BIOLOGY-101
Sections 800 & 802
BIOL-101
Brookdale Community College
Mr. D. Fusco
Agenda
*Introduction to BIOL-101
*Personal Information
*Syllabus review
*Philosophy of Life Sciences (Chapter 1)
*Characteristics of Life
*Organization of Life
*Classification
*Scientific Method
Personal Information
First & Last Name
Address - Line 1
Phone Number
Address - Line 2
Email address
Emergency Contact: Name & Phone Number
Occupation (Please note if you are a F/T or P/T student)
Reason for taking course
Career Goals
One thing I should know about you
Icebreaker
•Milk Chocolate = Tell how you spent your winter
break
•Krackel = Name the reality show you would be on
(if you had to) and why
•Special Dark = Tell something that you have done
that you think no one else has done
•Mr. Goodbar = Share one of your favorite memories
Philosophy of Life Sciences
What is Biology?
•Biology is the
topic
•Biologists ask questions such as:
- a VAST
•How a single cell develops into an
•How the human mind works
•How living things interact in
•There are many key themes that connect the
concepts of biology
Major theme of biology
•A striking
underlies the
of life; for example:
•
is the universal
genetic language
common to all organisms
•Unity is evident in many
features of
•Yet, all organisms (even
within the same species)
exhibit great
What is Life?
•Life defies a simple, onesentence definition
•Life is recognized by what
living things do
•What do living things do?
•How do we identify
something living?
Fig. 1-3
Order
Response
to the
environment
Adaptation
Regulation
Reproduction
Energy
processing
Growth and
development
Characteristics of Life
•Life involves
characteristics
•All living things:
•R
(to environment)
•E
(use & acquire)
•G
(directed by genes)
•R
(like produces like)
•O
(demonstrate)
•A
(over a longer period of time)
•R
(maintain homeostasis)
Organization of Life
•Life is highly
•Life can be studied at
from
molecules to the entire
living planet
•New properties emerge
at each level in the
•The study of life can be
divided into different
levels of
Fig. 1-4
Levels of Organization
The biosphere
10 µm
Cells
Organs and
organ systems
Cell
Ecosystems
Organelles
Communities
1 µm
Atoms
Tissues 50 µm
Molecules
Populations
Organisms
Organization
•
are the simplest level.
•Two or more atoms comprise a
. (Macromolecules
are large, biologically important
molecules inside cells.)
•
are aggregates of
macromolecules used to carry
out a specific function in the
cell.
Organization
•
living unit.
are the basic
•
are groups of
cells functioning together.
•Groups of tissues form
•Groups of organs function
together as
•Organ systems functioning
together make up an
Organization
•A group of organisms within a
specified area make a
•The set of populations that inhabit
a particular area create a
•All of the living things in the
community, as well as nonliving
components (such as soil, water,
and light) make an
•All of the earth’s ecosystems
combine to make up the
Classification
•Approximately
species
have been identified and named to
date, and thousands more are
identified each year
•Estimates of the total number of
species that actually exist range
from
•
is the branch of
biology that names and classifies
species into groups of increasing
breadth
Taxonomy
“taxis” = arrangement; “nomy” = science of
•Hence taxonomy
becomes the
•Taxonomy involves
identifying and
classifying organisms
Aristotle
384-322 BC (Greece)
•
• Classified into two main
groups:
• Plants because they
are
• Animals because they
are
Carolus Linnaeus
1707-1778 (Sweden)
•
• Binomial system of
nomenclature
• Scientific name (aka
Latin name)
• Consists of
Fig. 1-14
Species Genus Family Order
Class Phylum Kingdom Domain
Ursus americanus
(American black bear)
Ursus
Ursidae
Carnivora
Mammalia
Chordata
Animalia
Eukarya
Levels of Classification
D
•
e
•
K - Animalia
r
•
P - Chordata
e
•
C - Mammalia
a
•
O - Carnivora
i
•
F - Ursidae
n
•
G - Ursus
c
s
g
•
(broadest)
D - Eukarya
(most specific) S - americanus
Scientific Name
• 2 names (Genus & species)
African elephant
•
Loxodonta africana
•
Wolf
• Latin
• Either in italics or underlined
Canis lupus
African lion
Panthera leo
Domains
•The
currently used
system is
•Some scientists still refer to
5 kingdoms as well
•Domain
includes
most of the common bacteria
•Domain
includes bacteria that live in extreme
environments (hot springs and salt lakes)
•Domain
includes all eukaryotic organisms
Eukarya
•The domain Eukarya
includes three
•
•
•
•Other eukaryotic organisms
were formerly grouped into a
kingdom called
,
though these are now often
grouped into many separate
kingdoms
Kingdoms
Each kingdom will be discussed
according to:
1. Cell Type
• Monera (combine
Bacteria & Archaea)
2. Organization
• Protista
3. Acquiring energy
• Fungi
4. Reproduction
5. Motility
6. Example(s)
• Plantae
• Animalia
Monera (Bacteria)
•
(NO nucleus)
•
• Absorb food
• Asexual reproduction
(binary fission)
•
• Example: bacteria
•Escherichia coli
•Helicobacter pylori
Protista
•
• Unicellular or
Multicellular
•
• Asexual or sexual
reproduction
• Motile or nonmotile
• Example: Ameba, Paramecium, Euglena, Seaweed
Fungi
•
•
• Absorb food (hyphae)
• Asexual or sexual
reproduction
•
• Example: Mushroom
(Agaricus bisporus); Yeast
(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
Plantae
•
• Multicellular
•
(make their own food)
• Sexual reproduction
•
• Example: Rose (Rosa
macdub)
Animalia
• Eukaryotic
•
•
•
• Motile
• Example: Chimpanzee
(Pan troglodytes)
Question?
