Chapter 6 Review
A) Classical Conditioning: training a subject
to have a response they usually have with
a stimuli to a neutral stimuli
1. Unconditioned stimulus
- Stimulus that has causes an
automatic response
- Example food
2. Conditioned stimulus
- Stimulus that you are trying to
teach a subject to have an
unnatural response towards.
- Example bell
3. Unconditioned response
- Natural response
- Example salivation towards food
4. Conditioned response
- Unnatural response
- Salivation towards bell
5. Trial
- Pairing of Unconditioned stimulus
to Conditioned Stimulus
6. Acquisition
- Initial stage of learning
7. 3 types of classical conditioning
- Simultaneous: CS and US begin &
end together
- Short-delayed: CS begins just
before the UC and then they both
end at the same time
- Trace: CS begins and ends before
you present US
8. Extinction
- Response to stimuli goes away
with time
9. Spontaneous recovery
- When response has been extinct
but randomly comes back
10. Stimulus generalization
- Begin to group similar stimuli to
the one that causes a response
11. Discrimination
- Do not feel response to this
stimulus because it is not the same
as the stimuli that initially
provoked response.
12. Higher order conditioning
- CS is not US and new stimuli is
presented as CS and now response
is generated with just the new CS.
13. Taste Aversions
- When your body creates a
nauseous feeling towards a taste
or smell as a survival mechanism.
B) Operant Conditioning: training someone
to change their behavior by using
rewards and punishments
1. Law of effect
- If a response in the presence of a
stimulus leads to satisfying effects,
the association between stimulus
and response is strengthened.
2. Positive reinforcement
- A positive response is followed by
a positive stimuli
- Trying to have them repeat their
response
3. Negative reinforcement
- A positive response is followed by
removing a negative stimuli
- Trying to have them repeat their
response
4. Skinner box
- Be familiar with the skinner box
experiment
5. Shaping
- Trying to get the desired response
so you guide them to perform the
response you are looking for
6. Extinction
As reinforces stop so does the
behavior
7. Discrimination
- Cues that influence operant
behavior by indicating the
probable consequences of a
response
8. Delayed reinforcement
- Reinforcement that is not given
immediately
- Slower conditioning
9. Primary reinforcement
- Biological reinforcement
- Needs
- Example: water, food, sex
10. Secondary reinforcement
- Wants
- Example: money, grades, praise
- Those reinforcements that may be
used to trade for something else
can also be known as generalized
reinforcers if they are being more
specific. Example: money
11. Ratio schedules
- Deals with how many times you
decide to give a reinforcement
- Fixed: giving a reinforcement after
a fixed number or non-reinforced
responses (exact)
- Variable: giving a reinforcement
after a variable number of nonreinforced responses
(approximate)
- Most resistant to extinction
12. Interval schedules
- Deals with how much time
between responses that you decide
to give reinforcement
- Fixed: reinforcing the first
response that occurs after a fixed
time interval has elapsed
- Variable: giving the reinforcement
for the first response after a
variable time interval has elapsed.
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13. Continuous reinforcement
- Continuously reinforcing the
response
14. Intermittent reinforcement
- Reinforcing sometimes
15. Punishment
- Negative response is followed by a
negative stimuli
- Trying to stop the response from
happening again
- Most effective when punishment is
delivered right after the behavior
16. Over justification effect
- States how individuals will feel
toward performing certain tasks is
determined by whether they are
intrinsically or extrinsically
motivated to perform the task.
- You first behaved in a particular
way b/c you enjoyed it (intrinsic)
but you believe you are doing it for
the reward (extrinsic). If your
extrinsic reward decreases you
stop enjoying the behavior b/c you
do not have something to justify it
with.
17. Chaining:
- Subjects who are taught a number
of responses successively in order
to get a reward
18. Premack principle
- whichever of two activities is
preferred can be used to reinforce
the activity that is not preferred.
Example: if Peter likes apples but
does not like to practice for his
piano lesson, his mother could use
apples to reinforce practicing the
piano.
C) Observational Learning: being trained or
taught by observing. Sometimes we
observe someone taking part in operant
conditioning and we mimic their actions
1. Attention
- To learn through observation you
must pay attention
2. Retention
- Must store mental representation
of what you’ve witnessed in your
memory
3. Reproduction
- Enacting a modeled response
depends on your ability. (cannot
mimic response if you do not have
the ability to do so)
4. Motivation
- Unlikely to produce response
unless you are motivated.
5. feral children
- a human child who has lived
isolated from human contact from
a very young age and has no
experience of human care, social
behavior, and human language
D) Names
1. Ivan Pavlov
- Classical conditioning
- Known for his experiment
2. John Garcia
- Taste aversions
- Know the sheep and coyote
experiment
3. John B. Watson
- Little albert
- Behaviorism
- Nature vs nuture
4. Edward L. Thorndike
- Law of effect: when a stimuli’s
response causes a positive effect,
there is a more likely chance that
the individual will repeat the
response.
5. B.F. Skinner
- Operant conditioning
- Skinner box
6. Breland
- Instinctive drift
7. Albert Bandura
- Claims that both classical and
operant conditioning take place
simultaneously in observational
learning.
- Bobo doll experiment: Study w/
doll: one study was adult playing
w/ clown…either aggressively or
nonaggresively, kids tend to
imitate same sex role models
19. Published landmark research on
media violence & aggression in 1963
E) Miscellaneous
1. Phobias
- Irrational fear that you are
classically conditioned to have
2. Instinctive drift
- Animals and/or humans have a
tendency to drift back to the
behaviors that is within their
instinct
3. Signal relations
- environmental stimuli serve as
signals and that some stimuli are
better, or more dependable signals
than others
4. Response-outcome relations
- Response will be strengthened if
you liked the outcome
5. Latent learning
- Learning that is not apparent from
behavior when it first occurs
6. Instinct
- Ethologists would define this as
genetically programmed action
pattern
7. Token economy
- A system of behavior modification
based on the systematic positive
reinforcement of target behavior.
-
-
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The reinforcers are symbols or
tokens that can be exchanged for
other reinforces.
Based on the principles of operant
conditioning and can be situated
within applied behavior analysis
(behaviorism)
Applied with children and adults