RAPID WATER QUALITY KIT
FOR PRODUCED WATER REUSE:
ONSHORE PRODUCTION
POWER ACROSS TEXAS ENERGY CHALLENGE
MAY 1, 2015
Omar Ghannoum
Preston Tidwell
Allana Robertson
Nima Ghahremani
1
AGENDA
• Introduce the idea
• Portable Frac Water kit
• Explain the importance
• Water usage
• Who will benefit
• The portable frac kit
• How it works
• Quality Control
• Bacteria
• Chemistry
• Conclusion
2
AN INNOVATIVE FRAC WATER TESTING KIT
•
Onsite testing of water to be used
for Hydraulic Fracturing mixtures
•
Will be used as a way to screen
good water from bad water
•
It’s cheap and quick
•
Will be a catalyst to new
innovations in oil field water usage
3
CURRENT WATER PROBLEMS IN TEXAS
•
A typical shale well uses 5M gallons of water for
hydraulic fracturing
•
7 Billion bbls Produced water per year in the
Eagle Ford formation (Adham 2014, USDOE)
•
40% of water used for fracing comes back up to
the surface
•
Handling water is expensive



•
Fresh water costs: $0.88-6.05/bbl
Disposal costs: $1.13-$10.75/bbl
Frac Pond (Energy Corp. of America)
Water management accounts for up to 10% of
well costs (IHS)
Important chemistries in produced water prevent us from using it directly due to
compatibility issues (Blauch 2010)
4
WATER IN HYDRAULIC FRACTURING FLUIDS
•
•
Slick Water
•
Sand + Water + Acid
•
Pumped at extremely high rates (60-100 BPM) to achieve fracture
Cross Linker Gel
•
Sand + Water + Acid + Guar Gel
•
Uses high viscosity and density to achieve fractures
5
WHAT IS PRESENTLY DONE
Currently produced water is:
•
Re-injected into reservoir to maintain pressure, 56%
•
Pumped into disposal wells, 39%
•
A small percentage is cleaned and recycled, about, 3%
Cleaned using:
•
Coagulation, hydrocyclones, coalescers, flotation, and micro, ultra, nano, and reverse
osmosis filtration systems
Drillingcontractor.org
6
(Al-Maamari 2014); (USDOE); (EOR)
WHO CAN BENEFIT FROM THE KIT?
•
•
Service companies (Halliburton, Schlumberger, NOV)
•
These companies are responsible for the quality of hydraulic fracturing job
•
Can use the kit to help them cut costs and deliver a better product
•
Lower oil prices means lower margins, and every bit counts
Operators
•
Lower water handling costs
•
Can make locals happy because of less water usage
•
Wastewater management is the primary driver of costs
7
RAPID CHEMISTRY KIT FOR COMPATIBILITY TESTING
Suggested Levels
Suggested Levels
Boron
5 mg/L
pH
4-9
Barium
40 mg/L
Iron
70 mg/L
Bacteria
2500 ATP
Sulfate
400 mg/L
Calcium
500 mg/L
Total
Suspended
Solids
5000
mg/L
Chloride
30,000 mg/L
Acidity
500 mg/L
Chemical Tested
Chemical Tested
• < 8 = Good
• 4-8 = Some filtration/mixing needed
• > 4 = Extensive filtration needed
8
Photo from LaMotte Corp.
WHY IS WATER CHEMISTRY IMPORTANT ?
• Interference with
friction reducers
• Chlorides (+)
• Calcium (+)
• Magnesium(+)
• Bacteria
• Clogs pores
• TSS/TDS
•Creates friction
•Scaling
• Hydration of
Crosslinker
•Boron
•Iron
•Sulfate
9
WATER REUSE IN COMPLETION ACTIVITIES
Flow Back
Cleaned
Flow back fluid and recycled fluid from Baaken: photo by SIONIX
•
Flow Back or
Produced Water
contains high
concentrations of a
variety of ions
•
Kit can determine
water compatibility
for operations
•
Pre and post
cleaning chemical
levels
10
SCALING TENDENCIES
1. Scaling: Oil and gas recovery reduction due to the formation of typical scales
such as sulfate salts of calcium, strontium, and barium.
