World Studies
Final Exam Review
• Our review will be fast-paced
• I will post this review on my website
• I will be in room 215 after school if you have
questions or would like additional review
Geography: Middle East
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Israel
Iraq
Saudi Arabia
Iran
Kuwait
Geography: Asia
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India
Japan
Russia
North Korea
China
Long-Term causes of WWI
• Militarism - Glorification of war and the
military
• Alliances - Defense agreements between
nations
• Imperialism
• Nationalism – Extreme form of patriotic
efforts; feeling of superiority over other
countries; wanting political independence
Franz Ferdinand
• Assassination that sparked the start of WWI
Russian Revolution
• Before WWI, Russia’s economic conditions
were poor and the Bolsheviks wanted to
overthrow Czar Nicholas II
• WWI – outbreak of fighting helped patriotism,
but Russia was not prepared (factories,
transportation, military, czar commands)
– In Russia: Food goods scarce, czar unpopular
• WWI worsened conditions  triggered the
Russian Revolution (wanted change)
Trench Warfare
• Fighting from ditches
New weapons in WWI
• Zeppelins
• Tanks
• Gas masks
• Air crafts
(know what these look like)
• New weapons created because of trench
warfare (neither side could advance)
Woodrow Wilson
• Proposed the 14 Points to bring peace after
WWI
US Involvement
• Lusitania – Ship which held American
passengers and was shot down by a German
U-boat (submarine)
• Zimmerman Note - Secret message from
Germany to Mexico offering a military alliance
Total War
• When a society uses all of its resources to
fight
Treaty of Versailles
• Peace agreement that was created at the end
of WWI
• Germany had to pay reparations (payments
for war damages)
Central Powers (WWI)
• Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire
Allies
• Britain, France, Russia
Totalitarianism
• Government controls all aspects of the state
• Often jail or murder those who argue against
them
Interwar years:
Leader of Soviet Union
• Joseph Stalin
Interwar Years:
Leader of Germany
• Adolf Hitler
Interwar Years:
Leader of Italy
• Benito Mussolini
Japanese Imperialism
• Attacked Manchuria to gain natural resources
Hitler’s Violations of the
Treaty of Versailles
• Built up army (violated disarmament)
• Invaded many countries
Appeasement
• To give in to aggressive demands in order to
maintain peace
Began WWII
• Invasion of Poland
Blitzkrieg
• Lightning war
Pearl Harbor
• Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, Hawaii
• Led the U.S. to shift away from isolationism
D-Day
• Invasion of France by the Allies
Atomic bomb
• Dropped in Japan to end WWII
Nuremburg Laws
• Deprived German Jews of their citizenship
Allies
• U.S., Great Britain, France, and the Soviet
Union
Axis Powers
• Germany, Italy, Japan
Iraqi Genocide
• Kurdish men, women, and children were mass
executed
• Battle aged men were specifically targeted
Rwanda Genocide
• Hutus tired of oppression
• Tutsis blamed for killing the President
• Hutu rebels kill Tutsis
Bosnian Genocide
• Serbs mass executed Muslims and Croats
Cambodian Genocide
• Khmer Rouge (followers of communist party in
Cambodia) ordered mass execution of those
who resisted his collectivization plan
Armenian Genocide
• Young Turks targeted Christians because they
were believed to be ethnically inferior
Buddhism
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Enlightenment
Meditation
Reincarnation
Desire is the cause of most suffering
Confucianism
• Social order
• Filial piety
• Importance of 5 relationships
Daoism
• Harmony with nature
• Yin Yang
Mandate of Heaven
• Belief that the emperor obtained his power
through heaven / Gods
• To maintain, must ensure order and stability
Feudalism
• System where land is granted in exchange for
loyalty, military assistance, etc. (Japan)
Dynasty
• Line of rulers who belong to the same family
Extraterritorial Rights
• Right of citizens to be tried in courts of their
native country
• Given to the British through the Treaty of
Nanjing
Sphere of Influence
• Area in a country where a foreign power has
exclusive trading rights
• (China)
Chinese Resistance to Trade
• Isolationism – staying out of the affairs of
other nations
• Ming and Qing dynasties restricted foreign
trade
• Saw Chinese civilization and products as
superior
Opium War
• British introduce to the Chinese to change the
balance of trade in favor of Britain
• Treaty of Nanjing ended the war
– ‘Unequal treaty’
– Opened British ports
– Gave extraterritoriality to the British
Open Door Policy
• Equal opportunities to trade with China
• U.S. was worried that European nations would
dominate trade in China
Boxer Rebellion
• Chinese nationalists angry at foreign influence
• Attacked missionaries and took foreigners
hostage
Communist China
• Leader: Mao Zedong
• Purpose: equality and no private ownership
• Farmers worked together on land in
communes
Great Leap Forward
• Unsuccessful economic plan
• Resulted in drops in agricultural production
and famine
Cultural Revolution
• Purpose: Promote revolutionary spirit & get
rid of traditional customs
• Mao attempted to get rid of the Four olds
(culture, customs, ideas, habits)
Deng Xiaoping
• After Mao
• Focused on the economy and modernizations
Little Red Book
• Carried by Red Guards
• Spread Mao’s ideas / fight against traditional
ways
Protest at Tiananmen Square
• Chinese students protest for democratic
political reforms
• Killed by soldiers
Japanese Education
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Lessons – Drill information
Juku – cram school
Homeroom – together all day
Parental support
Uniforms required usually
High School is not mandatory
Shogun
• Chief of Japan’s warrior class who held the
real power and authority
Meiji Reforms
• Goal was to study Western ways and
modernize the nation
Millet system
• System under the Ottoman Empire
• Allowed religious freedom & for all religions to
live peacefully
Sykes-Picot Agreement
• After WWI, France and Britain divide up the
Ottoman lands into mandates (similar to
colonies)
Oil concessions
• Agreement where one country concedes their
potential or factual oil for a fixed amount of
money
OPEC
• Oil Producing Exporting Countries
• Created to form a monopoly and raise prices
of oil
Ulama
• Traditional religious leaders in Iran within the
Islamic religion
Pahlavi
• Ruler of Iran before the revolution
• Tried to rebuild Iran’s strength by
Westernization
Goals of the Iranian Revolution
• Becoming more ‘Islamized,’ NOT Westernized
• Providing better living conditions
• Reverting back to traditional family values
Khomeini
• Headed the political Islamists during & after
the 1979 Iranian revolution
Chador
• Traditional Islamic women’s dress that covers
all but her hands and face
Westernization
• Adapting to Western influences
Balfour Declaration
• British support for the establishment in
Palestine of a National Home for Jews
Zionism
• National movement to establish a Jewish state
in Palestine
How can one event be the cause of
another event?
How has the power of nationalism
shaped history? How has it caused
global conflict?