Immigrants flock to America.
• As the population moved westward, many new
states in the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains
were added to the Union. By the early 20th
century, all the states that make up the continental
United States, from Atlantic to Pacific had been
admitted.
Immigrants flock to America.
Immigrants flock to America.
• Immigrants made valuable contributions to the
dramatic industrial growth of America during this
period. Chinese and Irish workers helped to build the
Transcontinental Railroad (will connect at Promontory
Point, Utah), which helped influence the West Coast
the most. Irish Immigrants worked in textile and steel
mills in the Northeast, the clothing industry in New
York City, and Slavs, Italians, and Poles worked in the
coalmines of the East. They often worked for very low
pay and in dangerous working conditions to help build
the nation’s industrial strength.
Promontory Point, Utah
• Immigrants began the process of
assimilation into what was termed
the American “melting pot.” While
often settling in ethnic
neighborhoods in the growing
cities, they and their children
worked hard to learn English,
adopt American customs, and
become American citizens. The
public schools served an essential
role in the process of assimilating
immigrants into American society.
• Mounting resentment
led Congress to limit
immigration, through
the Chinese
Exclusion Act of
1882 and Immigration
Restriction Act of
1921. These laws are
Nativism, which is
discrimination
against immigrants.
• Jane Addams
founded the Hull
House in Chicago. It
was a settlement
house to help
immigrants adjust to
life in the city and to
help the poor.
• Immigrants made valuable contributions to the
dramatic industrial growth of America during this
period. Chinese workers helped to build the
Transcontinental Railroad, which help influenced
the West Coast the most . Immigrants worked in
textile and steel mills in the Northeast, the
clothing industry in New York City, and Slavs,
Italians, and Poles worked in the coalmines of the
East. They often worked for very low pay and in
dangerous working conditions to help build the
nation’s industrial strength.
• During this period,
immigrants from Europe
entered America through
Ellis Island in New York
harbor. Their first view of
America was often the
Statue of Liberty, standing
nearby, as their ships
arrived following the
voyage across the Atlantic.
• Immigrants will move in Dumbbell tenements that
are very small
Dumbbell
tenements
and very
that
dark.
areTenements are house
that share
very
small walls
and very
withdark.
other buildings and two
families normally
Tenements
are house
livedthat
on each floor.
share walls with other
buildings and two families
normally lived on each floor.
• Immigrants began the process of assimilation into
what was termed the American “melting pot.”
While often settling in ethnic neighborhoods in the
growing cities, they and their children worked hard
to learn English, adopts American customs, and
become American citizens. The public schools
served and essential role in the process of
assimilating immigrants into American society.
Jacob Riis was a Danish-born journalist who wrote
about the urban poor and how the immigrants
would live in ethnic neighborhood.
• Despite the valuable contributions immigrants
made to building America during this period,
immigrants often faced hardship and hostility.
There was fear and resentment that immigrants
would take jobs for lower pay than American
workers, and there was prejudice based on
religious and cultural differences.
• Mounting resentment
led Congress to limit
immigration, through
the Chinese Exclusion
Act of 1882 and
Immigration Restriction
Act of 1921. These
laws are Nativism,
which is discrimination
against immigrants.
Growth
There of
were
Cities
no fire escapes and no fire
the walls
were covered
• extinguishers.
As the nation’sSometimes
industrial growth
continued,
cities
in
newspaper
or Detroit,
fabric. Many
row houses
and
such
as Chicago,
Cleveland,
Pittsburgh,
smaller
built
wood and and
other
and Newtenements
York grewwere
rapidly
as with
manufacturing
flammable
materials.
Needless
to in
say
it was
transportation
centers.
Factories
the
largequite
cities
dangerous.
provided jobs, but workers’ families often lived
harsh conditions crowded into tenements and
slums. Tenements were apartment buildings with
small narrow apartments. Often they had no
windows and ventilation was poor.
SILVER
• Although the Comstock lode made men rich, the vast
amount of silver flowing out of Nevada depressed silver
prices worldwide to their lowest levels in history. There
was so much silver, in fact, that many countries (including
the US) debated whether or not silver should continue to
be money. This debate sent a chill wind up and down the
hills of Virginia City---if silver was demonetized the mines
would shut down and Virginia City would become a ghost
town. Congress had instituted the policy of Free Coinage
of Silver---any citizen could bring as much silver as he or
she wanted to into the Mint, and the government would
strike the silver into coins. But Nevada became a state in
1864 and its two senators would not let this happen. They
then set up a mint.
