Interactive questions. Test 7: Genetics

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INTERACTIVE

MULTIPLE CHOICE

QUESTIONS

Genetics

The answers are provided.

Explanations of why the alternatives are unsatisfactory are also offered

These multiple choice questions are similar to the ones set by the GCSE and IGCSE Examination Boards except that, in some cases, there may be more than one acceptable answer

For this reason, even if you select a correct answer at your first attempt, it is worth looking at all the alternatives

(a) to see if there is a better answer and

(b) to see why some of the alternatives are unacceptable

Question 1

A father’s blood group is AB ; the mother’s is O .

Which of the following blood groups could appear in their offspring?

(a) A

(b) B

(c) AB

(d) O

Question 2

Yes

The father’s genome must be i A i B

The mother’s genome will be i O i O

The combination i A i O is possible and will be expressed as group A because i A is the dominant allele

Yes

The father’s genome must be i A i B

The mother’s genome will be i O i O

The combination i B i O is possible and will be expressed as group B because i B is the dominant allele

No

The father’s genome must be i A i B

The mother’s genome will be i O i O

The offspring will all inherit either i A or i B from their father and i O from their mother. Their genomes will be either i A i O (expressed as group A ) or i B i O ( expressed as

Group B. Group AB is not possible

No

The father’s genome must be i A i B

The mother’s genome will be i O i O

The offspring will all inherit either i A or i B from their father and i O from their mother. Their genomes will be either i A i O or i B i O.

The alleles i A and i B are both dominant to i O so group O is not possible

Question 2

A pure-breeding male black mouse is mated with a female brown mouse and they produce a litter of 12. The allele for black fur is dominant to the allele to brown fur.

What is the expected distribution of colour and sex in their litter?

(a) 6 brown females and 6 black males

(b) 9 black and 3 brown, all male

(c) 6 black males and 6 black females

(d) 12 black males

Question 3

No

The pure-breeding male’s genome must be BB and the brown mouse’s genome must be bb . The allele for black fur is dominant over the brown allele. Therefore all the offspring will be black ( Bb ) gametes

Black

Brown male female b

B B

Bb Bb b bB bB

No

As explained in the previous slide, the allele for black fur is dominant to the brown allele, so there can be no brown mice in the litter from this cross gametes

Black

Brown male female b

B B

Bb Bb b bB bB

Yes

Inheritance of colour is explained in the first answer. The male mouse carries the X and Y chromosomes. The female mouse carries two X chromosomes. At meiosis, only one of each chromosome pair goes to the gametes.

gametes

Black

Brown male female bX

BX BY

BbXX BbXY bX bBXX bBXY

No

Certainly all 12 mice will be black as explained in the first answer, but the sex is inherited as explained in the third answer, so the expectation is that there will be 6 males and 6 females in the litter

Question 3

A male heterozygous black mouse ( Bb ) is mated with a female heterozygous black mouse ( Bb ) and the litter consists of 12 pups. B is the allele for the black colour. The allele for brown colour is b . The dominant allele is B . Which of these ratios is closest to the expected ratio for the distribution of colour among the offspring?

(a) All black

(b) 6 black and 6 brown

X

(c) 4 black and eight brown

(d) 8 black and 4 brown

Question 4

Not very close

From the Punned square you can see that the expected ratio is 3 black ( BB or Bb ) to 1 brown ( bb ) gametes B b

B b

BB Bb

Bb bb

These are only the chance combinations. It would be possible to produce 12 black pups, since ‘black’ is the dominant allele but this is not close to the expected ratio

Not very close

From the Punnett square you can see that the expected ratio is 3 black ( BB or Bb ) to 1 brown ( bb ) gametes

B b

B b

BB Bb

Bb bb

These are only the chance combinations. It would be possible to produce 6 black and 6 brown pups but this is not very close to the expected ratio of 9:3

Close but …

From the Punnett square you can see that the expected ratio is 3 black ( BB or Bb ) to 1 brown ( bb ) gametes B b

B BB Bb b Bb bb

These are only the chance combinations. A combination of 4 black to 8 brown is close to the expected ratio of 3:9 but since black is the dominant allele it seems to be the wrong way round

The closest

From the Punnett square you can see that the expected ratio is 3 black ( BB or Bb ) to 1 brown ( bb ) gametes B b

B b

BB Bb

Bb bb

These are only the chance combinations. A combination of 8 black to 4 brown is closest to the expected ratio of 9:3

Question 4 a b d e

The diagrams represent stages in cell division by mitosis. (only one chromosome is represented). What is the correct sequence of events?

