu/menu.html
Muscles of the Head—Facial Expression
Figure 11.9
Facial expression
• Frontalis
– Origin: Cranial apneurosis
– Insertion: Skin of eyebrows
– Raises eyebrows and wrinkles the skin of your
forehead
• Zygomaticus
– Origin: Cheekbone
– Insertion: Corner of mouth
– Extends from corner of the mouth to the
cheekbone
– Smiling and Laughing
Muscles of the Head—Facial Expression
Figure 11.9
Facial Expression
• Orbicularis Oculi
– Origin/Insertion: Around eye orbital
– Fibers that run in circles around the eyes. Allows
your eyes, squint, blink, wink
• Orbicularis Oris
– Origin/Insertion: Around lips
– Circular muscle of lips.
– Closes the mouth
– Kissing muscle
Muscles of the Head—Facial Expression
Figure 11.9
Chewing
• Masseter
– Origin: Zygomatic
Process
– Insertion: Mandible
– Covers the angle of the
lower jaw as it runs from
the zygomatic process
– Closes jaw by elevating
jaw
Exit Survey
• http://goo.gl/DHRAi5
Trunk Muscles
Muscles of the Abdominal Wall
Pectoralis major
Serratus
anterior
Linea alba
Tendinous
intersection
Rectus
abdominis
Transversus
abdominis
Internal oblique
External
oblique
Inguinal ligament
(formed by free
inferior border of
the external oblique
aponeurosis)
Aponeurosis
of the external
oblique
(a)
PLAY
A&P Flix: Internal obliques
PLAY
A&P Flix: External obliques
Figure 11.14a
Abdominal wall
• 3 layers constrict and
hold abdominal
contents in place
• External oblique,
internal oblique
• Transversus
abdominis
• Rectus abdominisabs
Trunk Muscles
• Rectus Abdominis
– Origin: Pubic symphysis
– Insertion: Rib Cage
– Flex vertebral column
Trunk Muscles: Obliques
Trunk Muscles
• External Oblique
– Origin: Last 8 ribs (External)
– Insertion: Ilium
• Internal Oblique
– Origin: Iliac Crest
– Insertion: Last 3 ribs (Internal)
• Both
– Flex vertebral column
– Rotate trunk and bend it laterally
• External obliquelower 8 ribs- iliac
crest
• Internal obliquecrest- lower 3/4 ribs
and costal cartilage
Superficial Muscles of the Posterior Thorax
Levator
scapulae
Trapezius
Supraspinatus
Clavicle
Deltoid
Rhomboid
minor
Rhomboid
major
Spine of scapula
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Teres
major
Humerus
Latissimus
dorsi
(c)
Figure 11.16c
Superficial Muscles of the Posterior Thorax
Levator
scapulae
Trapezius
Deltoid
Rhomboid
minor
Rhomboid
major
Teres minor
Infraspinatus
Teres major
Teres major
Triceps
brachii
Triangle of
auscultation
Latissimus
dorsi
Latissimus
dorsi
(d)
Figure 11.16d
Posterior Muscles
 Latissimus dorsi
 Covers lower back
 Origin: Lower Spine
 Insertion: Proximal end of
humerus
 Extends, adducts and rotates
the arm medially
◦ Swimmer’s muscle
 Trapezius
 Kite shaped
 Origin: Runs from skull down
vertebral column
 Insertion: scapular spine and
clavicle
 Extends the head
Posterior Muscles
 Deltoid
 Triangle-shaped
 Origin: clavicle
 Insertion: proximal
humerus
 Form rounded shape of
shoulders
 Primary movers of arm
abduction
Muscles of the Extremities
Superficial Muscles of the Anterior Thorax
Sternocleidomastoid
Subclavius
Clavicle
Deltoid
Pectoralis
major
Sternum
Biceps
brachii
Subscapularis
Pectoralis
minor
Coracobrachialis
Serratus
anterior
Humerus
(a)
Figure 11.16a
• Pectoralis major
– Origin: Sternum, Shoulder Girdle, First six ribs
– Insertion: Proximal End of Humerus
– Flexes and adducts the arm
Muscles of the Upper Limb
Clavicle
Deltoid
Sternum
Pectoralis major
Coracobrachialis
Triceps brachii
Lateral head
Long head
Medial head
Biceps brachii
Brachialis
Brachioradialis
(a) Anterior view
Figure 11.17a
Muscles of the Upper Limb
• Biceps brachii
– Origin: Shoulder girdle
(scapula)
– Insertion: Radius
– Flexes arm, forearm,
supinates hand
Note two origins
Muscles of the Upper Limb
• Triceps Brachii
– Origin: shoulder girdle
and humerus
– Insertion: Ulna
– Prime mover of elbow
extension
• Note three origins
Muscles of Lower Limb
Posterior Muscles
– Gluteus maximus
Gluteus medius
• Origin: pelvis
• Insertion: femur
• Movement of Hip and
Thigh in walking (Extends
the thigh at the hip).
Gluteus maximus
• Ex: Climbing stairs and
standing up
Adductor magnus
Gracilis
Iliotibial tract
• Also helps abduct thigh
Long head
Short head
Biceps femo
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosu
s
(c)
Figure 11.23c
Posterior Muscles
– Hamstring Group
(Semitendinosus,
Semimembranosus,
Biceps femoris)
• Origin: Ischium
• Insertion: Tibia
• Flexes knee and extends
the thigh at hip
Anterior Muscles
– Quadriceps
Group(Vastus Medialis,
Intermedius and
Lateralis and Rectus
Femoris)
– Composed of four
muscles
• Origin: Femur/ Pelvis
• Insertion: Tibia
• Extends knee and flexes
thigh at hip
Moving foot
• Gastrocnemius (calf
muscle)– Origin: Femur
– Insertion: Calcaneus
– flexes foot and leg (at
knee), supinates foot
Muscles of the Posterior Compartment
• Superficial muscles: triceps surae (gastrocnemius, soleus) and the
plantaris
Plantaris
Gastrocnemius
Lateral head
(cut)
Medial head
(cut)
Gastrocnemius
Medial head
Lateral head
Plantaris
Popliteus
Head of fibula
Soleus
Tendon of
plantaris
Fibularis longus
Tendon of
gastrocnemius
Fibularis brevis
Calcaneal
tendon
Medial
malleolus
(a)
Lateral
malleolus
Calcaneus
Tendon of tibialis
posterior
(b)
Figure 11.27a, b