• The Carson City Mint was small, and even though
it was the closest Mint by far to the ore deposits, it
never produced huge numbers of silver dollars,
and many of the ones it did make were released
immediately into circulation in the west.
• Alas, the Comstock Lode played out---and Virginia
City did become a ghost town. With the flow of
silver from the mines reduced to a trickle, there
was no longer a need for a Mint in the area. Only a
few short years after it was established, the
Carson City Mint was closed forever.
Westward Movement
Westward Movement
• New technologies (for example, railroads, steel
plow, and windmills- that supply electricity for
isolated farmers) opened new lands in the West
for settlement and made farming more
prosperous. Refrigerated railroad cars help ship
cattle from Texas to Eastern markets. By the turn
of the century, the Great Plains and Rocky
Mountain regions of the American West was no
longer a mostly unsettled frontier, but was fast
becoming a region of farms, ranches, and towns.
Westward Movement
• The years immediately before and after the Civil
War were the era of the American cowboy, marked
by long cattle drives for hundreds of miles over
unfenced open land in the West, the only way to
get cattle to market.
Westward Movement
• The primary concerns of the Southern Farmers’
alliance were twofold:
Purchasing Issues. Southern farmers attempted
to band together to purchase equipment and
supplies in bulk for price breaks. This is an
example of a farmers’ cooperative.
Marketing Issues. Farm prices had been
declining since the early 1870s, which provoked
farmers' increasing resentment of middlemen's
fees. Impetus grew to discover ways to bypass
them.
Westward Movement
• African Americans have
fought in military conflicts
since colonial days.
However, the Buffalo
Soldiers, comprised of
former slaves, freemen and
Black Civil War soldiers,
were the first to serve
during peacetime.
Westward Movement
•• Once
the Westward
movement
hadapproximately
begun,
Throughout
the era of the
Indian Wars,
prominent
among
blazing
treacherous
trails
twenty percent
of thethose
U.S. Cavalry
troopers
were Black,
of
Wild
West
were
Buffalo Soldiers
of the
andthe
they
fought
over
177 the
engagements.
The combat
U.S.
Army.
Thesetenaciousness,
African Americans
were
charged
prowess,
bravery,
and looks
on the
with and responsible for escorting settlers, cattle
battlefield, inspired the Indians to call them "Buffalo
herds, and railroad crews. The 9th and 10th
Soldiers."
Many Indians
believe
the namecampaigns
symbolized the
Cavalry Regiments
also
conducted
Native
American's
respect
the Buffalo
Soldiers'
against
American
Indianfortribes
on a western
bravery
Buffalofrom
Soldiers,
down through
frontierand
thatvalor.
extended
Montana
in the the
years,
have worn
the name
pride.and Arizona in
Northwest
to Texas,
Newwith
Mexico,
the Southwest.
Politics and Economics
• Professor Down contributed the Standardize Time
Zones to help uniform travel time on the railroads.
• A problem faced by farmers was the outrageous
price charge by railroad companies to haul crops.
Politics and Economics
• A farm organization (the
Grange) elected candidates
and passed state laws to
control the railroads. The
railroads were guilty of
giving large rebates to large
companies and passing the
cost onto the farmers. A
rebate is a partial refund to
lower the rate of a good or
commodity.
• William Jennings Bryan is both the Populists’ and
Democrats’ candidate for President in 1896. Bryan
will deliver a speech denouncing The Gold
Standard known as “The Cross
of Gold” speech. The Democrats
want a monetary system based
on both gold and silver known
as Bimetallism—a monetary
system in which the government
would give citizens either gold
or silver in exchange for paper
currency or checks.
Technological change spurred growth of industry primarily in
northern cities.
Inventions/Innovations
• Corporation (limited liability)
1. Horizontal integration- is when business activity
involved the merger of the merger of two similar
companies.
Technological change spurred
growth of industry primarily in
northern cities.
Inventions/Innovations
• Corporation (limited liability)
2. Vertical Integration
is
where you own the resources,
transportation and the
manufacturing.
• Railroad companies’ boards often used the
practice of interlocking directorates, where
boards of directors have some members in
common, so that the corporations concerned are
more or less under the same control. This
ensures that everyone involved is going to make
money.
• Bessemer steel process a
cheaper and faster
production of Quality Steel
• Edwin Drake was the first
person to drill for Oil in the
US. He will do it in
Titusville Pennsylvania.
• Light bulb (Thomas Edison)
and electricity as a source
of power and light also he
invented the microphone,
and motion picture camera
• The Telephone was
invented by Alexander
Graham Bell
• George Westinghouse- he
will invent the air brakes
for railroad cars.
