2014 United History Semester 1 Test Review Jamestown • The first permanent English settlement in North America, started as a business venture to sell raw materials back to England • Tobacco- this cash crop saved Jamestown and made the colony of Virginia wealthy. Tabaco cultivation was labor intensive and made the Virginia agricultural economy dependent on slavery. House of Burgesses • The first legislative assembly in North America, it represents the first form of self-government in the colonies. Powhatan • Native Americans who lived for centuries in Virginia. • English colonist forced them from their land and used it for Tobacco growing. • These actions led many Powhatan’s to flee Virginia and established bad relations between colonists and Native Americans Bacon’s Rebellion • A revolt by the poor English colonist and slaves against the wealthy in Jamestown. • The rebels wanted better protection and action taken against the Native Americans so poorer colonists could have Native American land. Development of Slavery • Begun in 1619 in the colony of Virginia to replace indentured servants • African slaves are thought to be better equipped to handle the work and heat of the plantation system • Part of the Columbian Exchange New England Colonies • Established by the Puritans to escape religious persecution in England • Religion- Puritans did not tolerate religions that did not follow their teachings. • In 1686 the entire region was combined into one colony because the King believed they were not following Parliament, becomes the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Rhode Island and the Salem Witch Trials • Roger Williams- founder of Rhode Island, he founds colony under the ideas of religious freedom and peaceful relations with Native Americans • Salem Witch Trials- caused by the oppression of women, and hardline Puritan views on the world, over 25 people are killed or jailed for witchcraft without any proof. King Phillip’s War • Led by Metacom (King Phillip), Native Americans attack the Puritans over the loss of their land • Brutal war with massacres on both sides • This ended Native American control of New England Half-Way Covenant • This provided half-way membership in the Puritan church to the children of church members • Church leaders hoped this would get more of the children to join the Puritan church Town Hall Meetings • Mainly in New England in small towns • White males 21 and over who owned property voted on political issues for each town • Helps form the idea of political representation in the colonies Mid-Atlantic Colonies • Originally not a part of the English colonies • Controlled by the Dutch • Separated the English Northern and Southern colonies New York • Originally settled by the Dutch and called New Amsterdam • England takes this colony without a single shot and renames it New York • New York became the center for trade in the America’s. Pennsylvania • Founded by William Penn a Quaker • This colony was tolerant of all religions • The colony of Delaware will split from Pennsylvania Quebec • Founded by the French, claims all of inner North America west of the colonies • Leads to the founding of New Orleans and the territory of Louisiana • French have better relations with Native Americans Mercantilism • Is the economic theory that a mother country needs large supplies of silver and gold to be rich. • Gold/Silver- acquired by selling manufactured goods. • Colonies in mercantilism provided raw materials for manufacturing and bought the finished products. The Columbian Exchange • The large scale exchange of plants, people, diseases, and animals between the Old World and the New World • Sometimes referred to as the Triangle Trade. Middle Passage/African Culture • The 90-120 day voyage African slaves endured from Africa to the America’s. • Millions died from disease and starvation during the voyage • African dance and music maintained under slavery, differing cultures blend together in the America’s The Great Awakening • Great Awakening- religious movement of the 1730’s and 1740’s. It is different because of its passion. • Begun as an attack on the Puritan Church, challenges all religious authority French and Indian War • War between France and Great Britain over the control of North America, Britain wins • This war bankrupted Great Britain, they need money to pay for it, TAXES • They believed the colonists should pay for it since it was over the colonies in North America Proclamation of 1763 • Law passed that banned colonists from moving west beyond the Appalachian Mountains • Passed to prevent further wars with Native Americans • This angered colonists and is one reason for the American Revolution Stamp Act • A tax on all printed materials passed by Great Britain they need this symbol to show they paid the tax • Passed to help pay for the French-Indian War Sons of Liberty • This group of Patriots was formed in 1765 and urged colonial resistance to the Stamp Act using any means available… even violence. • Committees of Correspondence- formed to resist the new taxes passed by Great Britain Boston Tea Party • Colonists dumped tons of tea into Boston Harbor to protest the Stamp Act Intolerable Acts • A series of laws passed to punish the colonists for the Boston Tea Party • This led to increased anger against Britain and the First Continental Congress Thomas Paine • Wrote Common Sense, an argument that said it just made common sense for the colonists to revolt against King George John Locke • He believed in natural rights- “life, liberty, and property” • He influenced Thomas Jefferson and the Declaration of Independence Montesquieu • He believed in the idea that government should have three parts- Legislative, Executive, and Judicial • His writings influenced the writing of the Constitution and creation of the United States government Declaration of Independence • Written primarily by Thomas Jefferson, he was influenced by John Locke’s ideas (natural rights) in 1776 • It declares the reasons why the colonists will revolt and invokes the ideas of Social Contract. Benjamin Franklin • He represents the idea of social mobility (you can start poor and become rich or important) in America • He becomes the ambassador to France during the American Revolution and convinces them to support the colonists during the war • American Statesman/signed the Constitution/Founding Father The American Revolution • This was the first successful colonial independence movement against a European power, England 1775-1783. • Great Britain vs. American colonies George Washington • Commander of the Continental Army • His leadership skills held the army together during the war • Started a training program to turn the colonial militia into the Continental Army (professional). Marquis de Lafayette • French soldier and friend of Washington • He trained the soldiers at Valley Forge turning them into a well trained fighting force • He helped Washington beat the British at Yorktown Valley Forge • Washington led his troops here for the Winter of 1777, becomes a symbol of sacrifice for a cause • The Continental Army under Lafayette train and emerge stronger and better prepared to fight the British Crossing the Delaware • Turning point of the American Revolution, Washington leads his men on a surprise attack of the Hessian soldiers • Washington wins at Trenton and Princeton, boosted the morale of the colonists fighting in the Revolution Lord Cornwallis • Leader of the British forces during the American Revolution • He will surrender to Washington after the Battle of Yorktown Battle of Yorktown • Final battle of the American Revolution, French and American forces trapped the British with no where to run • Treaty of Paris 1783- This officially ended the American Revolution and gave the United States territory all the way to the Mississippi River. Articles of Confederation • First constitution of the United States • Weakness- didn’t have a legislative or executive branch of government, represented the colonists fear of a strong national government • National Government could nottax, regulate commerce, or print money Northwest Ordinance • This provided an organized way for a territory to become a state • The one successful item accomplished under the Articles of Confederation Shays’ Rebellion • Uprising of farmers in Massachusetts in 1786, feared losing land due to taxes • Showed the weakness of the federal government without the ability to tax it couldn’t fix the economy • Led to the calling of the Constitutional Convention Constitutional Convention • Held at Independence Hall in Philadelphia,1787. • Goal- create a plan for a more powerful national government and revise the Articles of Confederation. • Outcome wrote the Constitution Great Compromise • This deal used parts of Virginia Plan and New Jersey Plan • Created bicameral Congress with one house based on population (House of Representatives) and one giving equal representation to every state (Senate). Slavery and the Constitution • Three-Fifths Compromiseagreement to count slaves as 3/5 a white person for representation in the government • Slavery was allowed o continue under the Constitution for 20 more years Federalist Papers • Written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay • They argued that a strong government was needed to protect the Union Anti-Federalist • They opposed the adoption of the Constitution without a Bill of Rights to protect the freedoms of Americans against the federal government. Bill of Rights • The first ten amendments of the Constitution • These amendments guarantee the rights of individuals and protects those rights from the government