World Studies Final Exam Review • Our review will be fast-paced • I will post this review on my website • I will be in room 215 after school if you have questions or would like additional review Geography: Middle East • • • • • Israel Iraq Saudi Arabia Iran Kuwait Geography: Asia • • • • • India Japan Russia North Korea China Long-Term causes of WWI • Militarism - Glorification of war and the military • Alliances - Defense agreements between nations • Imperialism • Nationalism – Extreme form of patriotic efforts; feeling of superiority over other countries; wanting political independence Franz Ferdinand • Assassination that sparked the start of WWI Russian Revolution • Before WWI, Russia’s economic conditions were poor and the Bolsheviks wanted to overthrow Czar Nicholas II • WWI – outbreak of fighting helped patriotism, but Russia was not prepared (factories, transportation, military, czar commands) – In Russia: Food goods scarce, czar unpopular • WWI worsened conditions triggered the Russian Revolution (wanted change) Trench Warfare • Fighting from ditches New weapons in WWI • Zeppelins • Tanks • Gas masks • Air crafts (know what these look like) • New weapons created because of trench warfare (neither side could advance) Woodrow Wilson • Proposed the 14 Points to bring peace after WWI US Involvement • Lusitania – Ship which held American passengers and was shot down by a German U-boat (submarine) • Zimmerman Note - Secret message from Germany to Mexico offering a military alliance Total War • When a society uses all of its resources to fight Treaty of Versailles • Peace agreement that was created at the end of WWI • Germany had to pay reparations (payments for war damages) Central Powers (WWI) • Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire Allies • Britain, France, Russia Totalitarianism • Government controls all aspects of the state • Often jail or murder those who argue against them Interwar years: Leader of Soviet Union • Joseph Stalin Interwar Years: Leader of Germany • Adolf Hitler Interwar Years: Leader of Italy • Benito Mussolini Japanese Imperialism • Attacked Manchuria to gain natural resources Hitler’s Violations of the Treaty of Versailles • Built up army (violated disarmament) • Invaded many countries Appeasement • To give in to aggressive demands in order to maintain peace Began WWII • Invasion of Poland Blitzkrieg • Lightning war Pearl Harbor • Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, Hawaii • Led the U.S. to shift away from isolationism D-Day • Invasion of France by the Allies Atomic bomb • Dropped in Japan to end WWII Nuremburg Laws • Deprived German Jews of their citizenship Allies • U.S., Great Britain, France, and the Soviet Union Axis Powers • Germany, Italy, Japan Iraqi Genocide • Kurdish men, women, and children were mass executed • Battle aged men were specifically targeted Rwanda Genocide • Hutus tired of oppression • Tutsis blamed for killing the President • Hutu rebels kill Tutsis Bosnian Genocide • Serbs mass executed Muslims and Croats Cambodian Genocide • Khmer Rouge (followers of communist party in Cambodia) ordered mass execution of those who resisted his collectivization plan Armenian Genocide • Young Turks targeted Christians because they were believed to be ethnically inferior Buddhism • • • • Enlightenment Meditation Reincarnation Desire is the cause of most suffering Confucianism • Social order • Filial piety • Importance of 5 relationships Daoism • Harmony with nature • Yin Yang Mandate of Heaven • Belief that the emperor obtained his power through heaven / Gods • To maintain, must ensure order and stability Feudalism • System where land is granted in exchange for loyalty, military assistance, etc. (Japan) Dynasty • Line of rulers who belong to the same family Extraterritorial Rights • Right of citizens to be tried in courts of their native country • Given to the British through the Treaty of Nanjing Sphere of Influence • Area in a country where a foreign power has exclusive trading rights • (China) Chinese Resistance to Trade • Isolationism – staying out of the affairs of other nations • Ming and Qing dynasties restricted foreign trade • Saw Chinese civilization and products as superior Opium War • British introduce to the Chinese to change the balance of trade in favor of Britain • Treaty of Nanjing ended the war – ‘Unequal treaty’ – Opened British ports – Gave extraterritoriality to the British Open Door Policy • Equal opportunities to trade with China • U.S. was worried that European nations would dominate trade in China Boxer Rebellion • Chinese nationalists angry at foreign influence • Attacked missionaries and took foreigners hostage Communist China • Leader: Mao Zedong • Purpose: equality and no private ownership • Farmers worked together on land in communes Great Leap Forward • Unsuccessful economic plan • Resulted in drops in agricultural production and famine Cultural Revolution • Purpose: Promote revolutionary spirit & get rid of traditional customs • Mao attempted to get rid of the Four olds (culture, customs, ideas, habits) Deng Xiaoping • After Mao • Focused on the economy and modernizations Little Red Book • Carried by Red Guards • Spread Mao’s ideas / fight against traditional ways Protest at Tiananmen Square • Chinese students protest for democratic political reforms • Killed by soldiers Japanese Education • • • • • • Lessons – Drill information Juku – cram school Homeroom – together all day Parental support Uniforms required usually High School is not mandatory Shogun • Chief of Japan’s warrior class who held the real power and authority Meiji Reforms • Goal was to study Western ways and modernize the nation Millet system • System under the Ottoman Empire • Allowed religious freedom & for all religions to live peacefully Sykes-Picot Agreement • After WWI, France and Britain divide up the Ottoman lands into mandates (similar to colonies) Oil concessions • Agreement where one country concedes their potential or factual oil for a fixed amount of money OPEC • Oil Producing Exporting Countries • Created to form a monopoly and raise prices of oil Ulama • Traditional religious leaders in Iran within the Islamic religion Pahlavi • Ruler of Iran before the revolution • Tried to rebuild Iran’s strength by Westernization Goals of the Iranian Revolution • Becoming more ‘Islamized,’ NOT Westernized • Providing better living conditions • Reverting back to traditional family values Khomeini • Headed the political Islamists during & after the 1979 Iranian revolution Chador • Traditional Islamic women’s dress that covers all but her hands and face Westernization • Adapting to Western influences Balfour Declaration • British support for the establishment in Palestine of a National Home for Jews Zionism • National movement to establish a Jewish state in Palestine How can one event be the cause of another event? How has the power of nationalism shaped history? How has it caused global conflict?