(a) a b c d e

( b ) b a c e d

(c) b a d c e

(d) d b a c e

Question 5 c

No

The chromosomes shorten and thicken ( b ) after they have appeared in the nucleus ( b ). Similarly at the end of cell division, the chromosomes extend and become less visible ( d ) after the cell divides ( e )

Yes

This is the correct sequence

No

The cell does not start to divide ( d ) until the chromatids have separated ( c ). Also, cell constriction ( e ) precedes cell division ( d )

No

Cell division (d) does not take place until the chromatids have appeared (b) and separated (c). Also, cell constriction (e) precedes cell division (d)

Question 5

The process of cell division by meiosis takes place only…

(a) in skin cells

(b) in red bone marrow

(c) in reproductive organs

(d) in lymphocytes

Question 6

No

Although the cells in the basal layer of skin divide rapidly, it is by mitosis

No

Cells in the red bone marrow divide rapidly to produce red and white blood cells, but this is by mitosis

Yes

The cells in the reproductive organs which produce gametes will undergo a meiotic division and produce haploid gametes

No

The lymphocytes are capable of dividing rapidly to produce clones of cells but this involves only mitosis

Question 6

In a DNA molecule, which of the molecules listed below pairs with a denine ?

(a) thymine

(b) guanine

(c) valine

(d) cytosine

Question 7

Yes adenine thymine

No

Guanine pairs with cytosine guanine cytosine

No

Valine is an amino acid and not an organic base

No

Cytosine pairs with guanine cytosine guanine

Question 7

If L is the allele for long hair and l is the allele for short hair,

B is the allele for black hair and b is the allele for white hair,

S is the allele for straight hair and s is the allele for curly hair

What will be the phenotype for a small dog with the genotype LLBbss ?

(a) Long, white, straight fur

(b) Short, black, straight fur

(c) Long, white, curly fur

(d) Long, black, curly fur

Question 8

No

The allele for black fur is dominant to the allele for white fur

No

The dog carries both dominant alleles for long hair

No

The dog is heterozygous for the colour gene, but the allele for black fur is dominant to the allele for white fur

Yes

The dog is homozygous recessive for the curly allele, homozygous dominant for hair length and heterozygous for the colour gene but the black allele is dominant

Question 8

Bacteria can be genetically modified to produce human insulin. The steps involve …

(a) cutting out the insulin gene from human

DNA with restriction enzymes,

(b) extracting plasmids from the bacterium,

(c) returning the modified plasmid to the bacterium,

(d) inserting the insulin gene into the plasmid,

(e) cutting open the plasmid with the same restriction enzyme

Which of the following is the correct sequence?

(1) e, b, d, a, c

(2) b, c, e, a, d

(3) b, e, a, d, c

(4) b, d, e, a, c

Question 9

No

The plasmids cannot be cut open (e) until they are extracted from the bacterium (b)

No

The insulin gene must be inserted in the plasmid (d) before it is returned to the bacterium (c)

Yes

This is the correct sequence b, a, e, d, c would also be acceptable because the restriction enzyme can cut the plasmid DNA and human

DNA in any order

No

The plasmid DNA must be opened (e) before the insulin gene can be inserted (d)

Question 9

Before natural selection can take place in an animal, there has to be either …

(a) a gene mutation or

(b) a change of habitat or

(c) a gene recombination or

(d) a climate change

Question 10

Yes

A gene mutation which caused a change in the organism could be subject to natural selection

No

A change of habitat might favour a variation resulting from a genetic change, such as a mutation, but selection could not result from an organism simply changing its habitat

Yes

A new combination of genes could produce a variation that had a selective advantage

No

A climate change might favour some variants in a population but could not, itself, produce those variants.

There has to be a genetic change for the climate change to act upon

Question 10

Which of the following can be inherited?

(a) Cystic fibrosis

(b) AIDS

(c) Sickle cell disease

(d) Tuberculosis

Yes

Cystic fibrosis is caused by a gene mutation. The gene controls the movement of salts and water into and out of the cells. The mutated form of the gene causes thick mucus to be secreted by the lungs, airways and pancreas, plus many other symptoms. The

mutated gene is recessive to the normal gene..

No

AIDS is caused by a virus, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The virus is transmitted by sexual intercourse or by infected syringe needles.

An infected mother may pass the disease on to her baby, so the disease may, superficially, appear to be inherited

Yes

Sickle cell anaemia is caused by a mutation in a gene controlling the composition of haemoglobin. This mutation causes the red cells to become distorted in low oxygen concentrations and so block small blood vessels.

The mutated gene is recessive to the normal gene

No

Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by a bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The bacteria are carried in the air.

In most cases, the disease affects the lungs.

End of questions

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