PERSONALITY
CONTENTS
Introduction
Theories of Personality
Determinants Of Personality
Other Personality Traits
Behaviour Consistency
Johari Window
Hollands Theory of Job –Fit
Big Five Model
Personality Traits
Tests – Personality
PLAN OF ACTION - poa
• New exercise to understand your
personality
• Online personality test – students have to
go to the computer lab undertake the test
from this site and come back and discuss
• www.personality-tests-personalityprofiles.com
WHAT MAKES YOU ?
WHO ARE YOU ?
WHY DON’T YOU HAVE
EVERYTHING AS OTHERS ?
Introduction
Personality is like fingerprints.
It emphasizes how we are unique and are different from
each other.
Our personalities can be very complicated and many-sided.
But that is what makes each one of us special.
DETERMINANTS OF PERSONALITY
HEREDITY FACTORS
GENETIC FACTORS
genetic factors play a major part
in the formation of personality,
but not every personality
characteristic is originated from
genetic makeup
ENVIRONMENTAL
FACTORS
SITUATION – Interview,
Marriage,
Picnic, Death
PERSONALITY TRAITS
Enduring characteristics that describe
an individual’s behavior
THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
• Type – Kretschmer & Sheldon
Relationship established between features of or body and personality .
Classification on basis of physical basis is subjective. They do not
carry substance.
Another basis for type theory is psychological factors as done by
Carl Jung extroverts and introverts
Even this theory fails to point out the complexity of personality
• Trait – Trait’s are reactions not something a person possess.
Assumption that a personality can be described by its position on a no
of continuous dimension on scale.
Two ways of assessing personality traits.
The person describes himself by answering questions about his
attitudes, feelings and behaviour – personality inventory
Some one else evaluates the person’s traits either from what he knows
about the individual or from direct observations of behaviour. It is an
improvement over type theory. Scale of dimensions
Theories of Personality
• Psychoanalytic – Sigmund Freud
Freud compared our minds to an ice berg. A small portion which protruded above
the surface of water which represents conscious experience; while the much larger
mass below water level represents unconscious mind- feelings, thoughts &
behaviour
Freud saw personality as being composed of 3 elements
ID
- “it” refers to the innate component of personality (contains
everything inherited )
EGO
- Mental images do not satisfy needs
Super Ego
- For a person to function constructively in the society he should
acquire system of values, norms, ethics, and attitudes which are compatible with
the society, the right and wrong
Eg – A hungry man cannot satisfy his hunger by imagining a delicious meal. The
hungry man must have food if the tension of hunger is to be reduced.
Theories of Personality
•
Social learning – The human behaviour is learnt and
modified. They regard a situation as an important determinant of
personality.
Two ways of learning
1. Learning through reinforcement, direct experience.
2. Learning by observing others – (Vicarious learning )
• Humanistic Approach – Carl Rogers & Abraham
Maslow
The theories stress a man’s positive nature his push towards
growth & self actualization.
Their emphasis is on here and now rather than on events in
early childhood that may have shaped the individual’s
personality .
Self and Self actualization. The self consist of all the ideas,
perceptions and values that characterize “I’ Me ; It includes
Critical Thinking Questions
• Heredity determines personality
1) Build an argument to support the
statement
2) Build an argument against this
statement
This theory was developed by Katherine
Briggs Isable Briggs Myers ( mother –
daughter ).
Mainly used in hiring and team building
process.
It is used while employing employees so
as to match the job profile and individual
personality of the person.
Personality Types
• Extroverted or Introverted (E or I)
• Sensing or Intuitive (S or I)
• S- practical and prefer routine and order. They focus on details
• I – rely on unconscious processes and look at the big picture.
• Thinking or Feeling (T or F) T –uses reason and logic to handle .
• F – rely on personal values and emotions.
• Perceiving or Judging (P or J) J- want to control and prefer their world to
be ordered and structured. P – flexible and spontaneous.
• INTJs – visionaries. They have original
ideas and great drive to achieve it.
• ESTJs –organizers They are realistic,
logical and analytical and decisive.
• ENTP- conceptualizer they are innovative,
individualistic, versatile and attracted to
entrepreneurial ideas.
• Some organizations using it include Apple
computer, AT&T, Citigroup, GE, 3M , Tata
Motors
16 primary Traits
The Big Five Model
Major Personality Attributes Influencing OB
• Locus of control –Internal & External
Machiavellianism –propensity to
manipulate people
• Achievement Orientation – Employees
with a high need to achieve continually
strive to do things better
Self-Esteem and SelfMonitoring
Risk-Taking
• High Risk-taking Managers
– Make quicker decisions.
– Use less information to make decisions.
– Operate in smaller and more entrepreneurial
organizations.
• Low Risk-taking Managers
– Are slower to make decisions.
– Require more information before making decisions.
– Exist in larger organizations with stable
environments.
• Risk Propensity
– Aligning managers’ risk-taking propensity to job
requirements should be beneficial to organizations.
Personality Types
PERSONALITY JOB FIT THEORY – Holland
Identifies six personality types and proposes that
the fit between personality type and occupational
environment determines satisfaction and turnover.
Psychological Tests
• 16 PF ( 16 Personality factor )
• DISC ( Drive, Influence, Steadiness, Compliance
• Thomas Profiling Objective Tests – predictive ability
& aims to match the behaviour to the job
MMPI - Minnesota Multiphasic Personality
Inventory
– Myers-Briggs TI
• Projective Tests
– Rorschach Ink Blots
– Thematic Apperception Test -the picture interpretation
technique because it uses a standard series of 30
provocative yet ambiguous pictures about which the subject
must tell a story.
What Are Emotions?
Affect
A broad range of emotions
that people experience.
Emotions
Moods
Intense feelings that are
directed at someone or
something.
Feelings that tend to be
less intense than
emotions and that lack a
contextual stimulus.
Felt versus Displayed Emotions
Facial Expressions Convey
Emotions
Guess
which
emotion
I’m
feeling
now!
What Are Emotions? (cont’d)
•IQ is a score derived from one of
several different standardized tests
attempting to measure intelligence.
IQ tests are used as predictors of
educational achievement.
•Modern IQ tests produce scores
for different areas (e.g., language
fluency, three-dimensional
thinking), with the summary score
calculated from subtest scores.
• Emotional Intelligence (EI)
–
–
–
–
–
Self-awareness
Self-management
Self-motivation
Empathy
Social skills
• Modern IQ tests produce scores for
different areas (e.g., language fluency,
three-dimensional thinking), with the
summary score calculated from subtest
scores.
• IQ was calculated as a ratio with the
formula
Never Loose Hope & Never Quit Trying
"Abraham Lincoln"
1816 - Family was forced out of home, and he had to work to support
them
1818 - His mother died
1831 - Failed in business
1832 - Lost election for legislature
1832 - Lost his job
1832 - Wanted to go to law school but couldn't get in
1833 - Began a business and went bankrupt, spent next 17 years paying
off the debt
1835 - Sweetheart died
1836 - Nervous breakdown
1838 - Sought to become speaker of legislature and was defeated
1843 - Defeated for Congress
1848 - Defeated for re-election to Congress
1849 - Rejected for job of land officer
1854 - Defeated for US Senate
1856 - Defeated for Vice President
1858 - Defeated for US Senate
1860 - "Elected President of the United States"
REFERENCES
ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR -–
Stephen Robbins, Aswathapa.
GENERAL READING – NEWS PAPERS ,
INTERNET , Business Gurus’ Speak