Where
are the
viruses?
Are viruses alive?
•Virus means
•Originally, they were
considered
•Because of their
properties,
researchers saw a
parallel with
•Let’s look again at the
characteristics of life
Fig. 1-3
Order
Response
to the
environment
Adaptation
Regulation
Reproduction
Energy
processing
Growth and
development
Are viruses alive?
•Viruses cannot
•Most biologists would agree
that they are
alive
since they do not exhibit all
of the characteristics of life
•Viruses lead a
Scientific Inquiry
•The word
is derived from Latin and
means
•Inquiry is the search for
•There are two main types of
scientific inquiry:
•The goal of science is to
understand natural phenomena
Discovery Science
•Discovery science describes
•This approach is based on observation and the analysis of
•Data are
or items of information
•Data fall into two categories
•
, or descriptions, rather than
measurements
•
, or recorded measurements, which are
sometimes organized into tables and graphs
Inductive Reasoning
•Discovery science often
employs
•Inductive reasoning draws
conclusions through the logical
process of induction
•Repeat
observations can lead to
important
•For example, “the sun
always rises in the east”
Hypothesis-Based Science
•Observations can lead us to
ask questions and propose
hypothetical explanations
called
•A hypothesis is a
•A scientific hypothesis leads
to predictions that can be
Limitations of Hypotheses
•A hypothesis must be
•Hypothesis-based science often makes use of two or
more alternative hypotheses
•Failure to falsify a hypothesis
that
hypothesis
•For example, you replace your flashlight bulb, and it
now works
•This
the hypothesis that your bulb
was burnt out, but
(perhaps the
first bulb was inserted incorrectly)
Deductive Reasoning
•Hypothesis-based science
involves the use of
•Deductive reasoning uses
premises to make
predictions
•For example,
organisms
are made of cells (premise
1), and humans are
organisms (premise 2),
humans are composed of
cells (deductive prediction)
Scientific Method
•The scientific method is an
•Hypothesis-based science is
based on the “textbook”
but rarely
follows all the ordered steps
•
has made
important contributions with very
little dependence on the so-called
scientific method
•However, we will identify steps in
order to grasp its parts
Scientific Method Parts
•Identify
•Make
•Create a
•Design a
•Analyze
and make a
Case Study: Investigating Mimicry in
Snake Populations
•Many poisonous species are brightly
colored, which
•
are harmless species that
closely resemble poisonous species
•Henry Bates hypothesized that this
mimicry evolved in as an adaptation that
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
•This hypothesis was tested with the
poisonous eastern coral snake (top) and
its mimic the nonpoisonous scarlet king
snake (bottom)
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Hypothesis
•Both species live in the
Carolinas, but the king
snake is also found in
regions
poisonous coral snakes
•If predators inherit an
avoidance of the coral
snake’s coloration, then the
in the
regions where coral snakes
are present
Experiment
•To test this mimicry hypothesis,
researchers made hundreds of
artificial snakes:
•An
resembling king snakes
•A
resembling plain brown snakes
•
of both types
were placed at field sites,
including areas without poisonous
coral snakes
Conclusion
•After four weeks, the
scientists retrieved the
artificial snakes and
bite or claw
marks
•The data fit the
predictions of the
mimicry hypothesis: the
in the geographic region
where coral snakes were
found
Controlled Experiment
•A controlled experiment compares an
(the artificial king snakes)
(the artificial brown snakes)
•Ideally, only the
(the color
pattern of the artificial snakes) differs between the control
and experimental groups
•A controlled experiment means that control groups are
used to
•A controlled experiment does
unwanted variables are kept constant
mean that all
Theories & Laws
•In the context of science, a
is:
•broader in scope than a hypothesis
•general, and can lead to new testable hypotheses
•supported by a large body of evidence in comparison
to a hypothesis
•Example:
•In the context of science, a
is:
•described as an
•supported by a larger population (usually outside of the
scientific community) than a theory
•Example:
Limitations of Science
•In science,
observations and
experimental results
must also be
•Science
, which
are outside the bounds
of science
Science & Technology
•Science and technology
are
•The goal of technology
is to
for some
specific purpose
•Biology is marked by
while
technology is marked by
Science & Society
•The combination of science
and technology has dramatic
effects on society
•Example, the discovery of DNA
allowed for advances in DNA
technology
•
can arise
from new technology, but have
as much to do with
as with science and technology
Review Questions
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15.
Explain the unity and diversity of life.
Name and describe the 7 characteristics of life.
Correctly identify the various levels of organization from a molecule to the biosphere.
Describe the contributions of Aristotle and Linnaeus to taxonomy.
Define, in order, the 8 levels of scientific classification.
Name and describe the 3 domains.
Identify 5 major kingdoms, along with important characteristics of each.
Explain how viruses are classified and why.
Define scientific inquiry and name 2 types.
Define describe 2 different types of data.
Name and describe 2 different types of reasoning.
Explain the use of the scientific method and its “textbooks” parts.
Explain a controlled experiment.
Differentiate between hypothesis, theories, and laws.
State 2 limitations of science and explain the relationship between science and
technology.