Crisis and Absolutism in Europe (1550 * 1715)
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Crisis and Absolutism in Europe (1550 – 1715) Europe in Crisis: The Wars of Religion • • • • Spain’s Conflicts Spain’s Militant Catholicism By 1560 – Calvinism and Catholicism Spain • King Phillip II • Son of Charles V • Ferdinand I • • • • • Phillip will inherit - Milan, Naples, Sicily, the Netherlands, all of Spain 1556 to 1598 Spain had expelled all of its Jews and Muslims “The Most Catholic” King Phillip Resistance from the Netherlands • • • • • Spanish Netherlands nobles of the Netherlands Calvinism Dutch – William the Silent, the Prince of Orange United Provinces of the Netherlands Europe in Crisis: The Wars of Religion • Protestantism in England • • • • • Elizabeth Tudor 1558 Queen Mary Tudor (Bloody Mary) Repealed the laws favoring Catholics New Act of Supremacy Church of England • Foreign Policy under Elizabeth • Moderate foreign policy • Defeat of the Spanish Armada • 1588 – Phillip II - Spanish Armada • Spanish Empire • Spain • Power had shifted to the French and the English Europe in Crisis: The Wars of Religion • The French Wars of Religion (1562 – 1598) • Huguenots • • • • The French kings French Protestants influenced by John Calvin Ultra-Catholics Religion • Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes • • • • • Catholics vs. Huguenots 1589 – Henry of Navarre - Henry IV Catholic France 1594 Edict of Nantes Social Crisis, War, and Revolution Social Crisis, War, and Revolution • Crises in Europe • Economic and Social Crises • 1560 – 1650 • inflation • Growing population • Spain • Italy • Population • Growth • 60 million in the 1500’s to 85 million in 1600 • The Witchcraft Trials • Village culture • The inquisition • Common people and women • 1650 Social Crisis, War, and Revolution • The Thirty Years’ War • Germany • Peace of Augsburg in 1555 • Causes of the War • Religion • Political and territorial • 1618 – in the Holy Roman Empire • Catholics • Protestants • Denmark, Sweden, France and Spain • France, directed by Catholic Cardinal Richelieu • Effects of the War • All European nations • The Peace of Westphalia • 1648 • Sweden, France and their allies new territories • Sweden’s control of the Baltic Sea • Divided the Holy Roman Empire • The Holy Roman Empire Social Crisis, War, and Revolution • Revolutions in England • English Revolution • Struggle between king and parliament • The Stuarts and Divine Right • Queen Elizabeth I died in 1603 • The Stuart line • James I of England • The Devine Right of Kings • Parliament • • • • • The Puritans (Protestants in England inspired by Calvinist ideas) Many of England’s gentry, Charles I 1628 – Parliament passed the Petition of Right Puritans Social Crisis, War, and Revolution • Civil War and Commonwealth • 1642 – Civil War • Cavaliers or Royalists • Roundheads • Oliver Cromwell • New Model Army • Independents • Cromwell will purge Parliament • Rump Parliament • Charles I executed on January 30, 1649 • Abolish the monarchy and the House of Lords • Commonwealth • Cromwell set up a military dictatorship Social Crisis, War, and Revolution • The Restoration • • • • Cromwell - 1658 George Monk Charles II, son of Charles I Restoration of the Stuart Monarchy • Restoration period • Parliament • Consent to taxation was accepted • Charles II • Catholics – his brother James • Will suspend the laws • Charles II will convert to Catholicism • Parliament • Strong anti-Catholic beliefs will pass: The Test Act • James II • • • • 1685 Catholic Conflict between the king and Parliament Parliament objected to these but stop short of a rebellion • • Mary and Anne Parliament got nervous Social Crisis, War, and Revolution • The Glorious Revolution • • • • William of Orange Daughter of James II, Mary Louis XIV – Catholic king of France November of 1688 - Torbay • “Bloodless revolution” • The Glorious Revolution • 1689 – Parliament will offer the throne to William and Mary • The Bill of Rights • make laws and to levy taxes/consent to raise an army/ the right to keep arms and trial by jury • governmental system based on the rule of law and freely elected parliament • Laid the foundation for a limited or constitutional monarchy • Toleration Act of 1689 • Divine-Right Theory • Parliament Response to Crisis: Absolutism Response to Crisis: Absolutism • France Under Louis XIV • Absolutism • Ruler holds total power • Divine-right of kings • Reign of Louis XIV • Best example of