‘Quote, Unquote’ short
guide: Harvard style of
citing and referencing
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Introduction
‘Quote, Unquote’ contains detailed information and advice about using the
Harvard style of referencing at Leeds Metropolitan University (for details see
the Further help section on p.5). This short guide focuses on examples.
During your studies you will need to show your knowledge of other people’s
work or ideas. These may be obtained from many types of sources such as:
books, journal articles, websites etc. However, it is important that you do not
pass off other people’s work as your own. If you do, it is regarded as
plagiarism or cheating. When you use (quote, paraphrase or summarise)
information from any source, you must both cite and reference it to:

acknowledge the work of other writers and researchers

refer to established experts to give your work authority

enable your tutor or others to trace your sources easily

avoid accusations of plagiarism.
There are a number of referencing systems in use, but at Leeds Metropolitan
we recommend the author-date or ‘Harvard’ style.
Note: There are variations in referencing practice across different subjects
and courses.
Check course documentation or any guidance you are given.
There are two stages to referencing sources for a piece of academic work
using the Harvard system.
1) Refer to the source in your text (the citation).
2) Give full details of the source in your bibliography or list of references at
the end of your work (the reference).
Copyright © 2013 The Library
Leeds Metropolitan University
Screenshots reproduced with the permission of the software provider
Citing within your text
The author-date or Harvard system of referencing does not require any
numbering or footnotes on each page. In most cases, you simply insert the
author’s name and the date of publication in brackets. Quotations or specific
information also require page numbers. This is called the citation. It acts as a
signpost to your reader who can then locate the full reference, describing the
source you have cited, in the alphabetical list of references or bibliography at
the end of your document.
Workers in teams tend to adopt particular roles (Belbin,
1996).
Author is a company or organisation (corporate author)
An organisation such as a company, university or government department can
be the author of a publication. Just cite them in your text as you would a
person.
One or two authors of the same work
Give the names of the authors, connected with the word ‘and’ or an
ampersand sign (‘&’), and the year of publication.
Shields and Taylor (2004) discuss the various uses of the
apostrophe.
Or
This manual attempted a definitive ruling on the uses of
the apostrophe (Shields and Taylor, 2004).
Three or more authors of the same work
In the case of three or more authors, the first author (from the title page) is
followed by ‘and others’ or ‘et al’.
Johnson and others (2008) highlighted some potential
problems with user generated content.
If there is no author
If you can’t establish the author(s) of a work, use the title instead.
It has been stated that the disease occurs more frequently
in men (Preventing coronary heart disease, 2003).
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libraryonline.leedsmet.ac.uk
Secondary referencing (Source is cited within another source)
For sources that you have not actually seen but which are referred to in
another work, cite both the original source and the secondary source where
you read it.
Smith (2004, quoted in Jones, 2007, p.63) provides a useful
viewpoint on different research philosophies when he tells
us that, “Whichever philosophical position is taken, it is
crucial to have a good understanding of our own assumptions
and prejudices”.
Quotations
If you are directly quoting the author’s own words in your writing you should
enclose these in quotation marks and give the author, date and page
number(s) that the quotation was taken from, in brackets. For example:
“The results of research should benefit society either
directly or by generally improving human knowledge and
understanding”(Leeds Metropolitan University, 2006, p.5).
There is a need to create “stopping off” places in the
learning process or what Kornbluh and Green refer to as
“professional encapsulations”(1989, p.78).
Examples of references for different types of sources
This list shows how a bibliography or list of references is usually presented
when using the Harvard or author-date system. Each source is listed only
once, regardless of how many times it has been mentioned (cited) in the
essay or assignment. The sources are listed in alphabetical author order (or
title where there is no author). For more detail, or examples of other types of
sources, please see the full version of ‘Quote, unquote’.
Online
image
Antarctic warming claims another ice shelf (2008) [Online image].
Available from: <http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Study/WilkinsIceSheet/>
[Accessed 24 June 2008].
Journal
article
Bennett, M. and James, S. (2001) Through the glass ceiling: women’s
experience of modern workplace practices. Journal of Gender in Business,
5 (3) June, pp.32-41.
E-journal
article
Cotter, J. (1999) Asset revelations and debt contracting. Abacus [Online],
35 (5) October, pp.268-285. Available from: <http://www.ingenta.com>
[Accessed 19 November 2007].
Book
Davies, H. and others (2002) Studying science. 4th ed. London: Moss.
E-book
Dronke, P. (1968) Medieval Latin and the rise of European love-lyric
[Online]. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Available from:
<http://www.netLibrary.com> [Accessed 6 March 2008].
libraryonline.leedsmet.ac.uk
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Act
Further and Higher Education Act 1991 (c.13) London: HMSO.
Newspaper
article
Hawkes, N. (2008) Brittle bone drug can stop disease taking hold. The
Times, 11 June, p.3.
Web page
Leeds Metropolitan University (2011) Policy, framework principles and
procedures for research ethics [Online]. Leeds: Leeds Metropolitan
University. Available from: <http://www.leedsmet.ac.uk/research> [Accessed
20th October 2011].
Podcast
O’Malley, J. (2012) Episode 133. The Pod Delusion, 27th April [Podcast].
Available from: <http://poddelusion.co.uk/blog/> [Accessed 2 May 2012].
TV
programme
Panorama (2008) Britain on the sick. London: BBC1, 19 May, 21:00.
Chapter in
an edited
collection
Potter, A. (2006) Modification of method in education design. In: Bourg, G. ed.
Process in education planning: studies and cases. London: Falmer Press,
pp.23-34.
Conference
paper
Romanov, J. (2001) International currency exchange: what future in the
electronic age? In: Ford, J. ed. Proceedings of the 7th IF Conference,
August 16-18, 2001, Boston USA. New York: International Financial, pp. 8087.
Blog
Rotheram, B. (2008) Straws in the wind. Sounds Good, 11 June [Online
blog]. Available from:
<http://web.mac.com/simonft/Sounds_Good/Blog/log.html> [Accessed 24
June 2008].
Secondary
reference
Smith, R. (2004) How to research. Research Weekly, 12 (8) October, pp.1720. Quoted in: Jones, F. (2007) Researching your dissertation. Research
Today, 4 (6) March, pp. 61-67.
Anonymous
journal
article
Structure in modern childhood (2005) Journal of Social Studies in Youth, 6
(4) April, pp.11-20.
Thesis
Whitehead, S. (1996) Public and private men: masculinities at work in
education management [Ph.D. thesis]. Leeds Metropolitan University.
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Further help
For further explanation and details please refer to:
Leeds Metropolitan University (2012) Quote, Unquote [Online]. 2nd ed.
Leeds: Leeds Metropolitan University. Available from:
<http://skillsforlearning.leedsmet.ac.uk> [Accessed 29th April 2013].
The printed version of ‘Quote, Unquote’ is available to purchase in The Library
or University shops.
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