• Alexander Miles did not
invent the first elevator,
however, his design was
very important. Alexander
Miles improved the
method of the opening and
closing of elevator doors;
and he improved the
closing of the opening to
the elevator shaft when an
elevator was not on that
floor.
• Typewriters (Christopher
Sholes), which help, create
opportunities for women
in clerical jobs.
• Elias Howe invented the
sewing machine for the
textile industry.
Industrial Leaders Nickname: Robber Barons
• These leaders will use Social Darwinism, which justify
poverty, the success of Big Business, and the power of
Millionaire Businessmen to accumulate their great
wealth.
• Andrew Carnegie made his
fortune in the steel
industry (Carnegie steel).
He will write a book call
the THE GOSPEL OF
WEALTH that talk about
giving back to the
community .
• Morgan
Morgan's
In
At
J.P.1894,
the
Morgan
end
and
foreign
group
of(finance)
several
1894,
investors
figured
the
other
bought
U.S.
out a
became
gold
bankers
way
out Carnegie
to
reserve
sell
nervous
met
$62
plunged
with
Steel
million
that
President
and
from
the
in new
Populists
$100
Cleveland
gold-backed
formed
million
U.S.
would
in bonds
February
to
Steel.
$45
prevail
US.
without
million.
1895,
Steel
and In
inflate
early
the
Congressional
wasday
a1895,
holding
the
gold
money
gold
reserves
approval...and
company,
losses
supply,
dropped
which
reached
to
saved
which
onlythe
would
is$9
$2
agovernment...U.S.
million,
cooperation
million
causewith
per
their
day,
claims
dollar-denominated
and
of
gold
formed
$12
the
reserves
million
U.S.
to buy
government
rebounded
against
the stock
bonds
theof
back
to
lose
faced
gold.
over
other
value.
$100
Aacompanies
U.S.
crisis
million
European
government
not unlike
and
by June.
investors
thus
the
started
one
default
Despite
creates
thatselling
was
this
aforced
monopoly.
only
triumph,
bonds
several
a dayfor
Morgan
away.
Asian
gold
countries
and
physically
Rothschild,
to devalue
shipping
the two
their
the
gold to London.
currencies
syndicate
managers,
two years were
ago.
vilified in the press and by
Congress...
• John D. Rockefeller he was
a oil tycoon that found
Standard Oil. He will use
Horizontal integration to
achieve Standard Oil.
• Cornelius Vanderbilt - will
be one the leaders of the
consolidation of railroad
lines. His family is
generous with their wealth
Reasons for economic transformation
• Government policies of laissez-faire capitalism which is no
restrictions on business and special considerations (e.g.,
land grants to railroad builders) The Republican party will
support this philosophy
• The increasing labor supply (from immigration and
migration from farms)
• America’s possession of a wealth of natural resources
and navigable rivers
Presidents and their roles
Goal 5
• President
The UnionUlysses
Pacific Railroad
S. Grant was
leading the
Company
created
UntiedaStates
during one ofcompany
construction
the mostand
corrupt
time in
gives
it contracts,
our nation.atThe
twice
time
the
was thecost.
actual
Gilded
Whisky
Age were
Ring
things look
Scandal;
thisgood
will on
happen
the
surface but
because
members
below there
of Grants
was
corruption, Mark
Administration
will
Twain
file false
coined
tax
on income
earn by
thisreturns
term. During
Grant’s
Administration
the
sell of Whisky.
the Credit
Mobilier Scandal happened.
Goal 5
• President Hayes started to
reform the government by
instituting the civil service
system. This help to slow
down the corrupt practice of
Patronage. That is were
politicians appointed
nonqualified people to
government job.
Goal 5
• President Garfield will be shot
and killed by a person who he
rejects for a government job.
This will lead to passage of the
Pendleton Act, which created
a Merit System for those
people wanting Federal
Government jobs.
Goal 5
• Grover Cleveland is a
democrat who will serve two
nonconsecutive terms as
president. Republican
Benjamin Harrison will run
twice times against Grover
Cleveland and win . Cleveland
will receive support from the
Mugwumps who were
Republican reformers. He also
will help ended the Pullman
strike.
Goal 5
• William McKinley will become
president on monetary system
base on Gold. He will face
William Jennings Bryan in the
Election of 1896. Bryan is
both the Populists and
Democrats Candidate for
President. The Democrats
want a monetary system base
on both gold and silver known
as Bimetallism.