absolutism • Richelieu and Mazarin • 50 years before Louis XIV • Louis XIII and Louis XIV • Cardinal Richelieu • Louis III chief minister • Huguenots • Network of spies • Cardinal Mazarin • Louis XIV • Chief minister Response to Crisis: Absolutism • Louis Comes to Power • • • Mazarin dies in 1661 • Louis XIV • The Bourbon Dynasty • Sun King Government and Religion • The royal court at Versailles 3 purposes: • Household • Chief offices • Powerful people • High nobles and royal princes • “ I had no intention of sharing my authority with them” • Local level Religion • Anti-Protestant policy • The Economy and War • • • • Finances were crucial to Louis XIV Jean-Baptiste Colbert • Controller-general of finances • mercantilism • Decrease imports and increase exports • Granted subsidies to new industries • Built roads and canals Louis built an army that numbered 400,000 during times of war • Four wars between 1667 – 1713 Legacy of Louis XIV • 1715 – the Sun King dies • Left France with debt and a lot of enemies • Told his great-grandson Response to Crisis: Absolutism • Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe • After the 30 Year’s War • Emergence of Prussia • • • • • Fredrick William the Great Elector 40,000 men – 4th largest in Europe The War Commissariat Junkers 1701 – Fredrick Williams son Fredrick I becomes king • The New Austrian Empire • • • • • Austrian Hapsburgs Austria, Czech Republic and Hungary Turks in Vienna in 1683 Hungary, Transylvania, Croatia, and Slavonia – Hapsburgs had a new empire The archduke of Austria, King of Bohemia, and King of Hungary Response to Crisis: Absolutism • Peter the Great • 15th century in Muscovy and its Grand Dukes • Ivan IV - Czar (Caesar) • Boyars - Ivan the Terrible • 1598 • Time of Troubles • Romanov Dynasty • • • • National Assembly (Zemsky Sobor) Michael Romanov Romanov Dynasty will last until 1917 Peter the Great • • • • Czar in 1689 Absolutist Monarch Westernize or Europeanize Russia 1725 • Cultural Changes and a New Capital • Western customs • Baltic Sea • St. Petersburg • Military and Governmental Changes • Peter • To effectively govern Russia he will divide Russia into provinces • • “Police State” “According to these orders act, act, act. I won’t write more, but you will pay with your head if you interpret orders again” The World of European Culture The World of European Culture • Art After the Renaissance • Mannerism • Religious tension and upheaval • The artistic Renaissance • The Reformation • Mannerism: • Balance, harmony and moderation • Rules of proportion were ignored • Italy • El Greco “The Greek” • Books on art • Paintings The World of European Culture • The Baroque Period • Baroque • • • • Adopted by the Catholic Reform movement Classical ideas of the Renaissance and religious revival Baroque = search for power Gina Lorenzo Bernini • Italian architect and sculptor • Saint Peter’s Basilica in Rome • Throne of St. Peter • Caravaggio • Baroque style artist • Artemisia Gentileschi • • • • Female artist Florentine Academy of Design Portrait painter Old Testament heroines • Peter Paul Rubens • Flanders – The Spanish Netherlands • Painted a variety of genres • Best known for painting the human form in action The World of European Culture • Golden Age of Literature • England’s Shakespeare • 1580 – 1640 • The Elizabethan Period • Drama • William Shakespeare • 1592 • The Globe to the Blackfriars • Playwright, actor and leader of Lord Chamberlain’s Men • Spain’s Cervantes and Vega • Miguel de Cervantes • Don Quixote • Don Quixote of La Mancha • Sancho Panza • value of both perspectives • Theater • Lope de Vega • Spanish playwright • Witty, charming, action packed and realistic • The World of European Culture • Political Thought • Thomas Hobbes • Leviathan (1651 • • • • • “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short” Social contract and agreed to form a state “ the great Leviathan to which we owe our peace and defense” Absolute ruler Absolute power was needed to preserve order in society • John Locke • Two Treatises of Government – (1679-80) • • • • • • He argues against the absolute rule of one person Natural State - state of equality and freedom Natural Rights - life, liberty and property Problems did exist Government The contract • • • • Government would protect the rights of the people The people would act reasonably towards the government If the government broke the contract People – landholding aristocracy – not the landless masses
