Wind Farming
Windmill History
Windmills have been in use since 7th century Persia
o Initially employed for grinding flour and pumping water
Early Persian Windmill
‘Windmill at Wijk bij Duurstede’
- Jacob Isaakszoon van Ruisdael,
Wind-turbine
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Pioneers such as James Blyth (18??-18??) developed and
patented a dynamo version in 1887 which powered the
lights in his cottage
Wind Turbine Design
Energy Output
Wind turbines use kinetic energy from the motion of air
o
Energy flowing through an imaginary area is calculated as
While mill output varies considerably, a general rule is the larger the blade
the more energy output
E= 1 mv2= 1 (Avtp)v2= 1 Atpv3
2
2
2
3
P= Et = 1
Apv
2
p = density of air
v = wind speed
Avtp = mass m per unit time
The London Array
How it all began
The London Array project was born in 2001, when a series of environmental studies in the outer Thames Estuary confirmed the area is a
suitable wind farm site. Two years later, the Crown Estate gave London Array Ltd a 50 year lease for the site and cable route to shore.
Planning consent for a 1GW offshore wind farm was granted in 2006, and permission was granted for the onshore works in 2007.
Work on Phase One started in July 2009 when we began building the onshore substation at Cleve Hill in Kent. Offshore construction
started in March 2011 when the first foundation was installed. The first turbine was installed in January 2012, first power was achieved
in October that year and the final turbine was installed in December 2012. London Array is now fully operational.
Phase One
Facts and Figures:
o
An offshore area of 100km2
o
175 wind turbines
o
Two offshore substations
o
Nearly 450km of offshore cabling
o
One onshore substation
o
630MW of electricity
o
Enough power for nearly half a million UK homes a year – two thirds of the homes in Kent
o
CO2 savings of 925,000 tonnes a year
A proposal was submitted to The Department of Energy and Climate Change and the MMO in October 2012 to allow the Grampian
Consent condition to be lifted and allow Phase 2 of the project to go ahead. In April 2013, following a review of the consultation
responses to cumulative environmental assessment of wind farm developments in the Thames Estuary, London Array asked DECC and the
MMO to put their analyses on hold to allow post-construction bird monitoring data to be acquired.
Sustainable Energy
Environmental surveys
As part of the planning consent process we have to carry out a number of
environmental surveys before construction started, during construction and
after construction of the wind farm. The various ecological measures have
been put together into a single environmental monitoring plan, following
advice from Natural England and CEFAS.
The plans provide clarity on the detail of the ecological conditions and the
requirements to be carried out before, during and after construction of the
onshore substation, the export cable route up to the sea defences of the
Swale Estuary, and the whole of the offshore development of 175 turbines,
two substations and associated cabling.
benefit if the turbines were manufactured here.
First Generation Technologies
"We need to ensure the UK benefits through a boost in manufacturing, en
skills: but this will only happen if additional action is taken by the governm
working actively to create coastal manufacturing hubs," said Maria McCaf
executive.
Hydroelectricity
The wind farm licences in full:
The Moray Firth Zone
Won by EDP Renovaveis and SeaEnergy Renewables. Potential yield: 1.3 g
The Firth of Forth Zone
Won by SSE Renewables and Fluor. Potential yield: 3.5 gigawatts
The Dogger Bank Zone
Won by SSE Renewables, RWE Npower Renewables, Statoil and Statkraft.
gigawatts
The Hornsea Zone
Won by Mainstream Renewable Power and Siemens Project Ventures, and
Construction. Potential yield: 4 gigawatts
The Norfolk Bank Zone
Won by Scottish Power Renewables and Vattenfall Vindkraft. Potential yie
Renewables Flow Chart
(thousand tonnes of oil equivalent)
Electricity Growth
Growth in Electricity Generation (TWh) from Renewables since 1990
Growth in Electricity Generation (percentage) from
Renewables since 2000
Links
Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC)
Department for Business, Innovation & Skills (BIS)
SOEC (Eurostat)
The Statistics Office of the European Community (SOEC - also refered to as Eurostat)
IEA
International Energy Agency
OFGEM
Office of Gas and Electricity Markets - the regulator for Britain's gas and electricity industries.
UNEP IETC
United Nations Environment Programme/International Environmental Technology Centre
Energy Groups
Joule Centre, an North West Development Agency sponsored project linking north western universities and companies.
Other Renewable Statistics Initiatives
ENGLAND
Eastern
North East
North West
South West
West Midlands
SCOTLAND
Scotland
NORTHERN IRELAND
Northern Ireland
Projects/Publications
AD-NETT
the European Aaerobic Digestion Network
Useful web site with links to sites on renewable energy
Anaerobic Digestion
England's Official Information Portal on Anaerobic Digestion
Biomass Energy Centre
A 'one stop shop' able to provide advice to anyone with an interest in biomass derived fuels and associated conversion technologies.
Eufores
European site on renewable energy
National Non-Food Crops Centre
the UK's national centre for renewable fuels, materials and technologies
UK Energy Research Centre (UKERC) a Research Council sponsored Centre established in response to the energy white paper.
Planning Issues
The Planning Portal
for planning and building services online
Second Generation Technologies
Solar Energy
o Solar Heating
o Solar Photovoltaics
Wind Energy
Wave Power
Geothermal Energy
Artificial Photosynthesis
Tidal Power
Third Generation Technologies
Biomass Gasification
Biorefinery Technologies
Solar Thermal Power
National Energy Generation by Process
Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) systems use
lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus
a large area of sunlight into a small beam. The
concentrated heat is then used as a heat
source for a conventional power plant
A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell (PV), is a
device that converts light into electric current
using the photoelectric effect