Example Scaling Problem:
Assumptions:
Flowback water has 20 mg/L of Ba2+
Groundwater has 200 mg/L of SO42Temperature = 25 °C (at surface)
11
IMPORTANCE: CORROSION MANAGEMENT
Chemical
Corrosion
/Scaling
Equipment
Failures &
Environmental
Incidents
Microbial
Influenced
Corrosion
12
Duncan, K.E, Perez-Ibarra, B.M., Jenneman, G., Harris, J.B., Webb, R., Sublette,K. 2013. The effect of corrosion inhibitors on microbial
communities associated with corrosion in a model flow cell system. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 98:907-918.
WHY IS WATER BIOLOGY IMPORTANT?
Microbes in the water
column:
Planktonic
Microbes attached to
surface:
Sessile
Attachment
Cell-to-cell
adhesion
Growth
Matures & Releases
13
Davis Lab: http://www.binghamton.edu/biology/faculty/davies/research.htm
Baldwin, P., Mulliniks, B., 2015. Chemical-Free Bacteria Neutralization and In-Field Testing. (emailed copy prior to publication at a conference).
9 MAJOR MICROBIAL INFLUENCED CORROSION
GROUPS
(SRB) Sulfate-reducing
(TRB) Thiosulfate-reducing
(NRB) Nitrate-reducing
(APB) Acid-producing
(IRB) Iron-reducing
Methanogens
(SuRB) Sulfite-producing
(SPB) Slime-producing
(IOB) Iron-oxidizing
Note: (SPB) also classified as (EPS) Extra
14
polymeric substance producing
Sherman, S., Brownlee, D., kakadjian, SPE,S., Luft, B., Trican Well Service Ltd. 2014. Microbial Influenced Corrosion of Coil Tubing Milling Strings in the Eagle
Ford Shale. No. IPTC-18032-MS. International Petroleum Technology Conference, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (2014).
MOBILE MONITORING OPTIONS
Molecular
Technology
Ease of Use
Testing
Time (min)
Portability
Accuracy
Microbial
Activity
Tested
Cost per
Test
ATP
LuminUltra
Easy
5
Very Good
Good
All (viable &
nonviable)
$7
Bactiquant
Moderate
11
Very Good
Good
All (viable
only)
$20
QuickChek
SRB
Moderate
10
Very Good
OK
SRB (viable &
nonviable)
$14
Rapid-B
Flow
Cytometer
Easy
3
Benchtop
Based
Very Good
All (viable
only)
$20
Bug Bottles
Easy
5-7 days
Benchtop
Based
OK
Specific to
Media (viable
only)
$0.60
15
http://www.hach.com/quick.search-quick.search.jsa?keywords=ATP+LuminUltra http://www.modernwater.com/monitoring/by-industry/oil-and-gas
(Victor Pena Sales Account Manager)
http://www.mycometer.com/ http://www.biotechnologysolutions.com/
http://www.pcbdservices.com/technology/oil-and-gas.php
MMM’S IN USE AT ENCANA FIELD SITE,
PERMIAN BASIN
Rapid-B Flow Cytometer
Bactiquant
ATP LuminUltra
16
Industry Standard
Bug Bottles
COMPARISON BETWEEN KIT AND LAB ANALYSIS
Concentration (mg/L)
100,000
10,000
1,000
100
10
1
Chloride
Iron
Alkalinity
Calcium
Conductivity, mS/cm
Turbidity, FAU
TSS, lab
pH
Acidity
Note: Boron, Barium and Sulfate were below MDL of the field kit; TDS was above the detection
17
limit
(Results of water chemistry analyses for “Earlyne SWD 2/25/15” performed with field water test kit)
LETS REVIEW: RAPID CHEMISTRY KIT FOR
COMPATIBILITY TESTING
The main purpose of our kit is to:
•Only takes 1 hour to complete all the tests
•Identify ‘good’ and ‘bad’ water on site
•Less than 5% error compared to certified lab
•Provide a reasonable estimate of contamination levels
•Less than $20 to complete all tests
As a result of using our kit, you should see a reduction in:
•Less down time on rig site
•Fresh water needed for completion activities
•Expenses related to water purchase
•Tensions between local communities and production
companies
Time
Money
$$
18
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Michael Irlbeck
Mika Bradford & The Vivione FieldTeam
Jennifer Fichter
Ecolyse Field Scientists
David Burnett & The GPRI Team
Dr. Lee Clapp; Environmental Engineering
Dr. Lucy Camacho; Environmental Engineering
Research Partnership to Secure Energy
for America
19
QUESTIONS?
20